ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Science and Engineering for Industry IYYANKI V MURALIKRISHNA AND VALLI MANICKAM Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States Copyright © 2017 BSP books Pvt Ltd, Published by Elsevier Inc All rights reserved Distributed in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka by BS Publications No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual 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contained in the material herein Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-811989-1 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/ Publisher: Joe Hayton Acquisition Editor: Ken McCombs Editorial Project Manager: Peter Jardim Production Project Manager: Kiruthika Govindaraju Cover Designer:Victoria Pearson Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals ABOUT THE AUTHORS Dr Iyyanki V Muralikrishna, Presently at Defense Research and Development Organization, Government of India, as Dr Raja Ramanna Distingushed Fellow He has his PhD from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in Engineering Faculty and M Tech from IIT Madras He was formerly, adjunct professor, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok Previously, he was a faculty member and professor in spatial information technology during 1990–2008 at JNT University at Hyderabad and former director of Research and Development Centre at JNT University and is basically an Environment and Water Resources Engineer with expertise in geospatial technology, terrain mapping, environmental management, climate change,numerical modeling,and environmental impact assessment.Earlier,he worked as faculty in Ocean Engineering center at IIT Madras during 1978–79 and Scientist National Remote Sensing Centre/ISRO, Department of Space during the 1980s for a period of 8 years He has executed several projects for government of India He is a member of MOEF, NNRMS committee, Government of India and consultant to Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad from 2008 for four projects on Bhu Bharati land survey project evaluation, Manuals for EIA, Reorganization of Hazardous Waste Management Division of MOEF, GOI, and assessment of impact of climate change on agriculture He has coauthored books including Climate Change and Weather Modification Technologies and chapters on Global Data Base Design, ISPRS publication edited by Ryutaro Tateishi, Chiba University, Japan, and remote sensing applications in Marine Science and Technology edited by AP Cracknell, University of Dundee, Scotland, published by European Space Agency He has more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals to his credit and has guided 40 PhD studies to date Dr Valli Manickam, Professor and Chairperson, Environment Area of Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI), has her PhD in Environmental Science and Technology with masters in both Computer Applications and Sciences, with over 10 years of teaching experience in the field of environmental science (to post graduate students) Before joining ASCI, she was at Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad She has worked for a number of environmental projects and activities, which include environmental impact assessment study for taking up industrial or tourism activity, xi xii About the Authors study of lakes in and around Hyderabad, study of pollution in surface and ground waters, review of environmental statements, risk assessment, common effluent treatment plants, air pollution assessment studies, and weather modification operations Dr.Valli has conducted training programs in ASCI for IFS officers in the area of Natural Resource Management, Environmental Indicators, and Environmental Economics besides organizing three international conferences and three workshops She has coauthored five books in the field of environment, which include Environmental Impact Assessment, Analytical Chemistry, C for Environmental Engineers, Climate Change, and Weather Modification Technologies She has published about 30 papers in national and international referred journals She is presently executing projects sponsored by MoEF, DST, and other state governments She has carried out consultancy assignments for various national and state organizations in areas of environmental importance She is serving as Associate Editor for the journal of Air and Water Management Association of T&F She has been awarded Fellow by the AP Academy of Sciences in 2015 for her contribution in the areas of environmental science and technology FOREWORD In 1986, I was visiting Calgary Zoo, and in the zoo, there was a cage with a label saying “Calgary Zoo, world’s most dangerous animal.” Unlike other cages, it was open and visitors could go inside it and be photographed, and I took the opportunity; see photograph Though, obviously, this was a photo opportunity for visitors, the management of the zoo may have had a more serious intention as well They may have intended people to think about the relentless extinction of botanical and zoological species that human beings have been causing for hundreds of years They may have been thinking about the many violent deaths of human beings caused by murders, by wars, and by traffic and industrial accidents But apart from these direct causes of death, there is yet another way in which human beings are dangerous to one another: that is by the damage that we cause to the general environment in which we live Why is our environment important? The simplest explanation is that, as humans, the environment—the Earth—is our homeland If we damage the environment, we threaten harm to ourselves This is a book on environmental management There is need for a commitment to raising environmental standards, keeping our place of living safe from public health threats, and maintaining a clean, green, and livable environment Today, industrialization and urbanization have led to xiii xiv Foreword increasing affluence and a growing population.This places enormous pressure on the environment, and we need to transform and improve ourselves to tackle these challenges It is against this background that this book focuses on the various causes of pollution and damage to the environment It addresses the national and international regulations intended to limit pollution of the environment, and it also considers technical solutions to reduce pollution and conserve resources We not live in isolation; our entire life support system is dependent on the well-being of many other species living on Earth.The term biosphere was created to describe the totality of living things on Earth by Vladimir Vernadsky, a Russian scientist, in the 1920s The biosphere refers to the one global ecological system in which all living things are interdependent to a greater or lesser extent.Within the overall biosphere, or ecosystem, there are smaller ecosystems like the rainforests, marine ecosystems, the desert, and the tundra When any of these systems is threatened the entire planet may be affected The various anthropogenic activities that take place may have widespread and unpredicted consequences for the health of our planet This book addresses issues on life cycle assessment and environmental impact assessment are crucial management tools for conserving the environment through the developmental process This is followed by a discussion of environmental audit along with a detailed study of environmental accounting The book covers environmental risk assessment, energy management and audit, and the ISO series, which are important for internal standardization of procedures and practices as with the safety norms in the OHSAS (Occupational Health and Safety Standards, 1801) Some other topics covered in the book, which add to its value, are related to water treatment technologies for polluted wastewater from domestic and industrial sources, technologies available for the treatment of air pollution and its sources, and solutions to noise pollution and solid waste management, hazardous waste management, and landfill technologies available for the disposal of hazardous wastes, etc Climate change in the form of global warming is a serious problem leading to increasing ocean temperatures and changes in ocean currents, which affect marine life, and to rising sea levels that threaten coastal communities worldwide Global warming also melts the glaciers and the Greenland and Antarctic ice caps, leading to the input of fresh water into the oceans, thereby locally affecting the salinity; it also leads to the shrinking of the Arctic sea ice The ice reflects light, and so as the ice disappears, the Earth will get darker and absorb more heat, thereby leading to further global warming Foreword xv Many of the natural resources that we consume are nonrenewable, so when they run out, we will be forced to find new alternatives It is against this background that I welcome the appearance of this book on environmental management as a primer There are, of course, several publications on the environment and its management from global publishing agencies written by international experts This book is not like them These books have been written for experts and often contain a tremendous amount of information This can be overwhelming for anyone who simply wants to get up to speed on the basics By contrast, this primer was written specifically for environmental management professionals as well as researchers and hobbyists There is a saying that we must think globally and act locally when we are handling issues related to the environment and natural resources I welcome this book as it relates these problems to south Asian issues and people while maintaining the flavor of global concerns Transformation of the environment is not possible without developing our people We need to develop our people to their fullest potential, equipping them with the necessary skills and capabilities to handle both their current jobs and prepare them for the new challenges ahead It is against this background that I personally feel a comprehensive book on environmental management at an affordable price helps students to promote research I am confident that this book meets this requirement There is certainly scope for the book in providing a major source of knowledge for students and researchers as well as practicing experts The concepts and techniques presented here apply not only to a course for training students but also to other designers of public health and environmental systems and tasks as well The goal here is to explain the environmental issues and blueprinting process in a format that is both easy to understand and apply Rather than assuming any particular level of proficiency, concepts are explained from the point of view of the novice With an easy-to-follow format, one can find the book as a single source of reference on a variety of environmental concerns and topics along the way Arthur P Cracknell Emeritus Professor, University of Dundee, Scotland PREFACE Is environment under threat? It is a very common perception.Yes, for many and No, for few Why is our environment important? It is worth rephrasing its importance We hear and read so much about protecting and saving the planet earth The simplest explanation about why environment matters is that, as humans, the environment—the earth—is our homeland All of us have major apprehension for climate change and are cognizant that global warming is a major progeny of concern It is well known that our entire life support system is dependent on the well-being of all the species living on earth Human beings are continuously making attempts to improve their quality of life One of the ways to achieve this is by developing it in its social, economic, and cultural context, which involves manipulation of the complex, interrelated natural and man-made components, and processes of human environments The concept of goods, services, and hazards opens and extends the concept of natural resources and links the concepts of environmental quality and life quality The purpose of this book Environmental Management is to provide practitioners with a scientific and practical understanding of ecological and social systems that can be applied in a policy or management context In this book, very significant aspects of environmental protection are congregated and deliberated in 18 chapters starting from the notions of sustainable development and biodiversity, international laws on environmental protection and the environmental management practices followed in reducing air, water, and soil pollution This book makes an endeavor to tackle the processes and governors, which are directed at environmental safeguarding It also explains the rational in utilization of natural resources and how it is conceivable to augment the interrelations between society and the environment and the upgrading of quality of life of all incarnate beings As this is a primer, the authors took all care to familiarize the themes in unassuming jargon with well-defined portrayal Dr Arthur P Cracknell, editor-in-chief, International Journal of Remote Sensing, a Taylor and Francis Publication, and Emeritus Professor, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom, provided the Foreword The authors express their deep sense of gratitude to Dr Cracknell for scribing a meticulous Foreword, in which, he not only expressed serious concern about environmental issues but also presented about the relevance of xvii xviii Preface the topics for understanding the environmental issues either by a novice or a professional Many thanks to him The authors envisage the book Environmental Management—Science and Engineering for Industry would oblige the needs of both individuals as well as institutions convoluted in the major mission of the espousing the complex concerns of environment and gazing for path-breaking approaches to model and alleviate the harms to all incarnate creatures on the earth Iyyanki V Muralikrishna Valli Manickam ABOUT THE BOOK Environmental pollution is a problem both in developed and developing countries Factors such as population growth, technological advancement, and urbanization invariably place greater demands on the planet and stretch the use of natural resources to the maximum This book on environmental management is an attempt to showcase the various issues in pollution, the international and national regulations in place to prevent and minimize pollution, and the various latest technological solutions to pollution reduction The book consists of 18 chapters Chapter deals with a general introduction to environmental management, followed by a brief on sustainable development and natural resource management including biodiversity conservation in Chapters and 3, respectively Environmental Policy and legislation are dealt with in Chapter Life cycle assessment and environmental impact assessment are crucial management tools for conserving the environment through the developmental process and are discussed in Chapters and of this book Chapter deals with environmental accounting, in which methods for accounting of natural resources are addressed Environmental risk assessment is important to predict potential damage to the environment by a particular developmental activity, the details of which are discussed in Chapter Energy management and audit and ISO series are important for internal standardization of procedures and practices as with the safety norms in OHSAS 18001 These issues are addressed in Chapters and 10 of environmental management Chapter 11 deals with principals and design of water treatment technologies, while Chapters 12 and 13 deal with technological solutions to pollution of wastewater from domestic and industrial sources Chapter 14 deals with the various technologies available for abatement of air pollution, and Chapter 15 discusses the various sources and solutions to noise pollution Solid and hazardous waste management is a major problem across the world; Chapter 16 and Chapter 17 deal with the treatment methods for waste management Chapter 18 deals with the assessment and analysis of the water, wastewater, soil, and air, which are essential and the starting point for all pollution abatement studies The book on environmental management discusses all issues related to legislation, pollution assessment, prevention, and abatement xix APPENDIX PRESUMPTIVE TEST Inoculate lactose or lauryl tryptose fermentation tubes and incubate 24 ± 2 h at: 35οC ± 0.5οC (1) Gas produced, Positive Presumptive Test (2) No gas or gas production doubtful Incubate additional 24 hr (total 48 ± hr) (2.1) Gas produced Positive test (2.2) No gas produced Negative test Coliform group absent 585 586 Appendix CONFIRMED TEST Inoculate lactose or lauryl tryptose broth fermentation tubes Figs A.4.1 and A.4.2 and Table A.4.1incubate 24 ± 2 h at: Figure A.4.1 Schematic outline of presumptive, confirmed, and completed tests Appendix 587 Figure A.4.2 Schematic outline of presumptive, confirmed, and completed tests 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 4 6 7 9 12 11 11 14 14 17 17 13 17 17 21 26 22