Hướng dẫn ôn tập và luyện thi THPT quốc gia môn ngữ văn phần 1

807 H561D JANG HUNG (Chu bien) - PHAM THI THU HIEN - TRjNH THI LAN fc HUONG DflN ON LUV6N THITOUNGHOC PHO IHONG QUOC Gil) LE QUANG HUNG (Chu bi§n) PHAM THI THU HIEN -TRINH THI LAN HUONG DAN ON LUYEN THI TRUNG HOC PHO THONG QUOC GIA MONNGOVAN :— NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC SU PHAM U N I V E R S I T Y OF E D U C A T I O N P U B L I S H I N G H O U S E H U O N G D A N O N LUYEN T H I TRUNG HOC P H T H O N G Q U C G I A M O N N G Q V A N Le Quang Hang (Chu bien) - Pham Thi Thu HIen - Trjnh Thj Lan Sach duoc xuat bSn phuc vu viec o n luyen t h i t r u n g hoc t h o n g quoc gia tCf nann 2015 Ma sach t i e u c h u ^ n quoc te: ISBN - - - 2 - ; BSn q u y e n xuat ban t h u g c ve Nha xuat ban Bai hoc Su p h a m Mpl h l n h t h i l c chep t o a n bo hay m o t phan hoac cac h i n h thijfc phat h i n h ma l^hong CO sU cho phep trudc bang van bSn cCia Nha xuat bin Bai hoc SU pham deu la vi p h a m p h a p luat - , - Chung tdi ludn mong muon nhdn dugc nhCtng y kien ddng gop cua quy vi ddc gia de sdch ngdy cdng hodn thiin han Moi gdp y vi sdch, liin hi vi bdn thdo vd dich vu bdn quyen xin vui Idng gCri vi dia chlemail: kehoach@nxbdhip.edu.vn Ma so: 01.02.176/900 - TK 2015 MUC LUC Trang SI Ldl GIOITHIEU LCn NOIDAU PhSn mot DINH HlTOfNG CHUNG KI THI TRUNG HOC PHO THONG QUOC GIA MONNGtyVAN Phan hai NOI DUNG ON LUYEN A DOC HIEU VAN BAN I Mot so van de chung Quan niem ve nang lire doc hieu Chuan doc hieu Van ban doc hieu II Hu-cmg dan hoc sinh on luyen doc hieu Cach doc hiSu cic loai van ban He thong c^u hoi on luyen doc hieu Huong dan tra 16i cau hoi doc hieu B LAM VAN 8 10 13 13 13 22 48 70 I Nghi luan xa hoi Nghi luan ve mot tu tvrong, dao li Nghi luan ve mot hien tuong doi song Nghi luan tong hop 70 70 79 87 II Nghi luan van hoc Yeu ciu chung Yeu c4u, ki nang ca ban voi timg dang nghi luan van hoc Van dung phuo^ig phdp so sdnh bhi nghi luan van hoc KiSn thuc ca ban cua c^c van ban van hoc Mot s6 dS bhi nghi luan van hoc goi y l^m bki 95 96 98 128 133 170 Phan ba M O T SO D E T H I T H A M K H A O 180 • D ET H I M O N N G C V A N - G I A O D U GT R U N G H O CP H O T H O N G (Ki thi tot nghiep trung hoc ph6 thong nam ) 180 195 • D ETHI T H A M K H A O S O 191 • D ET H I T H A M K H A O S O 187 • D E T H I T U Y E N S I N H D A I H O C K H O I C - M O N N G U ' V A N - N A M 2014 184 • D E T H I T U Y E N S I N H D A I HOC K H O I D - M O N N G L T V A N - N A M , ^]fu\-'JNu:n:aVJQ A 1? '.i/i ill ' - • iCt' - Ldl GI6I THIEU ' Thirc hien Quyet dinh s6 3538/QD-BGDDT 09/9/2014 cua Bp truang Bp Giao due va Dao tao phe duyet phuong an thi tot nghiep trung hpc thong va tuyen sinh dai hoc, cao dang tir nam 2015 (gpi la ki thi trung hpc thong quoc gia), huong toi vice thuc hien doi moi chuong trinh va sach giao khoa, Nha xuat ban Dai hpc Su pham to chCtc bien soan va phat hanh bp sach Huong dan on luyen thi trung hpc thong quoc gia gom cuon, tuong ung voi mon: Toan, NgQ van, Tieng Anh, Vat li, Hoa hpc, Sinh hpc, * si Lich sii va Dia li Bp sach cac tdc gia la giang vien uy tin cua Tnrong Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi, gi^o vien gioi a tnrong trung hpc thong va mot s6 can bp ciia cac ca quan chuyen mon la nhiing nguoi c6 nhieu kinh nghiem tham gia cong tac tuyen sinh cua Bp Giao due v^ Dao tao bien soan, bam sat Chuong tiinh giao due trung hpc thong Cau true moi cuon sich gom ba ph§n chinh: Phan mot: Dinh hirong chung ki thi trung hoc thong quoc gia (theo tung mon) Phan hai: Cac chu de/noi dung on luyen CAc ehii de/npi dung on luyen dugc bien soan bam sat quy dinh ciia Bp Giao due va Dao tao ve eau true de thi dugc doi mod theo huong danh gia nang lire, c6 phan tom tat li thuyet, yeu cau ve bai tap/cau hoi van dung, cac bai tap/cau hoi mlu va huong dan on luyen - Phan ba: Mot so de thi tham khao CAc de thi CO d^p in hoac huong dan tra loi Hpc sinh dupe nang cao kl nang ren luyen thuc hien trpn ven mot de thi thai gian quy dinh, mot mat luyen kha nang giai b ^ tap, giai quyet van de; mat khac giup he th6ng hoa cac kien thuc va ki nang ckn thi8t cho ki thi trung hpc thong quoc gia Cung voi bp sach tren, Nha xuat ban Dai hpc Su pham tiep tuc gioi thieu v^ phat hanh bp sach Boi dirong, on luyen thi trung hoc thong quoc gia theo bo de gom mon (Toan, Ngii van, Tieng Anh, Vat li, Ho^ hpc) phuc vu hpc sinh on luyen thi trung hpc thong qu6c gia ;iipt cdch hieu qua Dpi ngu giao vien thong c6 th§ su dung sach de huong dan hpc sinh on luyen kien thiic, ki nang theo huong tiep can nang lire mot each c6 he th6ng de dat hieu qua cao nhat ki thi trung hpc ph6 thong quoc gia, hit d§u thuc hien tu nam 2015 Xin trdntrgng giai thieu! NHA XUAT BAN DAI HQC SU" PHAM LCJI NOI D A U Cdc thay cd gido vci cdc em hoc sinh than men! AT"! Bat dau tu nam hoc 2014 - , Bo Giao due va D^o tao to chiic mot ki thi chung thay cho ki thi tot nghiep trung hoc thong va tuyen sinh dai hoc, cao dang nhu tnrdc day, goi la ki thi trung hoc thong quoc gia Nham dap ling nhu cSu cua hoc sinh vl tai lieu on tap, eiing e6 ki nang cho ki thi sSp tcri, chiing toi bien soan cuon sach Huong dan on luyen thi trung hoc thong quoc gia mon Ngu van Noi dung cuon sach gom ba phan: Phan mot: Dinh huong chung ki thi trung hoc thong quoc gia mon Ngu van Phan nham cung cap nhung thong tin ehinh ve dinh huong ciia ki thi trung hoc thong quoc gia noi chung va de thi mon Ngu van noi rieng Phan hai: Noi dung on luyen • Day la phan tam ciia cuon sach, noi dung b^m sat vao dinh huong de thi mon Ngu van ki thi trung hoc thong quoc gia de huong dan hoc sinh on luyen Phan khong chi cung cap nhung kien thuc, ki nang ca ban ve doc hieu va lam van theo mot he thong cu the, ro rang ma dua nhung vi du, de bM kem theo ggi y tuong ung vai tung dang de de hoc sinh tham khao, van dung va kiem tra, danh gid qua trinh on luyen Phan ba: Mot so de thi tham khao Phan tap hop nhung de thi tot nghiep, tuyen sinh dai hoc mon Ngu van nam 2014 va mot so de tham khao ciia ki thi trung hoc thong quoc gia nam 2015 Nhimg god y, huong dan tra Idi cau hoi cdc de thi se giup hoc sinh nang cao dugc nang lire hoc tap d§ chuan bi t6t ki nang l^m bM thi • t ^- its nfeO : Chiing toi hi vong cuon sdch khong chi giiip cdc em hoc sinh hokn thien ki nang lam bai ma la tai lieu tham khao huu ich cho cac thay eo giao qua trinh huong dan hoc sinh on tap, cung c6 kien thuc, chuan bi cho ki thi trung hoc thong quoc gia dat ket qua cao Chiing toi rat mong nhan dugc y kien dong gop cua cac thay c6 giao, cac em hoe sinh va doc gia gan xa de chat lugng cuon sach ngdy cang hoan thien hon nhung Ian tai ban Cdc gop y cho cu6n sach xin gui ve dia chi: Phong Bien tap, Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Su pham, Trudng Dai hoc Su pham Ha Noi S6 136, Duong Xuan Thuy, Quan Cau Giay, Thanh ph6 Ha Noi Cac tac gia Phan mot D!NH HUdNG CHUNG ' Kl THI TRUNG HOC PHO THONG QUOC GIA MON NGQVAN Tu nam 2015, Bo Giao due va Dao tao to chiic mot ki thi quoc gia (goi la ki thi trung hoc thong quoc gia) lay ket qua de xet cong nhan tot nghiep trung hoc thong lam can cu tuyen sinh dai hoc, cao dang Quyet dinh s6 3538/QD-BGDDT 09/9/2014 ciia Bp tnrdng Bp Giao due va Dho tao v^ phe duyet phuang An thi tot nghiep trung hpc thong vk tuyen sinh dai hpc, cao dang tir nam 2015 da chi ro: - De dupe xet cong nhan tot nghiep trung hpc thong v^ xet tuyen sinh v^o cic truong dai hpc, cao dang, thi sinh phai thi mon (gpi 1^ mon thi toi thieu) gom mon bat bupc 1^ Toin, Ngir van, Ngoai ngu mon tu ehpn so cac mon: Vat li Hod hpc, Sinh hpc, Lich sii vh Dia If NgoM mon thi toi thieu, thi sinh eo the dang ki thi them cic mon khdc s6 cdc mon tu chpn de c6 them ca hpi xet tuyen v^o dai hpc, cao dang - Thi sinh da t6t nghiep trung hpc thong cdc nam tniac chi dang ki cac mon thi phuc vu cho tuyen sinh dai hpc, cao dang Mon Ngu van thi theo hinh thuc tu luan, thoi gian thi 1^ 180 phut De thi ddnh gid thi sinh a miic dp: nhan biet, thong hieu, van dung v^ van dung cao, dam bao phan hod trinh dp thi sinh De thi mon Ngir van ki thi trung hpc thong quoc gia se c6 dinh dang tuong tir de thi t6t nghiep trung hpc thong v^ tuyen sinh dai hpc, cao dang nam 2014 nhung se tang cac cau hoi d muc dp van dvmg, cdc cau hoi mo theo dinh huong danh gid nang luc ciia thi sinh Npi dung de thi nkm chuong tiinh trung hpc thong hien hanh, chu yeu la chuomg trinh lop 12 Phan hai Npl DUNG ON LUYEN r ur' A DOC HIEU VAN BAN I MOT SO VAN DE CHUNG Quan niem ve nang lye doc hieu Nang lire doe hieu dugc hku het eae quoe gia tren the giai hien coi 1^ nang lire ehung cot loi can trang bi cho hoc sinh thong Do cung 1^ mot nhung nang lire can CO cua mot ngudi cong dan de ton tai va phat trien xa hoi Vi th6, doc hiSu da tro mot noi dung tam cua chuong trinh mon Ngon ngu va Van hoe a trudng thong cua hku het cAc qu6c gia tren the gidi tu tM ki XX den Cung vdi sir tiSn bo ciia khoa hoc giao due noi ehung va khoa hoe ve day hoc mon hoc n^y noi rieng, noi dung doc hieu da dugc doi mdi, phat trien theo thdi gian Khi chucmg tnnh giao due thong dugc bien soan theo hudng tap trung vao noi dung, doc hieu dugc coi la mot ki nang then chot noi dung chucmg trinh mon hoc tieng vdi tu each la mon hoc ngon ngu me de hoac vdi tu each la mon hoc ngoai ngu Gan day, tu nhung thap nien 80 v^ 90 cua the ki XX, vdi xu hudng bien soan chuong trinh giao due dira tren nang lire dSu ra, doc hieu dugc coi la mot nang lire ehung cot loi thuge nang lire sir dung ngon ngii chuong trinh giao due thong cua nhieu nude tren the gidi Trong khoang g§n hai chue nam trd lai day, doe hieu da trd mot noi dung ciia nhieu chuong trinh danh gia kk qua giao due mang tinh toan e§u nhu TIMSS, PIRLS, PISA Da CO nhieu quan niem khae ve nang lire doe hieu Tren the gidi, theo PISA', "nang lire doe hieu dugc hilu 1^ kha nang bilt doc, c6 trinh dp doc hieu", "la sir hieu Met, su dung v^ phdn hoi lai trudc mot b^i doc viet, nham dat dugc muc dieh, ph^t trien tri thuc vk tiem nang ciing nhu viec tham gia hoat dpng ciia mot xa hoi"' Theo do, dinh nghia ve dge va doe hieu eo sir thay d6i theo thdi gian va dieu kien kinh te, van hoa, xa hpi Day la quan niem ma horn 70 nude tham gia PISA - c6 Viet Nam - dong tinh va lam theo yeu cau cua Chucmg trinh danh gia hge sinh quoe te Mae du quan niem cua PISA ve dgc hiSu khong dua vao cac yeu cau cua chuong trinh mon Ngii van nha trudng thong cua mot nude eu the nao m^ xuat phat tir yeu cau ciia xa hpi doi vdi he thong giao due, nhirng ki nang eSn thiet cho cupe song tuong lai ciia hpc sinh nhung nhirng yeu c2u cua PISA c6 hen quan mat thiet vdi viec day hoc Ngu van nha trudng thong ciia nhieu nude tren the gidi ' Chuong trinh danh gid hoc sinh quoe ti T6 chuc Hop tac Phat triSn Kinh tg (OECD) de xuat nam 1997 Tinh den nam da c6 han 70 quoe gia tham gia PISA - Bp Giao due vk Dko tao, s6 toy PISA, 2011 Dieu dugc the Men a ch6 ckng c6 nhieu nuac tham gia PISA c6 Viet Nam Tir ket qua danh gia ciia PISA ve trinh doc hieu ciia hoc sinh nuac minh, Viet Nam cung nhu cac nuac deu c6 sir dieu chinh nhat djnh de viec day hoc doc hieu nha tnrang thong phii hop vai thirc tiln va bat kip xu the quoc te Theo GS.TS Nguyin Thanh Hiing: "Doc - hieu la khai niem bao trum c6 noi dung quan trong qua trinh day hoc van"; "Doc - hieu la mot khai niem khoa hoc chi miic cao nhdt cua hoat dong doc; doc - hieu dong thai cung chi nang lire van cua nguai doc"' "Doc hieu la pham tru khoa hoc nghien cuu va giang day van hoe Ban than no la khai niem c6 quan he vai nang lire doc, hoat dong doc, k i nang doe de nam vung y nghia cua van ban nghe thuat ngon tir Doc chinh xae thi hieu diing Doc k i , doc phan tich thi hieu sau Doe trai nghiem tham mi thi hieu dugc ve dep nhan tinh Doc sau, dgc sang tao thi hieu dugc cai mod"" Tac gia da di vao l i giai ngi ham cua "hieu": "Hieu la phat hien va nam vung moi lien he cua cac sir vat, hien tugng, doi tugng nao va y nghla ciia cac moi quan he Hieu la bao quat het ngi dung v^ c6 the van dung \ko doi song Hieu tue la phai tra loi dugc cac cau hoi: gi?, Nhu the nao?, V i sao? Lam nhu the nao? Do la biet va lam dgc hieu Hieu la qua tiinh nhan thue van ban toan ven"^ Tir do, tac gia neu len nhung ngi dung can "hieu" tac pham van hge vai cac tieu chi cu the: " Kham pha y nghia ngi dung ehiia dung van ban Y nghia n^y tac gia bay to, bieu 16 van ban Hieu moi quan he y nghia cua van ban tdc gia xay dung v^ to chuc nen Khang dinh muc dich, y do, ngi dung thuc hien, tien gia dinh Danh gia tu tuang ciia tac gia Sap nhap, hoa dong thong tin va tu tuang ciia tac gia vai tri thuc va kinh nghiem phu hgp cua nguai dgc""* GS.TS T r i n Dinh Su da chi mot s6 ngi dung quan trgng ve dgc hieu: "Mot, dgc Ik qui trinh tiep nhan y nghia tir van ban, t§t phai hieu ngon ngu ciia van ban (ngon ngii dan toe, ngon ngii nghe thuat, ngon ngii t h i loai ciia van ban"; phai dua vao tinh tich cue cua ehu t h i (hung thii, nhu eSu, nang lue) va tac dong qua lai giua chii the va van ban Hai, dgc la qua trinh giao tiep va doi thoai vai nguai tao van ban (tac gia, xa hgi, van hoa) Ba, dgc la qua trinh tieu dung van hoa van ban (huong thu, giai tri, hgc tap) Bon, dgc la qua trinh tao cac nang lire nguai (nang lue hieu minh, hieu van hoa va hieu the giai) Nhu the dgc la mot hoat dong van hoa co tam nhan loai va y nghia giao due sau sac"^ Tac gia eon neu len suy nghi cua minh ve "hieu" "dgc hieu" Theo ong, "hieu" co '• '"Nguyen Thanh Hung, Kinang doc hiiu Van, NXB Dai hoc Su pham, 2014, tr 34 - 35 " Nguyin Thanh Hung, Nuoi duomg va xa Idnh y nghia cua tam ngir hoc doc hieu van chuang Tap chi Khoa hoc Giao due, s6 80, 2012, tr 26 ' Tran Dinh Su, Van ban van hoc va doc hieu van ban, in Tai lieu tap hudn giao vien truang c/iuy^n - A/on A'gi? van Bo Giio dye D^o tao, 2011 ngoai quoc, tham chi c6 ca yeu to phi van hoa Mot so gia tri van hoa truyen thong bi xam Ian, CO nguy ca bi mai mot Dieu can duac xem la mot van de nhuc nhoi cua xa hoi hien dai va can c6 giai phap * Than bai Giai thich hien tugng - Van hoa dugc xem la tap hop cac gia tri, niem tin, thai dp, hanh vi loi Nong, phong tuc, tin nguang, quan he vai tu nhien va quan he xa hoi ciia mot ca nhan hay mot nhom nguai, cong dong nao Van hoa c6 doi song hang ciia moi nguai chiing ta, la toan bo nhung gi lien quan den dai song ciia xa hoi Gia tri van hoa la nhiing tinh hoa vat chat va tinh than dugc lang ket, cung c6 theo thai gian ma hau het moi ca nhan cong dong deu coi va c6 y thiic gin giit, phat huy _ - Gia tri van hod truyen thong la nhung dac diem, ban sac van hoa lau dai, rieng biet va doc dao ciia mot dan toe Gia trj ay chuan muc, thoi quen dai song hang tu nhan thiic, suy nghl den each hanh dong, cu xu, tu loi an noi, trang phuc den each cam nhan eai dep Thuc trang van hoa truyen thong dang bi mai mot xa hoi hien dai - Trong linh vuc van hoa, nghe thuat: i : : f- ' + Am nhac: Xu huang am nhac ciia phan dong giai tre hien la nhiing the loai nhac mai du nhap tu nuac ngoai: nhac hip hop, nhac rock, nhac rap, hoac cac thu nhac uy mi, suat muat, ngon tu ho hao, rong Giai tre dang xao lang, tha a vai am nhac truyen thong, phan dong giai tre biet rat it ve cac Ian dieu dan ca, hat xam, ca trii, cac ca khuc each mang hao himg, > =' > -VA,]+ Hoi hoa: Hoi hoa dan gian dang mai mot, chang han tranh Dong Ho bi tranh Trung Quoc, tranh chep Ian luat + San khSu, dien anh: Nghe thuat san kh§u truyen thong nhu cheo, tuong, cai luomg khong thu hut dugc nhilu sir yeu thich va ham me ciia giai tre Giai tre ua thich nhung bo phim Han Qu6c uy mi, phim da su Trung Quoc, phim hanh dong Mi, - Trong linh vyc dai song: + Ngon ngir giao tiep hang ngay: Giao tiep truyen thong chuong hgp tinh, hgp li, nhe nhang, kheo leo, th§ hien van hoa va tam h6n dan toe Nhung hien dang xuat hien nhirng hien tugng dung sai nghia cua tu, su dung tieng long, nhiing tu tieng nuac ngoai xen vao tieng Viet Cau cii coc l6c, thieu phan, thieu le phep, khong biet noi "cam on", "'xin loi" lam mat di ve dep sang ciia tieng Viet va van hoa giao tiep truyen th6ng ciia nguai Viet V§n dk dang dat mot each buc xiic vi tieng noi, ngon ngu the hien sue song ciia mot dan toe, la yeu to quan cua van hoa dan toe + Nghi le: Hien nay, nhilu nguod eo thai tha a vai qua khii hoac thieu kinh vai nhung le eo truyen ciia dan toe (nhu gio To Hiing Vuang, Tet Nguyen dan 81 Nguyen t i e u )• Nhieu thieu nien t i m den v o i cAc l l hoi truyen thong khong phai de nhd ve to tien, nguon cpi, ma de thoa man t r i to mo, de tu tap, dan d u m Nhi^u nghi le ciia cAc ton giao, quoc gia khac dugc du nhap va cang tro nen biin a Viet Nam song doi v a i khong i t nguai thuc chSt la kieu chay theo phong trao, theo m6t d l to thai thugng, sanh dieu + Cac le hoi dang bj mot so nguai lod dung, thuang mai hoa ( L I hoi Yen T u , Den H i m g , Phii Day, den Song, chua H u a n g ) : khong gian van hoa ciia le hoi bi xam pham b a i hang quan thi moc len lam mat m i quan, nguai xiu Igi dung cac l l hoi d^ lira dao, true Igi thong qua cac tro chod: x6 so, boi toan, ca bac + Cac nghi le cuoi x i n , ma chay to chuc an uong cau k i , ton kem, trai v a i thu4n phong m l tuc cua dan tgc T h i i l i giai nguyen nhan cua tinh trang van hoa truyen thSng b i mai mot g i o i tre - Do anh huong ciia nen k i n h te thi truang, dac biet 1^ thai k i dat nudfc ma ciia hoi nhap Trong qua trinh giao l u u va tiep bien van hoa rong rai, nhi8u nguai, dac biet la mot bg phan khong nho g i a i tre thieu hieu biet, lai chiu anh huong cua van hoa ngoai lai, nen de dang lang quen truyen thong van hoa cua dan tgc - M o t so l i n h vuc van hoa truyen th6ng cham doi mod, chua thich ung dugc vai nhiing xu the m a i ciia thod dai nen chua thu hiit dugc g i a i tre Cong t i c tuyen truyen ph6 bien, giao due ve dep truyen thong van hoa dan tgc chua that sir c6 hieu qua M o t so giai phap de giod tre khong quay lung lai vdd van hoa truyen th6ng Can c u chu yeu vao nhung nguyen nhan a tren de de xu§t giai phap V i du: Nha nuac can c6 chien luge bao ton, phat huy va phat trien cac giA t r i van hod truyen thong; t i c h cue tuyen truyen, gido due eho m g i n g u a i , dac biet Ik thi he tre: niSm tir hko, t i n h yeu, y thuc bao ton vd phat huy cdc gid t r i van hod truyen thong; c6 giai phdp de dua cdc gid t r i van hod ciia dan tgc tham nhap sau han vdo d a i s6ng cua nhan dan thong qua cdc p h u a n g tien thong t i n dai chiing; can k^t hgp song song viec giir gin ban sac van hod truyen thong v o i viec khong ngirng d o i m a i sdng tao de dap ling dugc t h i hieu ciia cong c h i i n g *K§tbai - M a r g n g : Hay song den tan ciing dan tgc, ban se gap nhan loai Nhan loai gap mot chen tra va nhan b a i guang mat rieng eiia nen van hod moi dan tgc NhSn l o a i se giau c6 tir sir da dang ciia van hod G i u g i n , bao t6n va phat huy cac gid t r i van hoa truyen thong la yeu cSu biic thiSt ciia m i qu6c gia thai k i hoi nhap - Lien he ban than: Ban than la nien, la "giod tre", nguai viet can c6 nhung bai hoc ve t i m t o i , khdm phd nhimg gid t r i van hod t r u y i n th6ng; yeu quy, tran trgng va tir hao ve nhung gid t r i van hod truyen thong cua dan tgc; ti'ch cue tham gia tuyen t r u y i n , giiip mgi nguai nang cao hieu biet ve cdc gid t r i van hod t r u y i n th6ng cua dan tgc 82 De so Ngmi Nhat rit thich an ca twai nhwng biin gin bo da khong ca nCra D§ dap Ceng nhu ciu, nguv/i Nhat dong tau to hon va chuyin sang danh bit xa bo Cang xa bo, cang tdn nhieu thai gian hon di mang ca vS N4U chuyin di mit vai ngay, ca khong tiroi ni^a Ngwi/i Nhat khong thich ca iron Cac cong ty danh bit ben lip dat tu dong tren tau danh ca, ca dwgc lam dong tai chd Tu dong giup tau di xa hon va danh bit lau hon Tuy nhien, vi thjt ca dong lanh khong thS ngon nhw ca twoi s6ng, ca dong lanh bi sut gia Cac cong ty liSn dwa cac bi nuoi ten tau Ho bit ca va nhdt vao bi Sau mot thoi gian dSn lie chat Choi, 10 ca met ICr nhwng vin sing Nguvri tieu dung Nhat phat hien si/ khac biet: ca bi nhdt nhieu thit cua chung mit di vi twoi ngon Cac cong ty Nhat da lam th§ nao di giai quyit vin di nay? Ho tha them mot ca map nho vao bi tren tau Ca map chen mgt so ca do, so ca lai van song khoe va thjt van rat thom ngon vao din bo Cach bao quan ca t y a i cua ngu-ai Nhat gai cho anh/chj bai hpc gi? Suy nghT cua anh/chj ve bai hpc duac rut Got y lam bai: ' • * M o bai Cupc song luon thay doi theo nhung quy luat ciia no, bupc nguai phai doi thay theo de thich nghi va ton tai Bai hpc ve each bao quan ea t u a i cua nguai Nhat la mot minh chung cho viec thay doi dieu kien cupc song cho phu hgrp v d i hoan eanh: De an tirod, nguai Nhat da ddnh bat ca gan ba, danh bat xa ba, dung t i i dong lanh de bao quan c^ thai gian danh bat ca lau tren bien, roi ehuyen sang diing be nuoi de bao quan ca song tren tau N g u a i Nhat thay ca nuoi be met l u va thit khong dugc t u a i ngon, hp bo vao mot cA map nho cho no an mot so de nhirng c^ lai Ik nhung ed khoe nhat, t u o i ngon nhat Chung ta c6 the hpc tap duac gi t u c^eh bao quan ca do? Do Yk bM hpc ve su no lire khong ngung de dat dupe mue dich, huang den nhimg dieu tuyet vai nhat cupc song * Than bai Giai thich y nghia eiia su viec, hien tuong - Nhung ca dupe nuoi be mat d i v i t u a i ngon la thai gian song be la khoang thai gian ca g i i i dupe su song nhung ca a nhiing dieu kien khac biet vai dieu kien duoi bien nen khong phat trien binh thuang K h i ca map nho dupe tha vao b i nhung ca phai trai qua qua trinh chien d^u mot each quyet het de giir dupe su s6ng cho m i n h , nhung ca eon lai cupc chien dau vai eon ca map nho la nhirng khoe k h o i n , manh me nhat, thit cua chiing se t u a i ngon nhat - Nguod Nhat luon thay d6i phuang each lam viec k h i nhan thay cong viec hien tai khong dupe phat t r i l n H p thay d6i de tang hieu su§t cong viec, nang cao hieu qua qua trinh lam viec cua m i n h Neu nguai Nhat khong thay doi each thue l a m viec cua m i n h chac han cong viec se giam chan tai cho va ho cung khong the thu dugc nhung hieu qua tu COng viec -> - Bai hoc tu viec lam cua ngudi Nhat: Luon biet thich nghi vdi hoan canh, khong hai long vdi nhung gi minh dang c6 Khi cam thay khong thuan Igi, khong phai la dudng nhanh nhat va hieu qua nhk de dat muc dich diing thi ngudi can phai manh dan thay doi, khong dugc ngai khd khan, gian khd ma xuoi tay chap nhan - Bai hoc sinh ton ciia nhung ca: Chi gap hoan canh khd khan, ngudi mdi CO the khang dinh gia tri ciia ca nhan, khang djnh nang luc, sue manh cua ban than minh Nhung gi lai sau vugt qua gian kho luon la nhixng gia tri tot dep nhat Ban luan ve nhiing bai hoc - Bai hoc tu each bao quan ca ciia ngudi Nhat: + Can biet thay ddi de thi'ch nghi vdi hoan canh: Hoan canh cugc song luon thay doi, bupc ngudi ta phai thich nghi bang each thay doi theo no Ben canh nhung gia tri ben vung khong bao gid thay doi, cugc s6ng luon hiin dgng theo gudng quay phat triSn ciia no + Con ngudi la nhan to lam thay doi cugc song, ngudi cai tao nhung gia tri ma xa hoi mang lai Tuy nhien, neu khong c6 su dieu chinh theo nhung bien dgng ciia ddi song, xa hgi thi ngudi se trd nen tri tre, phu thugc vho hoan canh qua khu ma khong the phat trien len mot budc mdi tot hon trudc Viec chuyen tu danh bat gan bd sang danh bat xa bd cua ngudi Nhat la cong viec can thiet de phuc vu nhu cau cugc song Cac cdch bao quan cd the hien viec ngudi Nhat luon muon c6 qua tot dep nhat hoan canh thuc tai, dieu bugc hg phai thay doi va thich nghi tung giai doan cu the + De cao tri tue ngudi: Con ngudi luon tim each hay nhat de cai tao cugc song Neu cugc song dat nhijng cam bay hay kho khan de thu thach, ngudi luon c6 each de giai quyet nhiing van de dugc dat Tri tue ngudi la dieu v6 gia, dem lai nhung g i i tri vinh hang cho cugc song Con ngudi luon biet van dung kien thuc li thuyet vao cugc song, khong chiu thua trudc hoan canh kho khan + Trong nhieu trudng hgp can phai chap nhan mat mdt, hi sinh diing luc, ket qua thu dugc se tot hon viec khong chiu hi sinh dieu gi ca (vS viec ngudi Nhat sSn sang bd di mot so ca yeu de dan ca lai nhung tuod ngon hon) De dat dugc den cong, ngudi phai biet trai qua that bai va phai biet hi sinh De c6 dugc each bao quan ca hay nhat (cho mot ca map nhd vao be ca), ngudi Nhat da phai thu r§t nhi§u each khac va da that bai, sau mdi tim mot phuong each thich hgp nhat de bao quan ca - Bai hgc de c6 nhung ca khoe va tuoi ngon cua ngudi Nhat: Sir can thiet ciia thu thach, kho khan cugc song se toi luyen ngudi cung ran hon Nhiing ca khoe la ket qua ciia qua trinh chien dau mot each manh liet tranh gianh su sdng Nhirng cd bien dugc danh bat muon sinh ton phai danh bai ca map nhd, dieu lam cho thit ca dugc san chac vi chiing luon tinh trang day siic song nhat, khdc vdi nhiing ca dugc tha be mot each tu do, khong chien dau quy8t liet va gianh giat sir sdng Cugc sdng cua nhung ca la bai hgc cho cugc sdng ciia ngudi Con ngudi cung can biet dat minh vao nhimg hoan canh kho khan de canh tranh va vuon len cuoc song, tit mai c6 the phat huy dugc nhung pham chat tot dep cua minh * Kk bai - Ma rong: Cach bao quan ca ciia nguai Nhat chi la mot nhimg bSng chung rk nho ve viec ho khac phuc hoan canh kho khan, luon bi^t chap nhan that bai va hik thay doi cho phii hop vai hoan canh Lien he den hoan canh thirc te ciia dat nuac va nit nhimg bai hoc cu the, thiet thuc nhat - Lien he ban than: Lien he den viec moi nguai hien cuoc song can phai c6 nhung pham chat gi de van dung vao qua trinh ph4n dau, ren luyen cua ban than 0es6 Giira mot vung s6i da kho cin, cay hoa dai van moc len va no nhCrng chum hoa that dep Phat bieu nhung suy tuang cua anh/chi dugc ggi tip hien tugng neu tren Gai y lam bai: * Ma bai Giai thieu van de can nghi luan: Giua mot vung soi da kho can, cay hoa dai van moc len va no nhirng chiim hoa that dep Hien tugng da ggi cho chiing ta suy nghi ve sue manh cua y chi, nghi lire va niem tin ciia nguoi cuoc song * Than bM "" ; Giai thich hien tugng - - "Vung soi da kho can": 1^ nhirng viing dat xSu, it m^u ma, cay e6i kho ph^t trien Hinh anh n^y tugng trung cho ho^n canh kho khan, nhung gian nan, thu th^ch m^ nguai phai doi mat, nhiing vat va, trac tra tren duang dai - "Cay hoa dai": la loai cay moc tu nhien ma khong dugc cham soc va cQng it nguai de y, nhung tren nhirng manh dat can kho, no vin moc len va na hoa, to diem cho doi Nhirng chiim hoa hien than cho siic song manh liet, kien cuang am tham ben cay Dieu da ggi cho chiing ta suy nghi ve nguai va cuoc song Trong cuoc s6ng bgn be, day thu thach, neu c6 y chi va nghi lire, chiing ta se vugt qua dugc tSt ca Nhiing chiim hoa dep phai chang la qua lao dgng, la kk qua cua bao phan d§u khong met moi? - Nhu vay, cau noi mugn hien tugng thien nhien de giii tod nguoi thong diep ve thai song: Cho dii hoan canh eo kho khan, khac nghiet den dau, nguai van song tot va song dep neu c6 y ehi, nghi lire vuan len Chiing minh tinh diing dan ciia van de: Y chi, nghi lire va niem tin se tao nen siic manh de eon nguai vugt qua thu thach 85 - Trong the giai tir nhien c6 nhung loai cay, vat luon in chua mot siic s6ng manh me, ben bi, san sang thich nghi vdi moi di^u kien song khac nghiet: Tren manh dat chau Phi kho can, nhung cay bao bap khong 16 van vuon len vai mot kha nang sinh ton manh me; giua vung Nam Cue bang gia, nhung dan chim canh cut v§n sinh soi vol sue song phi thuang - Trong cupc song cua nguai luon ton tai nhung thu thach, kho khan, khong ft su eo le, bien c6 ngoai y muon Khi do, quan trpng la each nhin, thai dp song, su d6i mat d^ giai quyet cua nguai truac thuc te Co nguai dau hang ho^n canh, buong xuoi thac cho so phan Nhung nhung nguai ban linh van luon no luc vuon len - Chinh hoan canh nhieu thii thach, nghi luc v^ sue s6ng tiem tang ciia eon nguai c ^ g duge bpe 16 ro han bao gia het Cupc s6ng khong thieu nhung t4m guang Scing ve tinh than vugt kho, n6 luc vuon len e6ng hi en cho doi: • Nhung tam guang eon nguai vuot len hoan canh thuc hien If tuong, hoM bao ciia minh (Vf du: Nguyen H6ng m6 coi cha tu nho, me di buac nua nen da phai chiu mot tuoi tha ngheo kh6, cay cue Song ong van khong ngung vuon len de tu hpc, tu trau doi ban than tra mot nhk van tai nang) • Nhung tam guang eon nguori vugt len so phan, benh tat de thay d6i cupc doi, gop phan lam cho cupc doi, cpng d6ng xa hpi mot tot han (Vi du: Nick Vujicic noi tieng la chang trai khong tay khong chan nhung khong chiu dau hkng s6 phan va cu6i cung da cong, anh tra nha dien thuylt truyen dpng lire s6ng cho bao nguai, dac biet la nhung nguai khuyet tat tren the giai) B^n luan ve vai tro ciia y chi, nghi luc va niem tin cupc song - Y chi, nghi luc tao nen sue manh - Y ehi, nghi luc giiip nguai vugt qua nhung rao can tiem an chinh ban than: thieu tu tin, nhut nhit, dir de chien thing chinh minh - Gian nan, thu th^ch toi luyen y chf nguai Doi chinh ho^n canh kh4c nghiet giiip eon nguai nhan sue manh tuyet vai dang tiem an chinh minh - Cupc s6ng day ray nhiing kho khan thu thach, nguai can ren luyen cho minh ban linh, y chi, nghi luc de thay d6i cupc song, thay doi s6 phan Dong thai, m6i nguai phai luon vun dap cho minh mot niem tin hk diet vao nhirng di8u t6t dep den dieu ki cupc dod - Phe phan: + Co nhixng nguai song dieu kien thuan Igi nhung khong hik tan dung d§ phat trien t6i da nang lire cua minh ma luon y lai, dya dam vao hoan canh, ehi biet huang thu, dan den lang phf thai gian, tien bae, tam huyet, tinh cam ciia nguai than + Co nhixng nguai vi khong gap duac may man thuan lai cupc s6ng ma tra nen chan nan, buong xuoi va chap nhan that bai Nhiing nguai nhu the se khong bao gia cong tren buac duang doi cua minh *Ketbai c^" „,isv.vi - Khang dinh lai win de: Sue manh ciia y chi, nghi lire va niem tin giiip nguoi vugt qua moi thu thach - Rut bai hoc cho ban than: Khong c6 duong nao di toi cong ma khong CO chong gai, thu thach Van de la can c6 y chi, boi mat y chi la mat tat ca; dong thai cung can c6 niem tin va hi vong vao tuong lai Nghj luan tong hop Nhimg yeu cau chung cua dang bai nghi luan tong hop a) Nghi luan tong hap thicc chat la dang bai nghi luan ve van de xd hoi ddt •ong tdc phdm vdn hoc Dang bai yeu cau nguoi viet phat bieu, b^n bac ve mot van a xa hoi CO y nghia nao dugc dat tac pham van hoc Dang bai kiem tra d6ng thai nang luc doc hiSu van ban van hoc va nang luc lam van nghi luan ciia hoc sinh Van ban van hoc c6 the la nhung tac pham hoc sinh da hoc chuang trinh, cung CO the la mot tac pham ngoai sach giao khoa trung hoc thong dugc de chon dan Trong de thi tot nghiep trung hoc thong nam 2014, dang de n^y da dugc su dung va cho thay tinh vua sue vai hoc sinh bj Cdc dang de nghi luan tong hap - Nghi luan ve mot van de xa hoi c6 y nghia mot (hoac mot so) tac pham van hoc da dugc hoc chuang trinh ' * ' ' ' " Vidu: Trong vo kich Hon Trucmg Ba, da hang thit cua Luu Quang Vu, nhan vat Truang Ba noi: "Khong the ben mot ddng, ben ngoai mot neo dugc Toi muon dugc Id toi loan ven" Cau noi tren de lai cho anh/chi nhung suy nghi gi? ' • - Nghi luan ve mot van de xa hoi c6 y nghia tir mot cau chuyen nho hoac mot van ban ngan ggn ngo^ sdch gido khoa (nhirng van ban n^y hgc sinh c6 the chua dugc hoc nhung tuong doi gan gui, de tiep nhan) V i du: Suy nghi cua anh/chi tu cau chuyen sau: "Ngdy xua, ben suan cua mot ngon nui Ian c6 mot to chim dgi bdng Mot trgn dong ddt xdy Idm rung chuyen ngon niii, mot qua tricng dgi bdng Idn xuong vd rai vdo mot trgi gd duai chdn nui Mot gd mdi tinh nguyen dp qua trimg Ian ay Den ngdy kia, tricng na mot chu dgi bdng xinh dep, nhung buon thay chii chim nho dirge nuoi Ian nhu mot gd Chang bao Idu sau, dgi bdng ciing tin no chi Id mot gd khong hem khong kem Dgi bdng yeu gia dinh vd ngoi nhd dang song, nhung tdm hon no vdn khao khdt mot dieu gi cao xa hon Mot ngdy, dang chai dila sdn, dgi bdng nhin len trai vd thdy nhimg chu chim dgi bdng dang sdi cdnh bay cao 87 giwa bdu troi "O! - dgi bang keu len - Vac gi toi c6 the bay nhu nhung chim do" Bay ga cuai dm len: "Anh khong the bay v&i nhung chim duac Anh la mot ga va ga khong Met bay cao " Dai bang tiep tuc ngu&c nhin gia dinh that su cua no, ma uac co the bay cao cung ho M6i Idn dqi bang noi ma uac cua minh, bay ga lai bdo no dieu ay khong the xdy Cuoi ciing dgi bang dd tin la that R6i dgi bang khong ma uac nica vd tiep tuc song nhu mot ga Cuoi cung, sau mot thai gian ddi song lam gd, dgi bang chet" - ^ (Theo Internet) De lam tot dang bai nay, hoc sinh truac het phai doc k i van ban, xac djnh diing vSn 6k nghi luan, tir van dung kien thiic va sir hieu biSt ve doi s6ng xa hoi, nhung kinh nghiem va su trai nghiem ciia chinh ban than de lam bai Bai viet co th^ dugc lap y vdi hai phan chinh: - Neu va phan tich ngan ggn van de dugc dat tac pham - Phat bieu nhiing suy nghi va tinh cam ciia minh ve \kn 6k 66 nhan dgc tac phSm c) Cau true bai lam Vai de bai nghi luan ve mot v§n de xa hgi dat tac phSm van hgc, hoc sinh phai giai quyet dugc nhuan nhuyen va than dao ca van de van hgc va van de xa hgi Luu y la chi viet mot bai van va bai van nghi luan tong hgp can dam bao bo cue ba phan nhu sau: - M o bai: + Gidd thieu tac gia, tac pham co van de nghi luan dat + Gidi thieu van de dugc dua ban bac - Than bki: + Neu van de dugc dat tac pham van hgc Ph§n n&y nguai viet phai van dung ki nang dgc hieu van ban de tra loi c^c cau hoi: V§n de 1^ gi? Dugc t h i hien nhu thS nao tac pham? Nguai viet nen xac dinh rang tac pham van hgc chi la cai cd de ban luan ve mot van de xa hgi, mot quan niem, mot tu tuong V i the, khong nen di qua sau vao viec phan u'ch tac pham ma chii yeu riit y nghia khai quat de tu ban bac, phan tich, danh gia van de nghi luan + T u van de dugc riit ra, ngudi viet tien hanh lam bai nghi luan xa hgi, neu nhiing suy nghi ciia ban than ve van de ay Hgc sinh nen tham khao lai each thiic lam bai nghj luan xa hgi (ve mot tu tudng dao l i , ve mot hien tugng ddi song) d^ lam tdt ph4n - Ket bai: + Khang dinh y nghia ciia van de viec tao nen gia tri cua tac phSm + T u van de dugc ban luan riit bai hgc cho ban than 3.2 Mot so de van nghi ludn tong hop vd gai y lam bai De so Trinh bay suy n g h T c u a anh/chj \ \ c a u c h u y e n s a u : CAl KEN BWOM Mot cau be tim thiy cai ken bwam Mot hidm cau ttiiy cai ken tie 16 nfio Cau ngdi tiang gia nhin ctiu bw&m ntid c6 ttioat minti ktidi cai Id nho xiu Rdi cau be thiy moi viec khong tiSn triin gi them Hinh nhw chu bw&m khong thi c6 han dwgc nwa?! Vi thS, cau quySt dinh giup chu bw&m nho Cau liy keo rach cho cai l6 to them Chu bw&m d§ dang thoat khoi cai ken Nhwng than minh no swng phdng len, doi canh thi nhan nhum Con cau be cw ngoi quan sat cai ken v&i hi vgng mot luc nao than minh chu bw&m se xep lai va doi canh xoe rang han du dS nang da than minh Nhwng ching CO gi thay ddi! Sw that la chu bw&m da phai bo loanh quanh suot quang d&i lai v&i doi canh nhan nhum va than minh swng phdng No ching bao gi& c6 the bay dwac Co mot dieu ma cau be khong the hieu: cai ken chat choi khien chu bw&m phai no Iwc m&i chui qua dwac cai Id nho xiu la quy luat tw nhien tac dong len doi canh va ca thi cua bw&m, giup chu c6 the bay thoat ngoai Doi diu tranh la rit can thiet cuoc song Neu ta quen song mot cudc d&i phing lang, de dang, ta se mit di swc manh tiem tang ma bim sinh moi ngw&i deu co Va ching bao gia ta co the bay dwgc Vi thi, niu ban thiy minh dang phai vwgt qua nhieu ap Iwc va cang thing thi hay tin ring sau ban se trw&ng han (Theo Internet) Ggi y lam bai: * Ma bai - Dan dit de giai thieu vk torn tat cau chuyen - Riit van d^ cau chuyen muon gui gam: Bki hoc ve nhiing kho khan, thu th^ch , \ks\f trg giiip cuoc song * Than bai , , , , Giai thich y nghia cau chuyen - Thong qua cau chuyen ve cau be va cai ken buom, ta riit duac nhung quy luat cuoc song: + Kho khan, thiir thach la ca hoi cho nguoi ren luyen de truong va U'ch luy kinh nghiem de di den cong + Sir giup luon la di^u dang quy, nhung neu khong diing nai, diing liic se phan tac dung va gay hai cho doi tugng dugc giiip Phan tich, chumg minh y nghia cau chuyen - Kho khan, thii thach la ca hoi de nguoi trau doi kinh nghiem, ki nang de viing vang va truong han 89 + Trudc kho khan, thOr thach, neu nguoi binh tinh va c6 gang vugt qua, khong thoai chi, bo cuoc thi se dat dugc nhung dieu minh mong muon + Khi doi mat vai nhieu kho khan, trac tro, neu nguoi sdng suot, tinh tao d l chien thang hoan canh, khong dot chay giai doan, bat chap quy luat khach quan thi se c6 dugc cong ben vCrng + Neu khong c6 dii y chi va sir sang su6t de vugt qua dugc nhung kho khan truoc mat, nguoi se khong the truong va khong bao gio cong + Trong cugc song c6 rat nhieu tam guong tu n6 luc vugt qua kho khan dk cu6i cung di den cong nhu: nhilng danh nhan vugt qua hoan canh lam nen ki tich, nhCtng tSm guang vugt kho, Ho c6 the deu da nhan dugc su giiip sue tu xa hoi, gia dinh nhung khong vi the m^ hg dua dam, trai lai hg c6 gang them rat nhieu va cuoi ciing dat dugc cong ? • - Trong cugc song, sir giiip da luon dang quy va can thiet Nhung giiip khong diing liic se lam cho nguoi dugc nhan su giiip mat di co hoi de ren luyen, truong thanh, thieu ki nang song c§n thilt va khong tu minh lam chii dugc cugc s6ng, kho dat dugc cong sau Dong thai no khien nguoi dugc giiip tra nen s6ng dua dam, phu thugc vao nguoi khac va yeu duoi, khong c6 nghi luc d l vuon len Nhu cau be cau chuyen, vi khong toan tam chu y ma hap tip vgi vang, giiip da mot each khong suy nghi, hai hgt, nen sir giiip khong dem d§n dieu t6t dep hon ma l^m cho su viec toi te di Day la bai hoc cho nhung bac cha me qua nuong ehilu con, khien cho tre khong c6 y thue tu lap ma luon dua dam, tham chi v6 cam truac mgi viec Ban bac, ma rgng van de nghi luan - Phe phdn nhirng thieu niem tin, khong c6 y chi, nghi lire - Can neu guang nhihig nguoi c6 y chi, nghi lire, luon c6 gSng vugt qua kho khan de tien den th^nh eong - Giiip nhung chua c6 y chi, nghi lire mot each hgp If dS hg hilu dugc can phai CO su tu no lire eiia ban than thi mai cong - Phe phan nhung nguoi co long tot nhung hai hgt, gay nhiing hau qua dang tiec va can tuyen truyen rgng rai viec tuang trg Ian mot each diing d4n cong dong * Ket bai - Riit bai hge tir ehii buam nho: khong bao gio dugc tir bo y ehi v^ tinh thSn tu lire, kien tri thue hien den cung de dat dugc dieu minh mong muon - Riit bai hoc tu cau be cau chuyen: khong dugc mu quang, suy nghi hai hgt giiip nguoi khac ma phai suy nghi chin chan truac hanh dgng 90 Des6 Bai thee sau ga\o anh/chi nhOng suy nghT gl v§ "nai dira" cuoc song? NOI Ngirai dan ba nao dit dCra nho di tr§n dwang Khudn mat tre dep chim vao nhu-ng miin xa DLTA kia? nao Dira be lim chim mudn chay mot dieu mua ki la len, hai ban chan no cCr nem vi phfa trw&c, ban tay hoa hoa Va cai mieng nho liu lo khong lai, hat mot bai hat chwa tCrng c6 Ai biet day, dira be chwa vCfng lai chinh la noi dira cho ngwai dan ba Ngwcfi chiin s7 nao da ba cu tren dwang kia? Doi mat anh c6 cai anh rieng cCia doi mat da nhiSu lin nhin vao cai Ba cu Iwng cong twa tren canh tay anh, bwac tirng bwac run Ai biet day, ba cu bwac nlii/ng thw thach khong chit riy vwng lai chinh la nai dwa cho ngwai chien -•' ' Goiy lam bai: sdng si di qua (Nguyin Dlnh Thi) , ^ n,i, * Mo bai Dan dat va gioi thieu bai tho Ncri dua cua Nguyen Dinh Thi: Trong cuoc doi, de doi mat, vugt qua va chien thang hoan canh, moi nguofi chiing ta deu phai trang bi cho minh sue manh v^ ban linh Sue manh ay, ban linh ay eo the sinh tu y chi moi chung ta nhung ciing c6 the xuat phat tu nhirng noi dua Tham thia ve vai tro ciia nhirng diem tua cuoc song, Nguyen Dinh Thi da c6 mot bM tho that sau sac * Than bai Giai thich y nghia bai tho - Nguoi dan ba va anh linh dugc nhac dSn hai doan tho deu dang phai doi mat vcfi rat nhieu kho khan, thu thach cupc song Doi vdfi nhung nguoi ay, c6 mot "noi dua" la dieu v6 cting can thiet, lam nen sue manh giiip hp vugt qua moi rao can - Trong doan tho thu nhat, dira be (c6 the hieu la dua ciia nguoi dan b^) c6 mot y nghia dac biet Do la mot phan mau thit, la rat nhieu cong sue cham nom, day do, la rat nhieu tinh yeu thuang cua nguoi dan ba Doi v6i ehi, dieu ma dua be mang lai khong chi niem vui hang ngay, ma la lai hiia ciia tuang lai, 1^ niem tin va hi vong vao cupc song Dua be "lam cham" tuang nhu phai nuang tua vao me, thuc chat lai la diem tua, la dpng luc giiip me vugt qua dugc nhi§u kho khan, phien mupn cuoc song 91 - Trong doan tha thii hai, "ba cu lung cong" (c6 the hieu \h nguoi ,ae cua anh linh) Ik suoi nguon yeu thuong va che cho, la nai tin cay va binh yen cua nguoi chien si Cuoc dai ciia "ba cu lung cong" ay da phai hi sinh rat nhieu de c6 dugc nguoi linh hom V i the, de tron dao lam nguoi, anh linh phai yeu thuong, phung duong ba Ba cu gik "tua lung tren canh tay anh" nhung thirc chat lai mang cho nguoi linh ay mot diem tua viing chac de anh vumg budc tren duong nhieu thu thach phia truoc - Hai cap hinh anh: nguoi dan ba - diia be, nguoi chien si - ba cu gia mang theo mot thong diep sau sac ve nhung diem tua cuoc doi: Con nguoi ta de c6 sue manh vugt qua dugc nhung kho khan, thii thach ckn c6 nhung diem tua Diem tua c6 the la qua khu - nod mang lai cho nguoi sir vuiig chac, binh than trudc mpi bien dong ciia cuoc doi; diem tua c6 the la tuong lai - noi gieo vao nguoi hat giong ciia niem tin va hi vong; diem tua cung c6 the la tinh yeu va trach nhiem - thir mang den cho nguoi y chi, nghj lire Dieu lam nen sue manh Ion lao, ben bi a moi nguoi chinh la diem tua tinh than, la dong lire song, niem vui song ciia minh Phan tich, l i giai cac van de ggi tir bai tho - Diem tua la noi ma eon nguoi c6 the dira vko, noi mang lai cho nguoi siic manh de vugt qua kho khan cuoc song Do la sir ho trg ciia cong dong, tap the hoac cac ca nhan khac Do cung c6 the la sir no lire, y ehi ciia chinh moi nguoi Diem tua c6 the dem den nhiing ho trg ve vat chat, giup nguoi thirc hien nhung muc tieu doi Diem tua cung c6 the dem den nhung dong lire tinh than, giup nguoi doi mat, vugt qua moi kho khan, thu thach Diem tua ve vat chat quan nhung doi khi, neu thieu di yeu to tinh than thi siic manh vat chat cung tro nen v6 dung - Vai tro cua nhiing diem tua (phan tich va neu din ehiing): + Khi qua khii tro diem tira ciing \k lue eon nguoi c6 mot nen tang virng chac de tu tin buoc di doi, nguoi se binh tinh hon truoc nhung th^ch thiic, bien dong Rgng hon, qud khii, cgi nguon hinh cho nguoi goc re van hoa - mot yeu to quan Ihm nen tu cdch nguoi Qua khii, cgi nguon \h mot yeu to tinh than quan giiip nguoi y thiic day dii ve minh de c6 the tra loi cau hoi: "Minh la ai?", "Minh den tu dau?", "Minh nen lam gi euge song?", tu nguoi khong bi lae loi ma c6 nhung dinh huong diing dan tren duong doi + Khi diem tua la niem tin vao tuong lai, se la co so quan de moi nguoi xac dinh dugc muc dich song, la dong lire nang eon nguoi vugt len nhiing kho khan, thii thach hien tai Niem tin vao tuong lai la nhien lieu khong the thiSu de ngon lua nhiet huy^t luon chay sang + Khi diem tua gan v6i tinh yeu va trach nhiem, eon nguoi se dugc tiep them siic manh boi khong chi song cho minh ma eon san se su s6ng cho nguoi khac, khong chi song trgn ven cuoc doi minh ma tao nen sir ket noi voi nhirng cuoc doi khac, de cuoc doi tro nen Ion lao, dep de Ben canh do, tinh yeu va trach nhiem giiip nguoi xac dinh each song, phuong cham song diing dan, y nghia 92 - Ta CO the de dang nhan cuoc song nhung " n a i d u a " c6 vai tro quan trpng nhu th^ nao " N a i dua" khien cho nguoi gan hon can den hon Neu khong CO nhung diem tua, nguoi c6 the d l dang tra nen mem yeu va b i danh guc tnrac nhirng kho khan, t h i i thach Trong cuoc song, khong buac d i mot minh, ngirai luon can d i n nhirng nguai dong hanh, nhung yeu to de cam thay yen tam va tin tucmg, manh me va lac quan hon - Phe phan: D i e m tua la CEin t h i l t giiip cho cuoc s6ng cua n g u a i de dang han, y nghia hm Tuy nhien se la sai ihm neu diem tua b i l a m dung va tao nen a n g u a i tinh y lai, dua dam D i e m tua lam nen site manh chu khong phai la sue manh Trong cuoc song h o m nay, c6 khong ft n g u a i da nham Ian ma nghi rang, de vugt qua kho khan chi can c6 nhirng " d i e m t u a " virng chSc tir gia d i n h , chi c6 su hau thuan tich cue cua nhung nguai xung quanh ma khong can c6 gang no luc D o la mot quan niem sai lam VI diem tua chi phat buy dugc tac dung cua no k h i gan lien v a i t i n h than t u lap, y thirc t u giac Binh luan va hen he ban than - Qua khir, tuong lai, tinh yeu va trach nhiem deu c6 the tra nhiing diem tua vimg chac de nguai virng buac, vugt qua nhirng kho khan cuoc dod De c6 dugc nhimg diem tua cho chinh minh, chiing ta can phai tran qua k h u , song tron ven a hien tai va tin tuong a tuang lai - M i nguai c i n hik tao nen sire manh tir nhiing diem tua ma nguai khac mang den cho minh, song ciing can biet h i sinh dk tra nhirng diem tua cho nguoi khac Co nhu vay, cuoc s6ng mod tra nen hhn vung, nguai m a i thirc sir vugt qua dugc nhirng thu thach dofi - L i e n he ban than: Ca nhan minh da s6ng, da phan dau nha nhirng diem tua n^o? Nhimg di§m tua ay da giup m i n h vugt qua cac kho khan, t h u thach cuoc song nhu the nao? *Ketbai - ' ; • • • - Khang dinh lai gia t r i va y nghia cua bai tha b o i thong diep ma bai tha mang den cho moi chiing ta - Nhan manh su y thirc sau sac cua m o i ca nhan ve diem tua va lam diem tua de gop phan lam cho cuoc s6ng gia dinh, xa hoi nhan van hon, tot dep hon De so Ti> cau chuyen gia dinh cac tac pham Mot ngirai Ha Noi (Nguyin Khai) va Chiec thuyen ngoai xa (Nguyen Minh Chau), anh/chj hay v i i t mot bai van n g i n (l^hoang 600 tir) ban ve vai tro cua gia dinh dai song ngu-ai 93 Gcri y lam bai: * M a bai - Neu ngan gon ve moi truong gia dinh, vai tro quan ciia gia dinh d6i voi sit hinh nhan each noi rieng va cuoc song noi chung ciia moi ca nhan - Gioi thieu hai tac pham: Mot ngudi Ha Noi ciia Nguyen Khai va Chiec thuyen ngoai xa ciia Nguyen Minh Chau - Gioi thieu van de ban luan: Cau chuyen vk than phan, tinh each cac nhan vat hai tic pham dem den cho ehiing ta nhieu suy nghi vk vai tro cua gia dinh d6i voi nhan each, cuoc song nguoi * Than bai Hinh anh gia dinh hai tac pham Mot nguoi Ha Noi va Chiec thuyen ngoai xa - Gia dinh ba Hien tac pham Mot nguoi Ha Noi: Ik mot gia dinh Ha Noi g6e, CO y thire giir gin nep nha truyen thong Ve dep ciia gia dinh truyen thSng iy kk tinh a nguoi phu nu - ba Hien - nhan vat chinh ciia tac pham: + Ba Hien la nguoi eon cua Ha Noi van hiin va lich, song gin bo voi Hk Noi Khae vdi so dong gia dinh bi chi phoi boi hoan canh xa hoi, gia dinh ba Hien luon giu: mot nep song chuan muc, van hoa dii trai qua nhung bien thien cua doi song + Ba Hien rat c6 y thiic viee day giij nep nha: "Chung may la nguoi Ha Noi thi each di dimg, noi ndng phdi c6 chudn, khong duoc song tien, buong tuong" Con cai duge ba ren luyen, nhae nha tir nhung dihu ik nho (vi du nhu edch an u6ng, sinh boat, loi noi nang gia dinh; ba Hien khong dong y vai viee eon lam dung ngon ngu xa hoi goi nguai gia dinh la "dong chi" ) Vai eung each day bao eon nghiem khae, ba Hien da giu lai duge nep nha cua mot gia dinh truyen thdng Viet Nam + Gia dinh b^ Hien eon 1^ moi truong nuoi duang nhan e^ch v^ tarn hon cho nhiing nguai Bang loi song, c^ch ung xu cua minh, b^ Hien da neu mot tSm guong cho e^c eon, biet song thue te, thong minh, thdo v^t nhung khong t r ^ vai phap luat B^ gioi tinh toan lam an nhung van tuan thii nhirng chii truong chinh sach liie hiy gia Chinh each t6 chiic lam an sinh song cua ba da tao nen tu each dang hoang cho ca gia dinh, cho nhirng nguai Ba eon rat chii y day eon eo long tu Dau dan, lo ISng cho mat tran nhung ba van ton sir lira chpn cua vi "khong mu6n no s6ng b^m vao sir hi sinh cua ban be" Ba day biet song eo trach nhiem vdd dat nuac, hai hoa giiia cai chung va cai rieng Hanh dong ciia Dung, trai ba, vai gia dinh cua Tu§t da chiing to: Nhiing dua Ian len mot gia dinh nhu the da biet song dep, song khong chi cho ban than minh ma eon song eo ich cho xa hoi, song vi nguai khae Chinh gia dinh da gop phan tao nen nhan each cao dep ciia nhung nguoi ay - Gia dinh hang chai truyen ngan Chiec thuyen ngoai xa ciia Nguyen Minh Chau la mot hinh anh trai nguge vdd gia dinh Mot nguoi Ha Noi + Mot gia dinh dong con, ngheo tiing, vat va viee kiem ke sinh nhai 94 + Doi kho va bS tic da khiSn nguai tra nen tan nhin va doc ac: Ga chong doc dii danh vg nhu de tra thii doi; kho dau khiln nguai vg tra nen u me, sg set Cugc song gia dinh nang nk, am anh + Bao luc gia dinh da lam tha hoa tarn h6n nhiirng dua tre: Chiing kien canh nguai bo thucmg xuyen danh me no, thSng Phac khong dl thuang, hon nhien nua ma tra nen han hoc, tham chi c6 nhiing hanh dong tra thii chinh nguai da sinh minh Bao luc gia dinh da lam meo mo tam h6n va nhan each nhung dua tre Ban luan ve van de dat hai tac pham: Vai tro ciia gia dinh doi song xa hoi va su hinh nhan each nguai - Gia dinh la te bao ciia xa hoi, xa hoi chi eo the tot dep moi te bao - gia dinh - tot dep va hoan toan khoe manh Lich sir da c6 biet bao gia dinh lam rang danh cho xa hoi - Gia dinh Ih nai nuoi duang va hinh t h ^ h nhan each cho nguai, la chon neo dau binh yen cho moi tam hon Tinh cam yeu thuang va sir day bao ciia gia dinh se gop phan tao nen nhan each cho moi ca nhan, giup cho nguai ta biet song, biet tu trong, biet yeu thuang va se chia - Nep song ciia moi gia dinh se gop phan gin giit, lam phong phii them nhiing gia tri van hoa truyen thong ciia dan toe Bao dong song gia dinh se lam giau cho bien ca dan tgc - Trong xa hoi hien dai, nhieu gia tn doi thay, nhung gia dinh van giii mot vi tri quan (Phan tich nhirng tac dong tieh cue, dong thoi phe phan nhiing bieu hien tieu cue tir gia dinh anh huang den sir phat trien nhan each nguai va dai song xa hoi) * Ket bai - Khai quat lai hinh anh gia dinh hai tac pham va vai tro ciia gia dinh dai song xa hoi ng^y - Neu trdch nhiem xay dung va giir gin truyen thong gia dinh ciia ban than II NGH! LUAN VAN HOC Trong chuang trinh lam van hien hanh, khong su phan chia cac kieu bai nghi luan van hoc nhu truac day niia (giai thi'ch, ehung minh, phan tich, binh luan, binh giang) Sir thay doi nham phan anh diing han ban chat cua mot bai van, quy trinh lam mot bai van nghi luan van hoc Thirc te, hiem eo bai van nao tu dau den cuoi chi hoan toan tuan theo mot yeu cau, chi van dung mot thao tac Trong mot bai nghi luan van hoc, ngudi viet thuang ket hgp su dung nhieu thao tac, ki nang va nhieu kho tach bach mot each rach roi giai thi'ch, chung minh, phan ti'ch, binh giang, binh luan Noi vay ciing c6 nghia nghi luan van hoc la kieu bai doi hoi tinh tong hgp cua tri thiic, cua ki nang Muon lam dugc mot bai nghi luan van hoe hay, eiing vai kien thiie, nang lire cam thu, nguai vi^t cSn c6 ki nang k^t hgp d6ng thai, linh hoat nhieu phep lap luan de lam sang to vin dl, de trinh bay mot each thuyet phuc, hap dan nhirng y kien, nhan dinh cua minh 95 ... dang, thi sinh phai thi mon (gpi 1^ mon thi toi thieu) gom mon bat bupc 1^ Toin, Ngir van, Ngoai ngu mon tu ehpn so cac mon: Vat li Hod hpc, Sinh hpc, Lich sii vh Dia If NgoM mon thi toi thieu, thi. .. Ngu van thi theo hinh thuc tu luan, thoi gian thi 1^ 18 0 phut De thi ddnh gid thi sinh a miic dp: nhan biet, thong hieu, van dung v^ van dung cao, dam bao phan hod trinh dp thi sinh De thi mon... nam 19 97 Tinh den nam da c6 han 70 quoe gia tham gia PISA - Bp Giao due vk Dko tao, s6 toy PISA, 2 011 Dieu dugc the Men a ch6 ckng c6 nhieu nuac tham gia PISA c6 Viet Nam Tir ket qua danh gia