Monitoring land cover changes in tien hai nature reserve thai binh province using multi temporal landsat data

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis would not have been possible without the support and help from my teachers, friends, families and several people I would like to express our special appreciation of following people who supported me with my sincere gratitude: I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to my supervisor Dr Nguyen Hai Hoa for his untiring and excellent guidance, valuable suggestions in my dilemmas His comments and advices have helped me to finish my thesis I am also thankful to Prof Lee MacDonald for his enthusiasm in guiding me to construct thesis proposal His comments and criticism on my proposal helped me to present better final thesis Further, I would like to thank the Department of Natural Resources and Environment in Tien Hai district for support and giving me the chance to study in Tien Hai Nature Reserve Besides, I also thank the local authorities and famers in three communes (Nam Hung, Nam Phu, Nam Thinh) for providing valuable information and data of the area I wish to thank the Center of Laboratory and Practice of Vietnam Forestry University for providing me with survey instrument (GPS Garmin) for field survey I also thank my friends for their enthusiastic help in the process collected data in field survey Last but not least, my everlasting gratitude goes to my parents who always encouraged and supporting me all the time TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ABSTRACT Chapter I INTRODUCTION Chapter II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Applications of GIS and Remote Sensing to monitor land use and land cover 2.1.1 Land use and land cover 2.1.2 GIS - Remote Sensing and monitoring land use - land cover 2.1.3 Studies of application of GIS and Remote Sensing to detect land use and land cover 2.2 Studies of land use and land cover in Tien Hai Nature Reserve 10 2.2.1 Key study 10 2.2.2 Key significant issues in Tien Hai Nature Reserve 10 Chapter III STUDY GOAL, SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES, METHODOLOGY 12 3.1 Study goal 12 3.2 Specific objectives 12 3.3.1 Data collection 14 3.3.2 Integration of multi-temporal Landsat data and GIS 15 5.2.5 Change detection 23 Chapter IV STUDY SITE, NATURAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC FEATURES 24 4.1 Study site 24 4.2 Natural features 24 Chapter V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28 5.1 Current status of coastal land cover and its management schemes 28 5.1.1 Current status of coastal land cover in Tien Hai Nature Reserve 28 5.1.2 Management schemes of Tien Hai Nature Reserve 29 5.2 Changes in coastal land covers in Tien Hai Nature Reserve from 2001 to 2015 31 5.2.1 Thematic coastal land covers in Tien Hai Nature Reserve 32 5.2.2 Accuracy assessment of coastal land cover classification 39 5.2.3 Spatial land cover change analysis during 2001 - 2015 40 5.3 Key drivers of land cover change in the Tien Hai Nature Reserve 49 5.3.1 Human - induced drivers and coastal land cover change 49 5.3.2 Natural - induced forces and coastal land cover change 54 5.4 Solutions for better management of coastal land use in Tien Hai Nature Reserve 55 Chapter VI GENERAL CONCLUSION, LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER STUDY 58 6.1 General conclusion 58 6.2 Limitations 59 6.3 Further studies 60 REFERENCES APPENDICES ABBREVIATIONS ASTER Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer ENVI Exelis Visual Information Solutions ETM+ Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus FCC False Colour Combination GCPs Ground control points GIS Geographic Information System GPS Geographic Position System IBA Important Bird and Biodiversity Area IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature LULC Land Use Land Cover MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MCD Centre for Marinelife Conservation and Community Development MODIS Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MSS Multispectral Scanner System NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NGO Non-Governmental Organization OLI Operational Land Imager RGB Red Green Blue RS Remote Sensing SPOT Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre SWIR Short Wave Infrared TIF Tagged Image File Format TIRS Thermal Infrared Sensor TM Thematic Mapper UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization USGU US Geological Survey UTM Universal Transverse Mercator WGS World Geodetic System LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Satellite images used for the study 17 Table 3.2: Ground control points (GCPs) and land cover classes 18 Table 3.3: Description of land cover classification used 21 Table 5.1: Summary of area of land cover classes from 2001 to 2015 (ha) 32 Table 5.2: Error matrix of accuracy assessment for image classification in 2015 39 Table 5.3: Changes in area of land cover classes in different periods 41 Table 5.4: Change detection of land cover classes from 2001 to 2006 (ha) 42 Table 5.5: Change detection of land cover classes from 2006 to 2015 (ha) 45 Table 5.6: Change detection of land cover from 2001 to 2015 (ha) 47 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1: Overview flowchart of study objectives 13 Figure 3.2: Flowchart of methodology for image classification and change mapping 16 Figure 3.3: Landsat images and their band combinations used in this study 20 Figure 4.1: Location of study site in Tien Hai district 27 Figure 5.1: Land cover classes for 2001, 2006 and 2015 (ha) 32 Figure 5.2: Area of land cover classes in 2001 33 Figure 5.3: Thematic land cover of Tien Hai Nature Reserve in 2001 34 Figure 5.4: Areas of land cover classes in 2006 (ha) 35 Figure 5.5: Thematic land cover of Tien Hai Nature Reserve in 2006 36 Figure 5.6: Area of land cover classes (ha) in 2015 37 Figure 5.7: Thematic land cover of Tien Hai Nature Reserve in 2015 38 Figure 5.8: Changes in area of land cover classes from 2001 to 2015 (ha) 42 Figure 5.9: Land cover changes in Tien Hai Nature Reserve from 2001 to 2006 44 Figure 5.10: Land cover changes in Tien Hai Nature Reserve from 2006 to 2015 46 Figure 5.11: Land cover changes in Tien Hai Nature Reserve from 2001 to 2015 48 ABSTRACT Land cover is considered as a fundamental component for sustainable management of natural resource and monitoring environmental change In recent years, with increasing in anthropology activities and climate change, land cover is dramatically changed; and impact adversely affected to environment Tien Hai Nature Reserve is coastal wetland zone, has a vital role in contributed immeasurable socio-economic, cultural, and environmental value at local, provincial regional, national level Therefore, Tien Hai Nature Reserve is facing with decline in function and natural resource of the area by human activities and natural calamity This study is carried out with aim was to monitoring land cover change in Tien Hai Nature Reserve from 2001 to 2015 using multi-temporal Landsat data combine with GIS technique From that, would have an overview about land cover change which contributed better management of the Tien Hai Nature Reserve For this study, multi-temporal Landsat imagery includes Landsat TM, Landsat ETM+ and Landsat OLI/TIRS were analyzed using ArcGIS software; and Global Position System (GPS) was acquired for collected ground control points in the field Iso cluster unsupervised classification was chosen to extract information from satellite data with five land cover classes were identified including water, built-up/sand, casuarinas, mangroves; and others The result of the classification classes given 85.6% accuracy in 2015 The change detection of land cover is divided into periods (2001-2006 and 20062015) In overall, casuarinas and built-up/sand slightly changed, and have tended to increased during 14 years Water, mangroves, others have largely changed Mangroves area decreased 245.6 in 2001 to 2006, after increased 331.3 from 2006 to 2015 Area coverage of water increased from 2001 to 2006, decreased from 2006 to 2015 In contrary, others area decreased from 2001 to 2006, increased from 2006 to 2015 The data on driving factors of land cover were obtained by interviews The factors of driver land cover change of Tien Hai Nature Reserve included both human activities and natural calamity However, human induced is mainly contributed with activities is represented by awareness of local people and management plans of board management In addition, natural factors such as storm, sea wave, sea level rise, also drive of change in land cover in Tien Hai Nature Reserve Chapter I INTRODUCTION Most current land use and land cover patterns on the earth reflect the interaction of human activities and the natural environment However, alteration of land cover takes place primarily because of anthropological activities rather than natural causes Land cover is understood as surface cover on the ground of land, including water, vegetation, bare soil, and artificial structures (Dewan and Yamahuchi, 2009) Human driven forces such as agricultural, mining, deforestation, construction that influence on shifting patterns of land use and land cover (Dewan and Yamahuchi, 2009) Natural contribution to changes in land cover includes storm, erosion, flood, earthquake and sea level rise What is mentioning is that human activities are intensifying these natural impacts on land cover change In recent years, growing human population has led to dramatically changes in land cover Moreover, land cover change is supposed as a primary component of many current environmental concerns (Frimpong, 2011) In other words, land cover change is gaining recognized a key driver of environmental change Changes in land cover and land use are pervasive and rapidly increasing which can have adverse impacts at local, regional and global scales (Frimpong, 2011) Therefore, qualitative and quantitative information about land cover changes are useful for sustainable management of natural resources, monitoring environment change, and minimize adverse consequence of environment as well Understanding land cover change can provide essential information for forming policies regarding social economic development and environment Therefore, accurate and update information on land cover change is necessary for building a suitable future land use policy Satellite data with their repetitive nature have proved to be useful in mapping land use/land cover patterns and temporal changes Multi-temporal imagery data can be used for detecting and quantifying land cover change over time, thus providing significant information for monitoring environmental change and natural resource use (Bottomley, 1998) In addition, the integration Remote Sensing technology and Geographical Position System (GIS) in assessing the changes in land use/land covers is used increasingly due to its powerful - cost effectiveness Remote sensing based techniques are now able provides vital tools for the assessment of land cover/land use in the management, with provide valuable and timely information on the nature resources and the environment GIS can provide a flexible environment for collecting, storing, displaying and analyzing digital data necessary for change detection (Reis, 2008) By using these techniques, it is possible to obtain a series of synoptic data for large geographic areas uniformly in time and space without exhaustive and expensive field surveys Coastal wetland areas are highly vulnerable by both human activities and natural calamities With more than 3200 km of coastline, Vietnam has a large area of coastal wetland that provides a diverse range of natural resource and favorable conditions for social and economic development (fisheries, aquaculture, agriculture, tourism, transportation, urbanization, etc.) Notably, eighty percent of Viet Nam's population is settled within wetlands (MARD, 2004) However, these coastal zones are also highly vulnerable by natural disaster such as storm, erosion, earthquakes, and sea level rise Moreover, human activities such as mangrove logging for shrimp ponds, fuel wood, irregular exploitation, are intensify these natural impacts Therefore, to hazard mitigation, environment protection, conservation and sustainable use natural resources, are concerns and purpose of management of these zone Like others coastal wetland zones in Vietnam, Tien Hai Nature Reserve in Thai Binh province is very sensitive, vulnerable zone Covering 10km length of coastline, and located in the left bank of the Red River (estuary Ba Lat river), the Nature Reserve has been recognized by UNESCO, as a one of the core importance of Red River biosphere reserve in 2004 With located in estuary Ba Lat river, it has very high biodiversity, rich Decree 327 in 1992: The Chairman of the Council of Minister’s Decision (the Prime Minister): emphasises policies for the development on barren lands and hills, coastal flats and water bodies "5 million hectare program" of government was implemented in the area from 1998 to 2010, and on-going from 2011 to 2020 Mangrove afforestation project has been implemented at Tien Hai Nature Reserve by the Mangrove Ecosystem Research Division (MERD) of the Centre for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies (CRES), with financial support from the Danish Red Cross (1995- 2005), and Japanese Red Cross (2006-2010 and 2011-2015) The Netherlands Local Environment Fund, has provided a small grant to the management board of Tien Hai Nature Reserve for capacity building activities These activities will continue until June 2004 Action of Mangrove of Reforestation (ACTMANG) of Japan was implemented in Tien Hai Nature Reserve from 1996 to 2005 Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) also supported for reforestation in Tien Hai Nature Reserve from 2005 to 2006 (Vietnam Red Cross, ACTMANG, Hong) Understanding role of mangrove forest in coastal zone and vulnerable of Tien Hai Nature Reserve is facing due to more pressure from human activities and natural disaster Many NGO supported for the area along with reforestation programs of government to restore lost mangrove forest in Tien Hai Nature Reserve With propose protection of sea dyke, increasing income, poverty alleviation, reducing risk of natural disaster and responding to climate change  Natural resource exploitation Exploitation of natural resource of local people in Tien Hai Nature Reserve is considered as daily active in their life With high potential economic of the area along with 51 population growth and migration into coastal areas, has led to an increased demand for their products  Expanding infrastructure In recent years, along with development of socio-economic, management board also upgrade structural materials such as road system, dyke and other structure to responding to natural disaster in the Nature Reserve Moreover, in 2008, Con Vanh tourism was approved by Thai Binh provincial department In current, Con Vanh tourism has attracted many people, has leading to increasing in income for local communities According to head of the island tourist site’s management board Nguyen Cong Ly, during the national holiday on April 30 and May 1, 2015 year, the islet welcomed close to 10,000 visitors each day However, along with increasing in finance of region, the management board current is also facing with environmental pollution of the area Drivers of land cover classes change in Tien Hai Nature Reserve in study time  Mangroves Mangroves area decreased from 2001 to 2006: In this period, there were many reforestation programs, projects of governmental organization and NGO; and the conversion of mangrove forest to shrimp ponds had stopped since 1995 with establishment of Tien Hai Nature Reserve However, mangrove area still decreased The decreasing in mangrove is caused: Illegal conversion of mangroves to shrimp ponds of local people and cutting mangrove for firewood, due to their awareness of mangrove forest has not high yet Management of the area is lax, which hadn't protected forest as well as lack of treatment measures for deforestation activities Lack of experience and scientific knowledge about planting mangroves technique in reforestation programs, projects There was not care and protection young mangroves 52 after plant, thus new mangroves were not growth and died (Mabvn: Overview of mangrove forest in Vietnam, part 3) All of above causes led to decreasing in mangrove area even though many reforestation programs were carried out in the area Mangroves area increased from 2006 to 2015: In this period, mangrove area increased, due to has overcome the causes of decreasing in mangroves area These cause drivers of increasing in mangrove area, including: Reforestation programs, projects of governmental organization and nongovernmental organization Improving in awareness of local people about role of mangrove forest in protecting the dyke system and their livelihood Therefore, deforestation had stopped Besides, when awareness of local people was improved, the ecology aqualcutual model actually is applied They actively planted mangroves in their aqualcutural ponds to create ecology environment for growing shrimp and minimized damage caused by natural calamity Technique of planting mangroves is improved, thus decreasing in amount of new and young mangroves were died Application of Community-based management since 2009 has brought effective in management of Tien Hai Nature Reserve Centre for Marine life Conservation and Community Development (MCD) is Vietnamese a non-profit, non-governmental organization which is devoted to marine conservation and sustainable development in Vietnam’s coastal areas MCD has started operating in Tien Hai Nature Reserve since 2006 MCD projects with purpose reduce risk and improve livelihoods of vulnerable people including poor, landless, disabled and women-headed households, in coastal communes in Tien Hai district The objectives in projects of MCD are sustainable livelihood development adaptive with climate change, risk mitigation through raising awareness, skills for famer and local authorities Therefore, the 53 organization helped for development livelihood of local people in Tien Hai Nature Reserve, reducing encroachment of people on the area and mangrove forest (According to Mr Tran Tat Dat-Director of community education center in Nam Phu commune)  Casuarinas Casuarinas area from 2001 to 2015 is result of programs, projects of GO and NGO about planting trees to protect the seashore and sea dyke, prevent sand from drifting, protecting the village from coastal wind, storm; as well as reducing impact of coastal erosion  Built-up and sand The change in area of built-up and sand was contributed mainly by the change of built-up Increasing in area of built-up is caused by raising residential structures of human in the area In addition, due to the development of tourism in Con Vanh beach, which was approved by Thai Binh province in 2008, leading to increase in amount of residential structures and structured material in the area  Water and others The change in area of water and others is mainly caused by tide of satellite image Choosing Landsat image to analysis has difference in tidal level, the area of water from 2001 to 2006 increased, small one part is caused by increasing in amount of aquacultural ponds, mainly caused by tide Others include salt mud, tidal mud, warp, bare soil and undefined Like the change in area of water, the change in others also affect by tide In other word, if area of water increases, area of others will decrease and vice versa 5.3.2 Natural - induced forces and coastal land cover change With located in coastal zone, Tien Hai Nature Reserve always had to face with pressures from natural disaster Every year, the area had to meet a lot of storm; and it's destroy is very large Typically, in 2005, the Tien Hai Nature Reserve had incurred a huge 54 storm According to Mr.Tinh, the storm caused great damage about property (shrimp ponds and clam were lost), and destroy large amount of young mangrove area In recent years, due to good reforestation; therefore the Nature Reserve has decreased damage of storm caused Besides, some natural factors effect to change land cover of area, especially mangroves as flood, cold, salinization, cold, sea wave, sea level rise According to Mr Pham Truong Son-Deputy Head of board management, in recent years, some mangroves were died by flood, cold, intolerant salt Moreover, sea level rise is very concern of management board Sea level rise effected to change of seashore in the Tien Hai district such as coastal erosion (Vu Thanh Ca, 2010) Generally speaking, the drivers of land cover change in Tien Hai Nature Reserve in contributed mainly by human induced rather nature induced The main human activities include conversion mangrove forest to aqualcutural pond, reforestation, natural resource exploitation, expanding infrastructure The main natural factors involve storm, sea wave, bad weather and sea level rise The land cover change mainly contributed by human induced rather than natural induced Because, anthropological activities impact on the area at frequent and continue level over the time; and with large scope However, natural induced have just impact at the moment, and unfrequented level such as storm, flood Therefore, the hypothesis of land cover changes have been caused by human induced drivers rather than natural induced forces is true with the study site 5.4 Solutions for better management of coastal land use in Tien Hai Nature Reserve Based on the findings in the study area through previous sections, realized that Tien Hai has problems such as: lack of land use planning, management board haven't complete, management plans haven't carried effectively, the study purposes some key solutions for management of Tien Hai Nature Reserve These include: 55 Coastal land-use planning needed: The land use planning for the Tien Hai Nature Reserve is essential and urgent The Tien Hai Nature Reserve should be planning to clearly define the boundary, especially the Eastern region; and establishing sub-division areas There also should have specific plans to apply in particular purposes of the each subdivision areas to minimize reduce pressure of local people’s encroachment into the area Lack of human resources: Tien Hai Nature Reserve now has three staffs for managing the resources in People's committee of Tien Hai district They had to undertaken more tasks for entire district, just not only management in Tien Hai Nature Reserve Thus, lack of focus on management in the Nature Reserve, along with the lack of staffs and equipment Therefore, establishment separately management board with enough quantity of staffs should be implemented as soon as possible, to able to concentrate in management for the Nature Reserve Improving experience and science knowledge of silvicultural staffs about mangroves in planting technique; and how to choose mangrove species adapt with natural condition in the area Institutional frames needed among communes: Mangrove forest belong management of three communes so a forest ranger force established is considered as a key for protection and development of mangrove forest In current, Tien Hai Nature Reserve just has forest protection team, with activity range in each commune Therefore, establishment a forest ranger forces in the protected area is very essential for protection and timely respond with negative events occur Enhancement of international cooperation in sustainable management of wetland: Promoting and enhancing international cooperation on conservation and sustainable development of coastal wetland need to be encouraged There is a need of 56 cooperation with MCD to have projects with policies needed to support for local communities' livelihood, especially vulnerable people, including poor, landless, disabled and women-headed households Besides, management plans should enable them to participate in the conservation and sustainable use of natural resource in the area Public media enhancement: Enhancing communication and awareness raising of local communities on the issues of climate change and risks of the area as well as exploitation and sustainable use of natural resource should be taken into account as designing a coastal land use planning Enhancement of scientific research: Promoting scientific research in the area, including on monitoring and forecast the trends of natural resource such as mangrove forest, wetland and environment should be prioritised These researches would help purpose policies, action plans for propose of conservation and sustainable development in Tien Hai Nature Reserve Beside, developing scientific research in the area will attract investment of governmental and non-governmental organization Promote training course, workshop is needed for staffs to meet the requirement knowledge for conservation and wise use natural resource in coastal zone Develop and apply relevant models on wise use of the area, such as ecological aquaculture and other environmentally friendly models Improvement of local livelihoods: Intensive development of tourism Con Vanh beach will contribute to increasing income of local communities as well as source finance of district However, apart of positive impact on economic, tourism development, it also has a challenge for environmental issues this area Therefore, improvement of garbage and waterwaster treatment is needed to take into consideration 57 Chapter VI GENERAL CONCLUSION, LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER STUDY 6.1 General conclusion The objectives of this study was to identify and analyze change detection of land cover using multi-temporal Lansat data and GIS based techniques in Tien Hai Nature Reserve during 14 years from 2001 to 2015 The main land cover types identified in the study area are water, built-up/sand, casuarinas, mangroves and others Combing RS data and GIS technique has given result of land cover map in 2001, 2006, 2015, as well as detection land cover change during 14 period of time With accuracy 85.6% for classification of land cover in 2015 Built-up/sand and casuarinas have slightly changed, and both of them tend to increasing from 2001 to 2015 The change in land cover of the area is mainly contributed by water, mangroves and others Mangroves area decreased 245.6 from 2001 to 2006, after increased 331.3 from 2006 to 2015 Area coverage of water increased from 2001 to 2006, decreased from 2006 to 2015 In contrary, others area decreased from 2001 to 2006, increased from 2006 to 2015 The information of interviews and document materials showed that human induced is contributed mainly drives of land cover change rather than natural induced in the Tien Hai Nature Reserve The main human induced drivers land cover change, including conversion mangrove forest to aqualcutural ponds, reforestation, natural resource exploitation, expanding infrastructure Main contribution of natural induced involves storm, flood, sea wave, bad weather and sea level rise Tien Hai Nature Reserve is coastal wetland zone, has a significant role in livelihood of local communities as well as having high valuable ecology Therefore, management plans always combines between conservation and sustainable use natural resources; and communities-based management 58 Using satellite image data and GIS technique can be a valuable tool in locating and predicting land cover change With rapid change of nature resource because of pressure of human and natural calamities in current, GIS and remote sensing is considered as achievement science in monitoring and management natural resource, particularly vulnerable zones 6.2 Limitations In this study, using Landsat can identify relatively well land cover classes in the area, with overall accuracy more than 85% However, there are some limitations in this study Limitation of Landsat imagery is primary data source of detection land cover change Firstly, the study met a limitation when couldn't separated built-up class and sand class Due to, these two classes represented the same spectral value One other limitation in this study, detection land cover change has large difference of each period because of some reasons for choosing Landsat imagery The choosing imagery hasn't same date of acquired and tidal level, therefore affected to detection land cover change of the area Ideally, the tide level must be similar between these periods, but that does not always correspond with satellite passage Other limitation is lack of reference data in 2001, 2006 to accuracy assessment of classification class in those years There are some misclassification in identify land cover class when using Landsat TM and Landsat ETM+ because of low spatial resolution 59 6.3 Further studies In this study, Landsat imageries used for classification land cover, have fairly low spatial resolution (30m) and different in tide level The classification result produced fairly low accuracy For the future study, using higher spatial resolution as SPOT and 7, and QuickBird and same in tide level for monitoring land cover to improve the quality of coastal land cover mapping The limitation of time, data sources and satellite imagery are also limitations of this study, only three years (2001, 2006, 2015), led to large interval of time, thus limitting the overall trend of changes this area to the some extent Therefore, more years and short interval of time should be conducted for land cover change detection in future study 60 REFERENCES Adubofour Frimpong (Bsc Geodetic Engineering), 2011 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Forest Cover Change Detection (A case study of Owabi Catchment in Kumasi, Ghana) Abdullah Al Mamun, Asif Mahmood, Mafizur Rahman, 2010 Identification and Monitoring the Change of Land Use Pattern Using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study of Dhaka City Ashraf M Dewan & Yasushi Yamaguchi, 2008 Using remote sensing and GIS to detect and monitor land use and land cover change in Dhaka Metropolitan of Bangladesh during 1960–2005 BirdLife International 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Evidence from analysis of land cover change in Tat hamlet from 1952 to 2003", in: Farming with Fire and Water: The human ecology of a composite swiddening community in Vietnam Northern Mountains Tran Trong Duc, 2003 Monitoring mangrove forest change using Remote Sensing and GIS in Can Gio district Viet Nam Environment Protection Agency (2005) "Overview of Wetlands Status in Viet Nam Following 15 Years of Ramsar Convention Implementation." Vu Thanh Ca, 2010 Assessment on the increase of coastal erosion due to climate change and sea level rise APPENDICES Appendix Staffs of management board and local authorities interviewing schedule General information Name: Age: Position: Address: Interviewer: Gender: Date of interview: Content How is organizational structure management and infrastructures in the area? What are policies and plans of management implemented current in the Tien Hai Nature Reserve? How many hectares of mangrove forested area are in the Tien Hai Natural Reserve? What are projects implemented in the area? Namely? When did the mangrove planting project have? Who were involved in plantation mangroves in this project? How long did the project take to complete? Since then, has the coastal mangrove protection managed closely? After had mangroves, how it influence to local people? + If it is good, why? + If it is bad, why? 10 What is tending change of mangrove forest in recent years? What are reasons? 11 How does natural disaster effect to mangrove forest and livelihood of local people? 12 Have the conversion mangrove forest to aqualcutural ponds current appeared in this area? 13 Is the community based management implemented in the Tien Hai Nature Reserve? 14 How tourism effect on management of the Nature Reserve? 15 What advantage and disadvantage is the nature reserve face in plan management? Appendix Households (famers) interviewing schedule General information Name: Age: Job: Gender: Address: Interviewer: Date of interview: Contents What are main livelihoods of farmers in the area? Do you know about the role of mangrove forest? The trend to change of mangrove forest in recent year is increase or decrease? What are reasons leading to this change of mangroves from 2000 to 2015? When did the conversion mangrove forest to shrimp ponds start? How is natural disaster impact on the area and livelihood of farmer? How about the management plans implementation in protection mangrove and respond with natural disaster in the area? Do management plans of the area base on the local communities? Have management board and local authorities supported for development in livelihood of local people? 10 What are projects or programs planting mangroves implemented in the area? 11 Do you take part in planting and protection mangrove forest? 12 What are these projects supporting for famers? 13 What you think about management plans of management board? ... cover changes in Tien Hai Nature Reserve, Thai Binh province using multi- temporal Landsat data" is selected This study used a series of Landsat satellite images from 2001 to 2015 to analyze land cover. .. monitor land cover change in Tien Hai Nature Reserve from 2001 to 2015 by using multi- temporal Landsat imagery data The findings of study will contribute to better management for Tien Hai Nature Reserves,... changes in Tien Hai Nature Reserve from 2001 to 2015 using multi- temporal Landsat data This objective includes two sub-objectives stated as below: Construct a single map of land cover in Tien Hai Nature