Tai Dai hdi ba't thfldng dang Cfldng linh XHCN Mianma 18/10/1976, Ne Uyn da thfla n h a n "Khi cac quan he kinh te ciia mgt thdi ky nao dd khdng cdn phfl hdp vdi ldi fch ciia xa hgi va g[r]
(1)^ MOT SO VAN DE TRONG LICH SU DONG NAM A TD 1945 DEN 1990 • • PHAM DU'C T H A N H * L ich sti Ddng Nam A tfl 1945 de'n 1990 mang nhflng ndi dung bet sfle phong phfl vdi nhieu mdc son ehdi lgi Dd la thdi ky ciia mdt Ddng Nam A tfl than phan nd le, phu thudc hi thd'ng tri bdi chu nghia thflc dan phfldng Tay da lan Ifldt dflng len gianh ddc lap dan tdc rdi tflng bfldc dl len xay dflng dai nflde trd nhflng qud'c gia phat trien hien dai theo nhflng dfldng khac Chinh tfl thflc te' ay da ndy mdt so' va'n de can dflcic trao ddi tfl gdc nhin lich sif, Mdi quan he giiia phiftfng thflc da'u tranh bang bao liic each m a n g vdi phfldng thiic dau tranh chinh tri Sau 1945, cac nflde Ddng Nam A ldn Iflcit gianh dfldc ddc lap dan tdc bang cac phfldng thflc da'u tranh khac Cu the la (1) Cudc each mang giai ca'p vd san lanh dao dfldc thflc hien bdng phfldng thflc da'u tranh vfl trang Trong qua trinh dd cd ket hdp vdi da'u tranh chfnh tri va ngoai giao Dd la Viet Nam, Lao (2) Cudc dau tranh giai ca'p tfl san dan tdc lanh dao dflcic thtic hien chu yeu bang da'u tranh chinh tri, mdt vai nUdc cd ket hcip vdi da'u tranh vu trang, nhUng da'u tranh chinh tri la chu yeu Dd la cac nflde Inddnexia, Mianma, Philippin, Malaixia, Xingapo Ben canh hai loai hinh dau tranh a'y, cd trfldng hcip kha dac biet, dfldc trao tra ddc lap bang da'u tranh chfnh tri, nhUng thuc te lai dfla tren qua ciia cudc da'u tranh vfl trang Dd la trfldng hdp Campuchia Van de dat d day la mdi quan he gifla cac phfldng thflc da'u tranh dd nhfl the nao? Qua thtic te lich sif da'u tranh giai phdng dan tdc d Ddng Nam A, ngfldi ta cd the cho rang cd nhieu dUdng de gidi phdng dan tgc: dfldng da'u tranh vfl trang; dfldng da'u tranh chfnh tri Van de la thudc vao hoan canh cu the cua mdi nflde nhfl nen thd'ng tri cita chit nghia thflc dan, sfl hinh cac giai ca'p, vai trd sfl menh cua giai ca'p tfl san dan tgc, vai trd cita giai ca'p vd san ma Ilia chgn dfldng thich hcip de giai phdng cho dan tdc minh Tuy nhien cung phai tha'y moi quan he gifla hinh thflc da'u tranh bao Itic vdi da'u tranh chinh tri Mgt cai nhin rdng hdn, bao quat hdn cd the thay da'u tranh bang * PGS.TS Pham Duc Thanh, Vien Nghien cflu Dong Nam A (2) Phgm Ddc Thdnh - Mot sd vd'n de Irong lich sdDong bao lUc, vfl t r a n g da gdp phdn dang ke neu khdng mud'n ndi la ra't to ldn cho cac cudc da'u t r a n h bdng phUdng thflc chfnh trj Tfl dd cflng cd the ndi dfldc rdng khong cd nhflng cudc da'u t r a n h bdng bao lflc thi chfla chac cac nude thiic dan, de qud'c de dang trao t r a ddc lap cho cac nflde tien h a n h da'u t r a n h bdng phfldng thflc chfnh tri Thi du rd net nha't la trfldng hdp Campuchia Vao ddu nhflng n a m 1950 each mang ba nflde Dong Dfldng dang tren da t h a n g ldi Kha n a n g P h a p t h u a da ro rang Chinh luc dd dng hoang N.Sihanuc da thuc hien cudc t h a p tU chinh gianh ddc lap (La croisade de I'Independence pour Cambodge) Trong cudc t h a p tfl chinh dng hoang N S i h a n u c mud'n ep ngfldi Phap phai trao tra dgc lap cho Campuchia Nam A 47 chu nghia thflc dan cfl d nhflng nam dau thap nien 50 vdi sfl ldn manh cua phong trao giai phdng dan tgc, nha't la nhflng cudc each m a n g tien h a n h bdng phfldng thflc da'u t r a n h vu t r a n g diin quyet het d nhieu qud'c gia chau A, chau Phi Sil thd'ng tri thugc dia theo kieu cfl khong thfch hdp nfla Phai cd mgt hinh thflc thd'ng tri mdi Do vay, cac nflde thilc dan tflng bfldc trao trii dgc lap cho cac nflde tien h a n h da'u t r a n h chu yeu bang phfldng thflc chinh tri de co the gifl lai nhflng anh hfldng ve chinh tri va k m h te Do la thdi ky cac dan tdc d h a u bet cac nflde hi tho'ng tri cua chu nghia thflc dan dfldc giai phdng ma ngfldi ta quen ggi la thdi ky giai thflc dan (decolonization) L i e u cd c o n d i f d n g p h a t t r i e n thfl b a hay khdng? bdi neu khdng ngfldi P h a p se phai hflng chiu nhflng h a u qua cua cudc dau t r a n h Nhu tren da ndi nhflng cudc each mang vfl trang ciia nhflng ngfldi Khdme - Viet giai ca'p vd san lanh dao, sau gianh Minh tien h a n h Trfldc sfle m a n h cua cudc ddc lap dan tgc, theo ly thuyet ve "Cach da'u t r a n h each m a n g cua n h a n dan ba mang khdng ngflng" cua Lenin, dfldng nflde cua nhien giai ca'p vd san se xay dflng dat nflde Campuchia ndi rieng dang tren da t h a n g di len chii nghia xa hgi nhfl Viet Nam, Lao ldi cang ldn (dfldc the hien ro n h a l la Cac nflde giai ca'p tfl san dan tdc lanh chien cudc Ddng - Xuan 1953-1954 ma dao, hfldng p h a t trien sau dgc lap dan tgc dinh cao la chien dich lich sif Dien Bien la theo dfldng tfl ban chu nghia nhfl Phil), ngfldi P h a p da chgn giai phap trao mdt sd'nflde Ddng Nam A khac (Indonexia, tra ddc lap cho Campuchia de cd the thflc Malaixia, Philippin, Xingapo ) Dong Dfldng ndi chung hien y dd h a u chien lau dai "budng nam lai" nhdm cd mdt Campuchia chiu Vdy CO diidng phdt hay trien thd ba khong? anh hfldng cua ngfldi P h a p ca ve chi'nh tri Dd la dfldng di gifla chii nghia xa va kinh te, van boa sau chien t r a n h hgi va chit nghla tfl ban cua Campuchia Ddng Dfldng ket thflc va mdt thdi ky nao dd la Mianma Nhin rdng bdn, cd the chu nghia thflc Dflcic thflc dan P h a p trao tra dgc lap dan (Ha Lan, Anh, P h a p , My) cflng da nam 1953, Campuchia dflng gifla hai nhin thay sfl sup dd khdng t r a n h khdi cua dfldng: Tfl ban chii nghia va Xa hgi chu (3) 48 nghia Ong hoang N.Sihanuc vdi tfl each la "cha de nen ddc lap dan tdc" da chgn cho dan tdc minh dfldng di gifla CNXH va CNTB Dd la dfldng hda binh trung lap va chii nghia xa hgi Phat giao Khdme Dd la sfl ket hdp gifla nhflng tfl tfldng XHCN khdng phai ciia Mac vdi nhflng quy tac luan ly, triet hgc Phat giao Dd la sfl ket hdp gifla truyen thd'ng dan tgc vdi nhflng van de ciia xa hdi hien dai Ong hoang Sihanue la ngfldi tha'm nhuan Idi day ciia Dfle Phat ve dfldng gifla - Trung Id - dfldng tim chan ly Hdn nfla ong lai la ngfldi cd quan diem dia - chfnh tri va hieu rang tinh hinh qud'c te va khu vtic Ddng Nam A cudc chie'n tranh lanh dang dien cang thang; Campuchia chi la kien gifla bdy voi khdng id Ong cho rang Campuchia mud'n tdn tai va phat trien, mud'n thoat khdi sfl ldi keo ctia hai he thd'ng XHCN va TBCN 'thi phai di dfldng rieng ciia minh Ong la ngfldi khdng thich dfldng phat trien TBCN Ngay tfl nam 1956, treng bai dien van "Dfldng ldi hanh ddng chinh tri cua ngi cac thfl ba" dng da phe phan: Chii nghia tfl ban la mgt nhflng trd ngai chinh tren dfldng tien bd xa hdi Nhflng ten tfl ban chi quan tam lam giau rieng cho minh, trang trcin bdc lot nhan dan, vd vet cac tai nguyen cua da't nflde va khong dem lai Icii fch gi cho dan tdc La ke thfl "giet hai" cdng nhan minh, ten tfl ban gid'ng nhfl vat sd'ng bam tren cay, an mdn than cay cho den cay dd va giet chet nd" Trong bai dien van ctia minh dng hoang da de luan diem ta't yeu phai lam vo hai va phai lam cho che bdc lot lao ddng lam thue d Campuchia trd Nghien cim Ddng Nam A 5/2009 nen nhan dao hdn bdng dfldng md rdng sfl hoat ddng tfl thien cua cac ong chu xi nghiep ngUdi Trung Hoa d Campuchia ddi vdi ngudi Campuchia Nhflng ddng thdi dng cung khdng thfch CHXH kieu cua Mac Ong cho r i n g CNXH kieu Mac cd the cdng d nhieu ndi, nhUng khdng thich hdp va se khdng cong d Campuchia Dc dd dng dfla triet thuyet ma dd nha nflde tang cfldng sfl lanh dao kinh te qud'c gia, bao ve ngfldi khdi sti bdc lot cua giai ca'p cd dac quyen, dam bao cho hg quyen sd'ng, pham gia, trang hi cho hg nhflng phfldng tien vat cha't de hg tim tha'y hanh phflc Nam 1961 dng cdng bd' toan bg quan diem cua minh bai viet "Mgt vai suy nghi ve CNXH Khdme (Considerations sur le Socialisme Khmer)'" Theo dng hoang Sihanue, chit nghia xa hdi Khdme da cd tfl nghin nam cl Campuchia, da tflng dfldc cac vi qudc vfldng thee dudi Con dfldng dd phfl hcip vdi tinh than dao Phat va dfldng dd dam bao cho ngfldi Campuchia sti tien bg va hanh phuc N.Sihanuc phan biet: Chii nghla xa hgi Khdme khong phai la CNXH kieu Mac vi vdi nhflng dieu kien dac biet d Campuchia (nhfl nen van minh, dao ly, phong tuc tap quan, truyen thd'ng ) khac b i n vdi ndi san sinh hgc thuyet Mac Ong cho rdng neu ap dung CNXH kieu Mac se khdng cd hy vgng cdng d Campuchia va tham chf nguy hai cho the can bdng va tfldng lai ciia Campuchia Ong hoang nha'n manh ve mat hgc thuyet kinh tectia CNXH kieu Mac cang khdng thfch hcip vdi Campuchia (4) Pham Ddc Thdnh - Mot sd vdn de lich su Dong Nam A 49 vi da't nflde khdng cd va'n de rudng da't thd'ng mdi Dd la che XHCN de phai tien h a n h cai each rudng dai va Ve muc tieu cua che do, CUdng linh viet: Nen kinh te XHCN khong nhdm phuc vu ldi ich cua mdt nhdm nao; viec ke hoach hda nen kinh te mang muc tieu nha't la n h a m thda man cao nha't nhfl cau ve vat cha't, tinh t h a n , van hda cua toan dan tdc"'^\ Cfldng linh cflng ndi ve viec xay dilng che dan chu, binh dang, doan ket cac dan tgc, tao nen giao due dUa tren cac gia tri dao dfle XHCN va viec lam nd rd mgt nen van hda va y te can doi vdi nhflng t h a n h qua p h a t trien thtic h a n h hdp tac xa Ket qua ciia viec Ifla chgn dudng di gifla CNXH va CNTB tfl 1955 den trfldc 1965, da kha t h a n h cdng d Campuchia Thdi ky dfldc ggi la "hoang kim" ciia Campuchia Tuy nhien vao cudi nhflng n a m 1960, mdt phdn cudc chie'n t r a n h dien ac liet d ba nflde Ddng Dfldng, mgt phan ly thuyet ve CNXH P h a t giao cua dng hoang cd nhieu diem khong phfl hdp vdi quy luat p h a t trien ciia xa hgi hien dai Nha nflde XHCN pha'n da'u vi ldi ich nhfl va'n de giai ca'p va da'u t r a n h giai cua n h a n dan lao dgng Dgi tien phong, cap Cudi cflng dng hoang N.Sihanuc ddng thdi cflng la ngfldi bao ve Nha nflde cflng CNXH P h a t giao Khdme da bi lat dd trfldc bet la ndng dan va cdng nhan va vao 18/3/1970 cac giai tang lao ddng liem khiet trung Mianma, hai van kien nen tang ciia t h a n h khac che la "Cfldng Iinh dfldng M i a n m a Nen kinh te'XHCN phat trien theo cac di len CNXH" cdng bo 30/4/1962 va "He quy luat sau: (1) Thda man cao nhat nhu thd'ng tfldng q u a n gifla ngfldi va mdi cdu vat chai, van hda ciia toan dan; (2) trfldng" cdng bd 7/1/1963 Tfl tfldng triet Lam theo n a n g liic, phan phdi theo lao hgc the hien tap t r u n g "He thd'ng dgng; (3) t a n g nang suat lao ddng; (4) Tfch tfldng quan gifla ngfldi va mdi trfldng" Ifly XHCN; (5) Khdng ngflng nang cao dd U Chit Hlaing mgt n h a Mac Xit bien mflc sd'ng cua n h a n dan, nang cao nang soan Dd la sfl pha trgn gifla tfl tfldng sual va hieu qua san xual tren cd sd tien Phat giao va tfl tfldng Mac Xit, gdn ban bg ve khoa hgc va ky thuat chat ngfldi vao nhflng va'n de cua da'u Ve cd cau kinh te, dd la nen kinh te tranh giai cap sinh xua't hien mau nhieu t h a n h phdn gdm khu vUc nha nflde, thudn gifla he thd'ng s a n xuat va td chflc tap the va tfl nhan, dd khu vUc nha xa hdi va coi ngfldi la lflc Ifldng sang nude la nen tang, khu vUc help tac xa cdn tao chan chfnh cua lich sif dUcic n a n g dd; khu vUc tfl n h a n chi dfldc • • Trong "Cfldng linh dfldng Mianma phep tdn tai treng khuon khd n h a l dinh di len CNXH", cac n h a lanh dao dfla ly T r u n g t h a n h vdi triet thuyet cua Aung thuyet ve sti giai thoat Con ngfldi phai Xan "Khong cd ddc lap ve kinh te thi dgc dfl(?c giai thoat khdi nhflng dieu ba't h a n h lap ve chinh tri chi la mgt trd he"'^), Ne hfldng tdi sti giai phdng, tfl do, h a n h phflc, Uyn da thi h a n h chinh sach kinh te tti Itic ngfldi cdn dfldc sd'ng mgt h$ canh sinh mdt each cUc doan, Mianma da (5) 50 tfl chdl nhan vien trd va sfl giup dd ciia cac nflde tfl ban nhat la My Mianma cd thien cam chflt it vdi cae nflde XHCN, nha't la vdi Lien Xd Tuy nhien quan he vdi cac nflde XHCN cung khong mat thiet Mianma chu y de'n quan he vdi cac nflde lang gieng, nha't la vdi Trung Qud'c Tuy nhien quan he Mianma - Trung Qud'c cflng khdng tri dfldc lau Nam 1971 tai Dai hdi Dang Cfldng linh XHCN da dfla chu thuyet ve "Tam giac mau thuan My - Trung - Xo" khang dinh dfldng ldi ban che nhan vien trd ciia Mianma la hoan loan phfl hdp vdi viec bao toan nen ddc lap''" Dudng ldi ngogi giao co minh lgi ud chu trUdng hgn che' nhdn vien trd nUdc ngodi dd dUa Mianma vdo the ddng cda, mdt minh xay diing CNXH kieu Mianma Dfldng ldi xay dflng va phat tnen dfldc goi la dUdng biet lap cua Mianma Viec tfl chdl vien trci va ddu tfl nflde ngoai da khien Mianma thieu vd'n nen sfl phan bd' dau tfl nen kinh te khdng hdp ly De tu lUc canh smh, Mianma phai tap trung sd'vd'n it di cua minh dau tfl vao cdng nghiep (44,9% ngan sach), nha't la xay dflng cd sd tdng, giao thdng van tai, xay dflng dac biet, dich vu xa hdi (23,3% ngan sach) va an ninh nen dau tfl vao ndng nghiep ra't it (chi chiem khoang 9,96%) Chfnh vi the ndng nghiep khdng cd dieu kien de phat trien Mac du nhflng nam sau dgc lap nha nflde da ra't quan tam de'n ndng nghiep, ndng dan Nha nflde da giflp ndng dan vay tin dung de thoat khdi sfl le thudc vao bgn cho vay nang lai Nam 1963 - 1964, nha nflde cho ndng dan vay 48 tneu kyat, 1973-1974 vay 167 trieu kyat Lai sua't giam tfl 12%) Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 5/2009 xud'ng 9% Nhflng thflc te nong dan khdng toan day du va dflng ban Sd' nci dgng cang tang len (420 trieu kyat nam 1964-65) Trfldc tinh hinh tren, chinh phii khdng cho ngfldi nd dgng vay tiep, ddng thdi ban che' cho vay Tdi 1972 chi cdn 1,8 trieu tong so' 4,4 trieu hg ndng dan dfldc vay Trong dau tfl ft di, ngfldi ndng dan khdng cd dieu kien de gia tang san xual thi thdi tiet lai khdng thuan Idi san Iflcing Ifldng thflc giam dang ke Nam 1966-67, san Iflcing giam 17,7% Vdng quay nen kinh te bi tri tre Nang sua't Ifla giam dan de'n xua't khau gao giam, va ngudn thu ngoai te giam dang ke Nam 1962- 63 Mianma xua't khau 1,521 trieu ta'n gao, nam 1973-74 chi xua't khau dUdc 196 ngan tan, Cflng chinh vi the dfl trfl ngoai te giam ro ret Nam 1963, dfl trfl ngoai te la 183 trieu USD, nam 1972 giam xud'ng cdn 52 trieu USD Dti trfl ngoai te giam, lam giam kha nang nhap khau Do khdng nhap dti nguyen lieu dau vao nen hau bet cac nganh cdng nghiep khdng boat ddng bet cdng sua't San xua't cdng nghiep tri tre cflng vdi sfl tri tre ndng nghiep lam cho toan bd nen kinh terdi vao tinh trang dinh ddn keo dai Va hau qua nang ne nha't la ddn de'n khimg hoang kinh te vao gifla nhflng nam 70 Nhflng nam 1972-73 ty le lam phat tang cao (20%) nam 1974 la 25%, nam 1975-76 la 35,5% Lam phat lam cho gia ca tang Nam 1973, gia tieu dflng cao ga'p 10 lan nam 1963, nha't la gia Ifldng thflc tang vgt Chi so'gia tieu thti d Rangun vao ddu nam 1970 khdng ngflng tang Trong dd thu nhap thtic te ciia ngfldi lao (6) Phgm Difc Thdnh - Mc)t so vdn de lich sd Dong Nam A dgng giam N a n tha't nghiep gia tang, nam 1971 cd tdi 20.000 ngfldi khdng cd viec lam d cac dd t h i Ta't ca da ddn tdi sfl cang thdng xa hdi va dieu khdng t r a n h khdi la cudc k h i m g hoang chinh tri da nd vo gifla nhflng n a m 1970 Sinh vien xud'ng dfldng da'u t r a n h va nguy hiem hdn la mdt nhdm q u a n n h a n da cd ke hoach dao chfnh, am sat nhflng ngfldi dflng ddu da't nflde Tai Dai hdi ba't thfldng dang Cfldng linh XHCN Mianma 18/10/1976, Ne Uyn da thfla n h a n "Khi cac quan he kinh te ciia mgt thdi ky nao dd khdng cdn phfl hdp vdi ldi fch ciia xa hgi va gay can trd cho tien bd ciia ddi sd'ng n h a n dan thi cac lflc Iflcing, cac chiing tdc, cac giai ca'p, cac dang phai va ca chinh phii tien bd se xung dot vdi nhflng ngfldi t a n t h a n h hien trang"'^' Nguyen n h a n cd b a n ciia sti khdng cdng ciia dfldng p h a t 51 Dinh hfldng p h a t trien la nhfl vay! Them vao dd la thai cflc doan ve dgc lap dan tdc va t r u n g lap, chinh vi the Mianma da rdi vao tinh the cd lap quan he qud'c te, Ket qua la M i a n m a mgt da't nflde cd ngudn tai nguyen phong phfl va nhieu cd hdi de p h a t trien k m h te - xa hgi, van hda giao due, nhflng da trd t h a n h mgt nhflng nflde ngheo, kem phat trien nha't khu vfle Ddng N a m A Do vay cd the ndi rdng cflng nhfl Campuchia thdi dng hoang N.Sihanuc, Mianma thdi Ifla chgn CNXH mang mau sdc cflc dean, biet lap deu da khdng cong Bfldc vao nhflng giai doan sau, nhat la tfl sau hai nflde da trd t h a n h vien cua ASEAN, hai nflde da dieu chinh, Ifla chgn dfldng p h a t trien ciia minh de cflng cac nflde treng khu vfle di len dfldng p h a t trien hien dai./ trien XHCN M i a n m a la khdng cd dinh nghia rd rang va khdng cd cd sd ly luan logic n h a l quan ve CNXH va dfldng di len CNXH Cd sfl ldn ldn gifla CNXH va chu nghia dan tdc Trong U Ba Xue, Tong Bf thfl Dang Xa hgi cho r i n g chu nghia Mac mdi cd the dfla each m a n g Mianma tdi t h a n h cdng thi U Nu lai cho rdng chi cd the hgc dfldc chflt it tfl chii nghla Mac Trong chfla rd ve CNXH cua Mac thi nhflng ngfldi lanh dad each m a n g Mianma CHU THICH Realites Cambodgiennes, Phnompenh, 1966, no 490 Fistie,P La Birmanie, ou la quete de rUnite, Ecole Francaise d' Extreme Orient, Paris, 1985, tr 169 Malov, A Architecte de llndependence Temps nouveau No 2, 1/1978, tr 21 kieu ctia Mac nhU mgt giai phap ddc dao Mianma ban che tdi da vien trd nflde ngcai, Vien trd My danh chd dfl an nang cap tuye'n dfldng bd tfl Mandalay di Rangun hi dinh chi Tdng so'tai trd nflde ngoai 10 nam dau cua che chi la 257,2 trieu USD, dd Trung Qud'c chiem 28,5%, Nhat 26,2%, CHLB Dfle 14,9%; Tiep Khde 5,8%, My 5,4% sang tao ciia minh de p h a t trien da't nflde Fistie, P, tldd t r a n g 280,281 lai vien den cac gia tri truyen thdng ma tieu bieu la P h a t giao Nhflng ngfldi lanh dao da't nflde M i a n m a thdi dd da Itia chgn thfl Chu nghia xa hdi hdn hdp gifla triet thuyet P h a t giao vdi Chii nghia xa hdi (7)