Một số tính từ có hình thứ so sánh riêng như : Good better best Bad worse worst Little less least Many/ much more most Far farther/further farthest/ furthest … MORE + Adv + THAN … ..hơ[r]
(1)Baøi : [A] : MOÄT VAØI CAÁU TRUÙC THOÂNG DUÏNG (SOME COMMON ENGLISH STRUCTURES) USED TO + Infinitive (đã từng…) thói quen quá khứ - My father used to smoke a lot; but now he doesn’t any more - When I was a little boy, I used to swim in the river BE USED TO + V-ing / Noun (quen với…) tương với Be accustomed to - My mother is used to getting up early - I have been used to the hot weather here [B] : BECAUSE + Clause (bởi vì…) giới thiệu mệnh đề trạng từ nguyên (adverb clause of reason)â - I couldn’t come to class yesterday because I was ill - Because the weather was bad, the flight was put off BECAUSE OF + Phrase (bởi vì…) dùng cụm từ danh từ sau because of (preposition) - I couldn’t come to class yesterday because of his illness - Because of the bad weather, the flight was put off [C] : ALTHOUGH + Clause (mặc dù…) giới thiệu mệnh đề trạng từ nhượng (adverb clause of concession) - They came to the concert though it was raining heavily - Although it is a very hot day, I shall go for a walk IN SPITE OF + Phrase (mặc dù…)dùng cụm từ danh từ sau in spite of (prep) hay despite - They came to the concert in spite of the heavy rain - In spite of a hot day, I shall go for a walk [D] : SO + Adj / Adv + THAT + Clause (quá…đến nỗi…) giới thiệu mệnh đề chæ keát quaû (adverb clause of result) - He is so famous that everyone knows his name - They discussed so hotly that they forgot to come to the conclusion (2) SUCH + (A / An + Adj + Noun) + THAT + Clause (quá… đến nỗi…) - He is such a famous man that everyone knows his name - It was such a hot discussion that they forgot to come to the conclusion TOO + Adj / Adv + (For someone) + TO + Infinitive (quá…đến nỗi không ) - It is too late to go to the movies - The lecture was too boring for us to listen to - He spoke too fast for me to understand him [E] : SO THAT + Clause (để…) giới thiệu mệnh để trạng từ mục đích (adverb clause of purpose) - I’m studying hard so that I can keep pace with my classmates - The man spoke loudly so that everyone would hear him clearly TO } IN ORDER TO} SO AS TO} + Infinitive (để…) giới thiệu cụm động từ nguyên mẫu chæ muïc ñích (Inf phrase of purpose) - I’m studying hard in order to keep pace with my classmates - So as not to be late for class, John must get up early - We learn English to have better communication with other people [F] : Adj / Adv + ENOUGH + (for someone) + TO + Inf (đủ… để…) - The questions were easy enough for her to answer - The teacher spoke clearly enough for us to understand him [G] : IT + Takes / Took + SOMEONE + TIME + TO + Inf (ai đó bao lâu để làm việc gì…) - It took me five minutes to walk to the post office - It takes us two hours to fly from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City [H] : HAVE + Object + Past Participle (nhờ làm …) là hình thức sai khiến (causative form) - Mary is going to have her hair done - He had his car washed yesterday [I] : IT + BE + Adj + (for someone) + TO + Inf - It is difficult for us to master a foreign language (3) - It is dangerous to drive too fast [J] : … AS + Adj / Adv + AS … (…cuõng nhö…) so saùnh baèng (comparison of equality) - My book is as interesting as yours (Quyeån saùch cuûa toâi cuõng hay nhö quyeån saùch cuûa baïn.) - He is not as (so) tall as his father (Noù khoâng cao baèng ba noù.) - His car runs as fast as a race car (Xe hôi cuûa noù chaïy nhanh nhö xe ñua.) Nhöng : - My house is the same height as his (= My house is as high as his.) … short Adj-ER + THAN … (…hôn…) ñaây laø daïng so saùnh hôn (comparative) cuûa tính ngắn Tính từ ngắn là tính từ có vần : hot, cold, sad… và tính từ có hai vần tận cùng –ow, -et, -y, er, -le nhö: narrow, quiet, happy, clever, gentle… - Today is hotter than yesterday (Hoâm noùng hôn hoâm qua.) - This street is narrower than that one … MORE + long Adj + THAN … (…hơn…) đây là dạng so sánh tính từ dài, thường có từ hai vần trở lên : careful, beautiful, dangerous… - This chair is more comfortable than that one - She is more careful than him Ta có thể dùng far, much, a little, a bit…trước so sánh - A water melon is much sweeter than a lemon - His watch is far more expensive than mine … the short Adj-EST (…nhất) là dạng so sánh cực cấp (superlative) tính từ ngắn - He is the oldest in his class (Nó là người lớn tuổi lớp) -Tom is the happiest man on earth (Tom là người hạnh phúc trên đời) … the MOST + long Adj (…nhất) là dạng so sánh cực cấp tính từ dài - His car is the most expensive - Air pollution is one of the most serious problems in the city Một số tính từ có hình thứ so sánh riêng : Good better best Bad worse worst Little less least Many/ much more most Far farther/further farthest/ furthest … MORE + Adv + THAN … ( hơn…) là dạng so sánh trạng từ, trừ các trạng từ coù moät vaàn nhö :hard, fast, early, late - He speaks English more fluently than she does (4) - She drives more carefully than he does - He works harder than I … the MOST + Adv (nhất) là dạng so sánh cưc cấp trạng từ - Among his friends, he drives the most carefully - His car runs fastest Nhöng so saùnh cuûa : well better best Vaø badly worse worst The MORE…, the MORE… (caøng … caøng…) laø daïng so saùnh keùp (double Comparative) - The more you study, the smarter you will become - The sooner you take medicine, the better you will feel - The earth is getting hotter and hotter EXERCISE A : Translate into English using “Used To” or “Be Used To” 1/ Trước đây người ta thường nghĩ mặt trời di chuyển quanh trái đất - _ 2/ Những công nhân này quen dần với công việc nặng nhọc nhà máy - _ 3/ Trước đây trên đường học tôi thường qua hiệu sách - _ 4/ Bà biết bà không còn đẹp xưa - _ 5/ Chúng tôi thường sống đồng quê còn bé - _ 6/ Các bạn quen dần với phương pháp học tiếng Anh này - _ 7/ Trước không có nhiều cửa hàng trên đường này - _ 8/ Chúng nó không quen thức khuya - _ (5) 9/ Trước đây anh tôi thường tắm biển kỳ nghỉ hè - _ 10/ Đó là nơi mà trước đây gia đình tôi sinh sống - _ EXERCISE B : Change “because” to “because of” and vice versa : 1/ He was not allowed to come in because he was late - _ 2/ I chose Mike for the job because you recommended him - _ 3/ Our train was late because of the thick fog - _ 4/ She couldn’t sleep because of the noise - _ 5/ Because of his deep love for her, he can’t live without her - _ 6/ Everyone loves her because of her good behaviour - _ 7/ He was given that position because his English was good - _ 8/ He answered those questions perfectly because he was intelligent - _ 9/ They stopped working because of the hot weather - _ 10/ We admired him because of his great ability - _ 11/ She didn’t go to class this morning because she had a bad cold - _ 12/ I couldn’t see anything because of the dark - _ 13/ The mechanic managed to repair the engine because he had experience (6) - _ 14/ His health gets better and better because he does gymnastics regularaly - _ 15/ He said nothing about it because of his wife’s being there - _ EXERCISE C : Use “In spite of” in place of “Although” and vice versa : 1/ In spite of all the noise outside, the students kept on studying - _ 2/ Though they are poor, they are always neatly dressed - _ 3/ We don’t feel tired although we have walked three miles - _ 4/ She ate very little in spite of the delicious food - _ 5/ Though I am fond of music, I can’t play any musical instruments - _ 6/ In spite of being warned, he still got an electric shock - _ 7/ My grandfather is till an active man despite his age - _ 8/ Despite the narrow streets in that city, they drive cars - _ 9/ Although she is wealthy, she is not happy - _ 10/ Nobody liked it though the price was low - _ 11/ He didn’t eat much in spite of being hungry - _ 12/ Although he was talented, nobody admired him (7) - _ 13/ He didn’t get a promotion though his work was very good - _ 14/ He bought that car despite our advice - _ 15/ Our country will certainly become prosperous in spite of all the difficulties - _ EXERCISE D1 : Conmbine these pairs of sentences using “so…that” : 1/ That woman was very tall She could almost touch the ceiling - That woman was so tall that she could almost touch the ceiling 2/ This coat is very big I can’t wear it - _ 3/ The coffee was so strong She couldn’t go to sleep - _ 4/ That bag was very heavy None of us could carry it - _ 5/ The stadium is very large It can hold 60,000 people - _ 6/ Those lessons are very difficult He can’t understand them - _ 7/ She was very busy She couldn’t the housework - _ 8/ The clmate was very bad All the plants couldn’t grow well - _ 9/ I’m very tired I couldn’t keep my eyes open - _ 10/ That boy is very lazy He never does his homework - _ EXERCISE D2 : Combine these pairs of sentences using “too…to” : 1/ The bag was very heavy She couldn’t carry it (8) - The bag was too heavy for her to carry 2/ He is very old He can’t run - He is too old to run 3/ She is very young She can’t go to school - _ 4/ Tom is very short He can’t play volleyball - _ 5/ It’s very late We can’t go to the movies - _ 6/ The question was very hard We couldn’t answer it - _ 7/ The TV programme is very exciting The children won’t miss it - _ 8/ You’re very young You can’t drive that car - _ 9/ She was tired She didn’t go anywhere - _ 10/ These shoes are very small I can’t wear them - _ EXERCISE D3 : Combine these pairs of sentences using “such….that” : 1/ Tom was a tall man He could almost touch the ceiling - Tom was such a tall man that he could almost touch the ceiling 2/ Mary is a good swimmer She has won two gold medals - _ 3/ He drank strong coffee He couldn’t go to sleep - _ 4/ It was a long walk The children got tired - _ 5/ He told interesting stories They all like him - _ 6/ The boy made rapid progress It surprised everybody (9) - _ 7/ He had a difficult exercise He couldn’t it - _ 8/ The speaker gave a long talk Most of the audience felt sleepy - _ 9/ We watched an exciting competition We didn’t want to go home - _ 10/ It was an excellent show We all enjoyed it - _ EXERCISE E : Combine into a sentence using “so that” : 1/ The boys stood on the beach They wanted to get a better view - The boys stood on the beach so that they could get a better view 2/ We lowered the volume of the radio We didn’t want to bother our neighbours - _ 3/ I will write to you I want you to know my decision soon - _ 4/ These men were whispering They didn’t want anyboby to hear their conversation - _ 5/ The lecturer spoke loudly He wanted eveyone to hear him clearly - _ 6/ John gets up early He doesn’t want to be late for class - _ 7/ Mary hid the novel under the pillow She didn’t want her father to see it - _ 8/ They did their jobs well They hoped the boss would increase their salary - _ 9/ You should walk slowly Your sister can follow you - _ 10/ He hurried to the station He didn’t want to miss the train (10) - _ EXERCISE F : Rewrite the sentences using “enough” instead of “ too…to” : 1/ He is too old to wear this coloured shirt - He is not young enough to wear this coloured shirt 2/ She is too weak to carry this box - _ 3/ This pen is too expensive for me to buy - _ 4/ Bill was too stupid to understand what I had said - _ 5/ This bag is too heavy for her to carry - _ 6/ The test was too difficult for them to - _ 7/ I’m too poor to help you with the money - _ 8/ This book is too dull to read - _ 9/ The room is too dark for us to study - _ 10/ The shelf is too high for her to reach - _ EXERCISE G : Rewrite the sentences using “It takes / took…” : 1/ I go to school by bicycle in ten minutes - It takes me ten minutes to go to school by bicycle 2/ He did that exercise in an hour - _ 3/ I need fifteen minutes to get to the post office - _ 4/ He spent the whole morning writing the composition (11) - _ 5/ We needed two days to paint the house - _ 6/ He will need three hours to this work - _ 7/ He spends one hour reading newspapers - _ 8/ They finished their work in three days - _ 9/ Jane will need a lot of time to complete this report - _ 10/ We spent a day cleaning the house - _ EXERCISE H : Rewrite the sentences using the causative form : 1/ The Smiths are going to build a new house - The Smiths are going to have a new house built 2/ Please tell someone to take my luggage to the station - _ 3/ We must find someone to add an extra room to the house - _ 4/ Order the porter to carry these boxes up to my room - _ 5/ She has just asked the dressmaker to make a new dress for her daughter - _ 6/ I paid a man to sharpen these knives and scissors yesterday - _ 7/ My mother is going to pay a doctor to test her eyesight - _ 8/ Did you order the boys to plant some trees in the garden? - _ (12) 9/ Bob doesn’t pay anyone to cook his meals He cooks them hinself - _ 10/ He will ask someone to mend his shoes - _ EXERCISE I : Rewrite the sentences using “It + be + adj + to inf” : 1/ Learning English is not easy - It is not easy to learn English 2/ Knowing a foreign language is necessary - _ 3/ Swimming in the river is dangerous - _ 4/ Doing that exercise is not hard for us - _ 5/ Seeing you again is very nice - _ 6/ Practising morning exercise is good - _ 7/ Finding out the answer to that question is not easy - _ 8/ Telling her the news now is unwise - _ 9/ Working in that room was pleasant - _ 10/ Thinking of what will happen is horrible - _ EXERCISE J.1 : Use the proper form of adjectives (or adverbs) in parenthese Mary is (pretty) _ as her sister A new house is (expensive) _than an old one His job is (important) _than mine (13) Of the four ties, I like the red one (well) _ Nobody is (happy) _ than Miss Snow Today English is the (international) _ of languages John is much (strong) _ than I thought Benches are (comfortable) _ than arm - chairs Bill is (good) _ than you thought 10 Mr Bush is the (delightful) _ person I have ever known 11 Disk is the (careful) _ of the two workers 12 Sam’s conduct is (bad) _ than Paul’s 13 Thanks to the progress of science, human life is (good) _ and (good) _ 14 Bill is (lazy) _ and (lazy) _ 15 The teacher speaks English (fluently) _ than we 16 These boys are (ill - prepared) _ for employment than my children 17 The competition makes the price of goods (cheap) _ and (cheap) _ 18 Charles is (hard working) _ than Tom 19 Is this book (interesting) _ than the one you read last week ? 20 Of the two boys, Harry is the (ill - bred) _ EXERCISE J.2 : Complete the sentences using a comparative form It’s too noisy here Can we go somewhere ? This coffee is very weak I like it a bit ? The hotel was surprisingly big I expected it to be (14) The weather is too cold in this country I expected it to be My job is a bit boring, sometimes I’d like to something It was surprised how easy it was to use the computer I though it would be Your work isn’t very good I’m sure you can Don’t worry The situation isn’t so bad It could be You’re talking very loudly Can you speak a bit ? 10 You hardly ever phone me Why don’t you phone me ? EXERCISE J.3 : Complete the sentences Each time use the comparative form of one of the words in the list Use “than” where necessary big crowded early high important easily peaceful reliable serious thin I was feeling tired last night, so I went to bed usual You look Have you lost weight ? I want a flat We don’t have enough space here Health and happiness are money There were a lot of people on the bus It was usual I like living in the countryside It’s living in a town You’ll find your way around the town if you have a good map In some parts of the country, prices are in others I’d like to have a car The one I’ve got keeps breaking down 10 Unfortunately her illness was we thought at first EXERCISE J.4 : Read the situation and complete the sentences Use a comparative form Yesterday the temperature was nine degrees Today it’s only six degrees It’s - The journey takes four hours by car and five hours by train (15) It takes _ Chris and Joe both did badly in the exam Chris got 20% but Joe only got 15% Joe did - I expected my friends to arrive at about o’clock In fact they arrived at 2.30 My friends - _ We were very busy at work today We’re not usually as busy as that We _ EXERCISE J.5 : Complete the sentences using the structure “er and er” or “more and more” It’s become to find a job (hard) That hole your pullover is getting (big) As I waited for my interview, I became (nervous) As the day went on, the weather got (bad) As the conversation went on, he became (talkative) EXERCISE J.6 : Complete the sentences with “than” or “as” I can’t reach as high as you You’re taller He doesn’t know much I know more We were very surprised Nobody was more She’s not a very good player I’m a better They’ve been very lucky I wish we were (16)