Monitoring changes in coastal mangrove extents using multi temporal satellite data in period 2000 march 2018 in hai phong vietnam

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY FOREST RESOURCES & ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FACULTY STUDENT THESIS MONITORING CHANGES IN COASTAL MANGROVE EXTENTS USING MULTI-TEMPORAL SATELLITE DATA IN PERIOD 2000-March 2018 IN HAI PHONG, VIETNAM Major: Natural Resources Management Code: D850101 Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management Student: Tran Thi Ngoc Lan Student ID: 1453090210 Class: K59B-Natural Resources Management Course: 2014-2018 Supervisor: Assoc.Prof.Nguyen Hai Hoa Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Hanoi, 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research is funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number 105.08-2017.05 With the consent of Vietnam National University of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development faculty, we perform the study: “Monitoring changes in coastal mangrove extents using multi-temporal satellite data in period 2000-March2018 in Hai Phong, Vietnam” First of all, I am extremely grateful for the guidance and the support of Assoc.Prof.Nguyen Hai Hoa, who gave helpful advices and strong supports for me during the implementation and completion of this study Secondly, I would like to thank for the encourage, and suggestions of the teachers of the Forest Resources and Environment Management Faculty, Vietnam Forestry University that helped me complete the thesis with the best quality The thesis could not be finished and achieved good results without the enthusiatic help of my friends, friendliness, and hospitality of the local authority and residents of Kien Thuy, Duong Kinh and Do Son districts, especially Dai Hop and Bang La communes, I would like to give a great thank and extreme appreciation to them I also would like to thank my family who always supported and encouraged me to perform and complete the study Because of the limited study duration as well as lacking awareness and knowledgewe are looking forward to receiving the comments, evaluation and feedback of teachers and friends to raise the quality of study and improve not only the professional knowledge but also the lacking skills of me in this study i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii ABBREVIATIONS iv LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 GIS AND SATTELITE LANDSAT IMAGE 2.1.1 Concept of GIS, remote sensing and GPS 2.1.2 Landsat and Sentinel Satellite Images 2.2 OVERVIEW OF REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS 2.2.1 In the world 2.2.2 In Vietnam CHAPTER III OBJECTIVES, CONTENTS AND METHODOLOGY 10 3.1 GOAL AND OBJECTIVES 10 3.1.1 Overall goal 10 3.1.2 Specific objectives 10 3.2 OBJECT AND SCOPE OF STUDY 10 3.2.1 Object 10 3.2.2 Scope 10 3.3 CONTENTS 11 3.4 METHODOLOGY 12 3.4.1 Investigate the current status and management scheme of coastal mangroves 13 3.4.1.1 Inheriting method 13 3.4.1.2 Field survey and sociological investigation method 13 3.4.2 Construct the thematic maps and area changes of coastal mangroves 14 3.4.3 Assessment the key driver of coastal mangrove dynamics 16 3.4.4 Proposing feasible solutions for mangrove forests 16 CHAPTER IV NATURAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL CONDITIONs 17 4.1 NATURAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL CONDITIONS 17 4.1 Natural characteristics 17 4.1.2 Socioeconomic and cultural conditions 19 ii CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 22 5.1 Current status and management scheme of mangrove forests 22 5.1.1 Current status of coastal mangroves in Hai Phong 22 5.1.2 Management scheme of mangrove forests 23 5.2 Construct thematic maps and area dynamics of coastal mangroves during 2000- March 2018 24 5.2.1 Accuracy assessment 24 5.2.2 Thematic maps of coastal mangroves in period 2000 – March 2018 26 5.2.3 Dynamics of coastal mangroves during period 2000 – March 2018 29 5.3 KEY DRIVERS OF COASTAL MANGROVE CHANGES FROM 2000 TO March 2018 32 5.4 FEASIBLE SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE COASTAL MANGROVE MANAGEMENT 33 CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION, LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER STUDY 40 6.1 GENERAL CONCLUSION 40 6.2 LIMITATION 41 6.3 FURTHER STUDY 41 REFERENCES 42 APPENDIX 51 iii ABBREVIATIONS ACMAMG Action for Mangrove Reforestation CF Coastal Forests DARDs Department of Agriculture and Rural Development DN Digital Number DONREs Department of Natural Resources and Environment GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System J–M The Jeffries–Matusita Distance JRC Japanese Red Cross KfW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (Germany) LMIRE Law on Marine and Island Resources and Environment LULC Land Use Land Cover MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MDM Minimum Distance to Mean MERC Marine Environment Research Center ML Maximum Likelihood MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NGOs Non-Government Organizations PAM Programme Alimentaire Mondial (French) or World Food Programme SAM Spectral Angular Mapping SCM Supervised Classification Method SID Spectral Information Divergence UCM Unsupervised Classification Method WB World Bank iv LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Landsat image collected in study 14 Table 5.1: Coastal mangroves in the study areas (ha) 22 Table 5.2: Accuracy assessments by using classification methods 25 v LIST OF FIGURES Fig.3.1: Map of study sites 11 Fig.3.2: An overview of methods used for monitoring mangrove extents 12 Fig.5.1: Mangrove management scheme in Hai Phong City 24 Fig.5.2: Land use and land cover in Kien Thuy-Do Son districts from 200 to 2018 27 Fig 5.3: Land use and land cover in Do Son- Duong Kinh districts from 200 to 2018 28 Fig 5.4: Changes in coastal mangroves in Kien Thuy- Do Son districts and Do Son-Duong Kinh districts, Hai Phong during 2000-March 2018 30 Fig 5.5: Fluctuation of mangroves area in (a) Kien Thuy- Do Son and (b) Do Son- Duong Kinh during 2000-March 2018 31 vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Mangrove forests have been distributing in inter-tidal zones where oceans, freshwater, and land merge together (Giri et al., 2011) They are among the most productive and complex ecosystems on the planet, growing under environmental conditions that extremely different from others (Woodroff et al., 2016; Hong & San, 1993) Furthermore, mangrove forests are rich in biodiversity providing a habitat for wide varieties of animal and plant species, so it is considered as nursery of coastal areas by forming a unique intertidal forests at muddy, loose and wet soils and represented on all continents near the shore belonging tropical and subtropical areas (Asokan, 2012; Kuenzer et al., 2011; Primavera, 1998; Field et al., 1998) This structure creates an intricate network of habitat for numerous amphibious and marine animals (Field et al., 1998) Importantly, networks of these sediment-trapping forests buffer the coastline against wave-induced erosion and provide coastal ecosystems and coastal communities a vital line of defense against strong, tropical storms Moreover, the dual services of coastal protection and habitat for commercially important species make mangrove forests one of the most valuable ecosystems in the world Unfortunately, like many coastal and marine ecosystems, they are being lost at an extremely rapid rate (Romañach et al, 2018; Spalding, 2010) Clear-cutting for coastal development projects (including construction of shrimp farms, hotels, and other structures), harvesting for wood, and pollution threaten mangrove forests Scientists estimate that at least one-third of all mangrove forests has been lost during the last few decades (Romañach et al., 2018) Without active policies that aim to reverse the negative trend and preserve this system, mangrove forests (and the valuable services that they provide) may disappear in some areas In the southern hemisphere, ranges extend further south on the eastern margins of land masses than on the western (Hogarth, 2015) In addition, mangroves are also sensitive and fragile related to the change in climate and sea level (Alongi, 2015) This is because of the pattern of warm and cold ocean currents Indeed local anomalies of currents and temperature and furthermore the local evolution can create local changes A disappearance would represent both an ecological and an economic loss in coastal areas that people cannot afford Vietnam with its 3,260 km of coastline spreads across seven different climatic zones, which provides appropriate conditions for mangrove development However, consistent work has been piloted to plant and protect mangroves by mass organizations such as the Vietnamese Red Cross and Women’s Union because the expansion of the aquaculture industry was the main cause of mangrove loss in the 1990s (Jhaveri, 2017) It is forecasted that in the coming period, the management of forest protection and development in Vietnam faces many challenges such as impacts of climate change, sea level rise, salinity intrusion and extreme weather which are the risk of degrading forest ecosystems and biodiversity resources; The increase in population density and the demand for land for socio-economic development in Vietnam at a rapid pace put pressure on forest protection and development and monitoring of forest changes Today, the Vietnam Government recognizes the importance of mangrove and other coastal forests including promoting adaptation, mitigation, and resilience in the face of climate change by reducing flooding, stabilizing coastlines, securing a range of coastal livelihood options, sustaining ecosystem services, increasing biodiversity conservation, and supporting carbon sequestration In response, the Vietnam government has recently been developing new laws and policies such as the Law on Marine and Island Resources and Environment (LMIRE) in 2015 and the Coastal Forests (CF) Decree No 119/2016/ND in 2016 (Jhaveri et al., 2017) Remote sensing technology is one of those accomplishments of aerospace science are imposed widely used in many economic sectors assembly in many countries around the world (Satyanarayana et al., 2018) Potential response the use of remote sensing technology and GIS has helped scientists and major planners have alternative options of strategies in the use, management of talent natural resources and environment (Hu et al., 2018) As a result, remote sensing and GIS are used as an effective tool in management and control close to the current forest resources (Cissell et al., 2018; Giri, 2016) To strengthen the management of land use, the identification area and purpose of land use are significant including a map of land use and land cover status Many methods of mapping land use status used GIS technology due to its high efficiency in information processing, monitoring process change, update information, land use mapping and evaluation coastal land use changes (Mohammad et al., 2017; Areendran et al., 2013) In Hai Phong City, coastal land use planning is a key step of the assessment in land use status Although every year there are reports about mangroves status, most of the owners report based on drawing, mapping by raditional rudimentary methods, that is one complicated work, hard work and insistence ask a lot of time (Dat & Yoshino, 2011 & 2015) Furthermore, the construction of mangrove forest map requires high accuracy and up-to-date information Therefore, application of remote sensing images combined with geographic information system to build a map of mangrove forest change will help local authorities to manage coastal mangrove forest effectively and efficiently Firstly, assess the current status and management scheme in coastal mangroves in Hai Phong City Secondly, the study evaluated the mangrove area change in the given period, finally, from which to propose solutions to raise highly effective mangrove forest management Starting from that the practical significance and scientific, I built the study: “Monitoring changes in coastal mangrove extents using multitemporal satellite data in Hai Phong, Vietnam from 2000-March2018.” 179 rnm 106.767179 20.764625 180 rnm 106.766048 20.765325 181 rnm 106.765260 20.765696 182 rnm 106.765286 20.764472 183 rnm 106.766891 20.762582 184 rnm 106.768136 20.761289 185 rnm 106.761821 20.767127 186 rnm 106.760466 20.767753 187 rnm 106.759151 20.768264 188 rnm 106.758485 20.768710 189 rnm 106.757587 20.773652 190 rnm 106.750809 20.772899 191 rnm 106.749792 20.772910 192 rnm 106.751114 20.772915 193 rnm 106.748431 20.771203 194 rnm 106.759278 20.768721 195 rnm 106.758462 20.768481 196 rnm 106.764738 20.764555 197 rnm 106.765480 20.763610 198 rnm 106.768290 20.762319 199 rnm 106.769547 20.760318 200 rnm 106.771401 20.760624 201 rnm 106.771860 20.758134 202 rnm 106.773837 20.755188 203 rnm 106.775019 20.755405 204 rnm 106.777110 20.749954 205 rnm 106.776730 20.750474 83 OID_ Name POINT_X POINT_Y water 106.749596 20.771544 water 106.749133 20.770996 water 106.750375 20.771331 water 106.752980 20.771154 water 106.753123 20.771528 water 106.779933 20.748240 water 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20.731106 107 water 106.798951 20.724268 108 water 106.798099 20.723873 109 water 106.790049 20.721264 110 water 106.787816 20.728584 111 water 106.787460 20.729476 112 water 106.787299 20.729872 113 water 106.786809 20.731176 114 water 106.785608 20.734080 115 water 106.785022 20.735768 116 water 106.784276 20.738119 117 water 106.784888 20.736251 118 water 106.783240 20.741194 87 119 water 106.785329 20.739502 120 water 106.784404 20.741148 121 water 106.780448 20.747688 122 water 106.777107 20.752327 123 water 106.776792 20.753150 124 water 106.778389 20.752531 125 water 106.775696 20.756095 126 water 106.775138 20.758863 127 water 106.775393 20.760075 128 water 106.776538 20.759205 129 water 106.772374 20.764268 130 water 106.766145 20.767246 131 water 106.758922 20.769570 132 water 106.757204 20.772019 133 water 106.757276 20.773456 134 water 106.753589 20.771009 135 water' 106.753224 20.769755 136 water 106.756533 20.768999 137 water 106.757013 20.768812 138 aquaculture 106.712814 20.687448 139 aquaculture 106.742709 20.772291 140 aquaculture 106.731619 20.779457 141 cảng cá 106.794886 20.720906 142 water 106.779808 20.749486 143 water 106.780275 20.747742 144 water 106.782035 20.745276 145 water 106.782865 20.743260 146 water 106.784113 20.740513 147 water 106.784463 20.740873 148 water 106.786019 20.740168 88 149 water 106.785701 20.737304 150 water 106.786359 20.736207 151 water 106.784386 20.737757 152 water 106.787034 20.733122 153 water 106.788301 20.731942 154 water 106.788998 20.730769 155 water 106.788986 20.729737 156 water 106.791331 20.728661 157 water 106.791583 20.727664 158 water 106.789462 20.728776 159 water 106.787625 20.729808 160 water 106.795124 20.724568 161 water 106.795871 20.724178 162 water 106.795746 20.723950 163 water 106.797491 20.723740 164 water 106.798249 20.724210 165 water 106.799245 20.724276 166 water 106.799188 20.724583 167 water 106.781842 20.744399 168 water 106.779419 20.747578 169 water 106.779287 20.748383 170 water 106.779101 20.751635 171 water 106.777904 20.755299 172 water 106.777995 20.756139 173 water 106.771617 20.763528 174 water 106.764644 20.766907 175 water 106.755004 20.770027 176 water 106.754247 20.769614 177 water 106.753113 20.770027 178 water 106.752445 20.770282 89 179 water 106.754266 20.771239 180 water 106.754476 20.771829 181 water 106.756038 20.771603 182 water 106.755469 20.769869 183 water 106.756701 20.769168 184 water 106.751634 20.770463 185 water 106.751186 20.772131 186 water 106.746330 20.772333 187 water 106.748955 20.772593 188 water 106.749300 20.772513 189 water 106.750135 20.770860 90 OID_ Name POINT_X POINT_Y other 106.796234 20.723245 other 106.785140 20.735172 other 106.785185 20.734819 other 106.784976 20.735344 other 106.784812 20.735887 other 106.785370 20.734461 other 106.785437 20.733971 other 106.785381 20.734136 other 106.786037 20.732902 10 other 106.786001 20.732690 11 other 106.785622 20.733584 12 other 106.784509 20.736762 13 other 106.771858 20.764175 14 other 106.770059 20.764553 15 other 106.768028 20.765017 16 other 106.768244 20.765803 17 other 106.768626 20.767268 18 other 106.768393 20.768404 19 other 106.766128 20.766036 20 other 106.766513 20.767247 21 other 106.762466 20.768384 22 other 106.765987 20.767090 23 other 106.764996 20.767481 24 other 106.766208 20.767637 25 other 106.763421 20.768031 26 other 106.762252 20.767872 27 other 106.760231 20.768981 28 other 106.761705 20.768226 91 29 other 106.758271 20.769715 30 other 106.757847 20.769850 31 other 106.757318 20.771449 32 other 106.757272 20.772241 33 other 106.758598 20.770714 34 other 106.760409 20.769763 35 other 106.748243 20.771589 36 other 106.748554 20.771447 37 other 106.749029 20.770825 38 other 106.756541 20.768803 39 other 106.754993 20.769273 40 other 106.754530 20.772815 41 other 106.754792 20.772696 42 other 106.752780 20.773142 43 other 106.756693 20.771025 44 other 106.756797 20.770758 45 other 106.757146 20.768908 46 other 106.780003 20.748736 47 other 106.780135 20.749061 48 other 106.779992 20.749720 49 other 106.781474 20.746098 50 other 106.781823 20.745418 51 other 106.785209 20.739644 52 other 106.782765 20.742149 53 other 106.781904 20.743580 54 other 106.794074 20.724545 55 other 106.792227 20.725470 56 other 106.791600 20.725908 57 other 106.790268 20.727421 58 other 106.789052 20.729187 92 59 other 106.789719 20.727920 60 other 106.787794 20.731973 61 other 106.788864 20.729922 62 other 106.792036 20.721592 63 other 106.791923 20.721290 64 other 106.792216 20.720762 65 other 106.794303 20.720929 66 other 106.794141 20.720993 67 other 106.793485 20.721371 68 other 106.793461 20.720890 69 other 106.793296 20.720701 70 other 106.792679 20.720565 71 other 106.791333 20.720879 72 other 106.791621 20.720898 73 other 106.776538 20.750216 74 other 106.775626 20.751250 75 other 106.775934 20.750950 76 otherk 106.775392 20.751648 77 other 106.774368 20.752800 78 other 106.773916 20.753310 79 other 106.755969 20.768906 80 other 106.757137 20.768615 81 other 106.758086 20.768355 82 other 106.759844 20.769112 83 other 106.761130 20.767082 84 other 106.761620 20.766788 85 other 106.763967 20.766715 86 other 106.763039 20.767282 87 other 106.764763 20.766409 88 other 106.765146 20.766279 93 89 other 106.766934 20.765303 90 other 106.773278 20.759054 91 other 106.773582 20.758083 92 other 106.774173 20.756205 93 other 106.773890 20.756669 94 other 106.774648 20.755381 95 other 106.773057 20.754232 96 other 106.773648 20.753581 97 other 106.773968 20.753158 98 other 106.774679 20.752372 99 other 106.776049 20.751045 100 other 106.775330 20.751654 101 other 106.775542 20.751380 102 other 106.776448 20.750333 103 other 106.778234 20.748149 104 other 106.777805 20.748625 105 other 106.778394 20.747944 106 other 106.777314 20.749223 107 other 106.779157 20.747726 108 other 106.779199 20.747183 109 other 106.779336 20.746829 110 other 106.779753 20.746305 111 other 106.780079 20.746005 112 other 106.781551 20.743735 113 other 106.782115 20.742757 114 other 106.783254 20.740785 115 other 106.783465 20.740218 116 other 106.783805 20.739074 117 other 106.783955 20.738542 118 other 106.784558 20.736704 94 119 other 106.784756 20.735968 120 other 106.785014 20.735334 121 other 106.785781 20.733176 122 other 106.786069 20.732500 123 other 106.786702 20.730933 124 other 106.787017 20.730197 125 other 106.787187 20.729875 126 other 106.787550 20.728945 127 other 106.787991 20.727864 128 other 106.788551 20.726594 129 other 106.788209 20.727324 130 other 106.788842 20.725824 131 other 106.789283 20.724270 132 other 106.789223 20.724786 133 other 106.789160 20.723221 134 other 106.788988 20.722744 135 other 106.788850 20.722434 136 other 106.788458 20.721677 137 other 106.789848 20.721127 138 other 106.792414 20.721045 139 other 106.792226 20.720667 140 other 106.793004 20.720782 141 other 106.793847 20.720762 142 other 106.791499 20.720772 143 other 106.748217 20.771591 144 other 106.748196 20.771037 145 other 106.748776 20.770872 146 other 106.773758 20.754210 147 other 106.773415 20.754659 148 other 106.785248 20.735054 95 149 other 106.785404 20.734436 150 bare 106.745954 20.771532 151 nhà dân 106.743951 20.772867 152 bờ kè 106.796151 20.722453 153 rừng phi lao 106.788890 20.724587 154 others 106.746952 20.771677 155 others 106.746649 20.771814 156 others 106.747200 20.771980 157 others 106.747836 20.772547 158 others 106.748055 20.772143 159 others 106.751746 20.771322 160 others 106.758600 20.769875 161 others 106.758600 20.769875 162 others 106.758600 20.769875 163 others 106.755421 20.769200 164 others 106.766925 20.765584 165 others 106.769976 20.763927 166 others 106.775480 20.757007 167 others 106.775706 20.758094 168 others 106.775525 20.759544 169 others 106.777248 20.754379 170 others 106.778039 20.752965 171 others 106.779020 20.748194 172 others 106.779628 20.748059 173 others 106.787518 20.735817 174 others 106.788115 20.729588 175 others 106.727726 20.689695 176 others 106.728778 20.692935 177 others 106.731740 20.694339 178 others 106.734395 20.695460 96 179 others 106.740838 20.699219 180 others 106.747707 20.704694 181 others 106.755672 20.708150 182 others 106.758940 20.709646 183 others 106.763843 20.711890 184 others 106.765589 20.713498 185 others 106.767457 20.708125 186 others 106.766111 20.705940 187 others 106.761821 20.703976 188 others 106.759785 20.703615 189 others 106.721102 20.687850 190 others 106.725901 20.690001 191 others 106.713046 20.685158 192 others 106.706640 20.684648 97 ... Development faculty, we perform the study: ? ?Monitoring changes in coastal mangrove extents using multi- temporal satellite data in period 2000- March2 018 in Hai Phong, Vietnam? ?? First of all, I am extremely... and scientific, I built the study: ? ?Monitoring changes in coastal mangrove extents using multitemporal satellite data in Hai Phong, Vietnam from 2000- March2 018.” CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW... Hai Phong city Objective 2: To construct thematic maps and changes in coastal mangrove extents of coastal mangroves using multi- temporal remote sensing data in selected coastal sites of Hai Phong