Thong qua nhflng t h a n h qua nghien cflu khac nhau, cac nha khoa hgc Khdng chi ndi ve ngudn go'c cac vi vua cho rang, nhflng ngfldi Khmer da chiem dau lien cua Kambujadesa, bia ky Baks[r]
(1)CHAN LAP TH6| KY OAU (550 - 790) N G O VAN DOANH* L DIA BAN KHOl THUY CUA CHAN LAP Theo cac n h a nghien cflu, cai ten Chela ldn dau tien xiua't hien lich sif Lap dUdc nhae tdi vao nam 616 hoac 617, thi nUdc C h a n Lap da tdn tai dUdc gan hai the ky ma bd sach Tuy thU thdi nha Tfly (589- Qua nhflng ghi chep cua sfl lieu cflng 618) cua T r u n g Qudc cho biet rdng, vao nhfl qua nhflng da'u tfch khao cd hgc, cac nam 616 hoac 617, nu'dc: cd gfli sfl bg nha khoa hgc cho rang, dia ban gdc ban den trieu dinh T r u n g Qudc Khi dd, nUdc dau cua nude Chan Lap la vflng Basak Chan Lap vua I s a n a v a r m a n (I Xa Na (nay la C h a m p a s a k d Hii Lao), ben bd Tien) cai tri C u n g chinh bg Tfly thfl cua sdng Me Cdng Trong nhflng tha]i nien T r u n g Qudc da cd nhflng ghi chep kha ky cudi the ky XX, cac nha khoa hgc da phat ve dat nflde C h a n Laj) Tfly thit (Quyen hicn nhieu da'u tich kien trflc va hien vat 82 Liet truyen 47) viet: "Nudc Chdn Lgp cua mdt khu vfle cfl trfl ldn gan Vat Phu tdy nam Ldm Ap Vdn Id mdt thudc Rat cd the, day la da'u tfch cdn lai cua dd dphia Nam t h a n h S r e s h t h a p u r a , thu phu dau tien 60 ngdy di thuy in Phia nam gidp nUdc cua nflde Chan Lap ma cac tai heu cd Xa Cd, phia tdy gidp nUdc Chdu Giang thfldng nhae tdi Roi thi, cung tai khu vfle Vua nUdc dd hgc Id Sdt Ldi (Kshatrya- Vat Phu, cd mgt khoi da tren dinh nui ddng ca'ii chieii bmh), ten Id Chdt Da Tii (nfli Phu Kau - nfli Bui Tdc) cd ten tieng A''a(Sitrasena)"*" Cho den nay, cac nha Trung Qud'c (nfli Ling-kia-po-po) va tieng khoa hgc vdn chua tim nghia cua cai chau Au (de chi cac ngdi chfla) la Ling ten C h a n Lap (ca tieng P h a n va (Lanh), ma cac nha nghien cflu cho la ten tieng Chan Lap, khdng cd mdt t h u a t ngfl ggi cua Lingaparvata (Linga vT dai) Cdn nao tfldng flng) ma ngifdi Trung Qud'c vi than ma sif sach Trung Qud'c ghi la Po- dflng de ggi mdt diit nu'dc ma theo nha to-li thi cac n h a nghien cflu ndi tieng Pelliot, C h a n Lap Bhadresvara (tflc Siva), vi t h a n dflde thd d (Chenla) ma Tfly thfl ndi tdi chfnh la Vat Phu qudc cua Phii Nam Cdch qudn Nhdt n g h i e n cflu cho la Cambodia sau nay; cdn Cha't Da Tu Na, P u a cac ghi chep ciia sif lieu Trung ngfldi tan cong va kiem tfnh Phfl Nam Qudc va cac da'u tfch vat chat, cac nha chinh la Sitrasena''-' Khi sfl bd cua Chan khoa hgc cho rang, cai ndi cua nha nflde * PGS.TS Ngo Van Doanh, Vien Nghien cflu Dong Nam A (2) Nghien ci'cu Dong Nam A 6/2009 Chan Lap la vflng Basac, dgc hai bd song Me Cdng (nay la vflng Ha Lao) xung q u a n h ngudn sdng Mun Cac vi vua ddu tien cua Chan Lap da md rdng dan lanh thd xud'ng phfa nam II K A M B U J A D E S A KHO'I D A U CUA NU6c CHAN LAP Mora t r e n thien gidi ma t h a n Siva da ban cho Tfl cap hon phdi Kambu- Mora da sinh ddng hg nhflng n h a vua C h a n Lap dau tien Cung theo cac t r u y e n thuyet, S r u t a v a r m a n , vi v u a lich sif hay nifa lich sfl, nifa t r u y e n t h u y e t cua ngudi Kambuja, h a u due cua K a m b u va Mora, da de lai ngdi b a u cho trai minh la S r e s h t h a v a r m a n , ngfldi ma bia ky Baksei C h a m k r o n g cho biet, la cd ngudn gdc tfl mot ddng lgc vua chfla Iflng danh, ditdc s m h d nui Levant Va, dieu dac biet la, ten cua vi vua thfl hai cfla Kambuja dugc dflng de dat ten cho t h u dd ciia nflde Chan Lap: S r e s h t h a p u r a Theo G.Coedes, thu dd S r e s h t h a p u r a cua nUdc C h a n Lap nam d chan qua nui ma t r e n dd cd ngdi den Vat Phu d C h a m p a s a c (Ha Lao)*'** Vao budi binh m m h cua lich sif, khu viic ma sau trd t h a n h cai noi cua n h a nflde Chan Lap, nhflng ngfldi Khdme da cd mat d khu vfle, ndi sdng Mun hda vao sdng Me Cong Theo cac nha khoa hgc, dfl khdng phai la dan ban dia, thi ngu'di Khdme cflng hoac theo sdng Mun xud'ng, hoac di qua nhflng ndi ma thudc da't Thai Lan va Lao de tdi lap quo'c d vflng Basac Thong qua nhflng t h a n h qua nghien cflu khac nhau, cac nha khoa hgc Khdng chi ndi ve ngudn go'c cac vi vua cho rang, nhflng ngfldi Khmer da chiem dau lien cua Kambujadesa, bia ky Baksei vflng da't Basac (Champasac) cua ngu'di Chamkrong cd de cap tdi cac khia canh Cham va, tai day, hg da tiep n h a n nhflng khac ve ddi sd'ng van hda, tin ngUdng cua anh hfldng cua tdn giiio, van hda An Do ngudi Khdme xUa Do vay, chung tdi xin Lflc dau, ngfldi Khmer, nhif ciic tin lieu trich dan dfldi day mgt vai doan cua bia ky T r u n g Qudc da ghi, cdn nam vdng Ve hai vi td cua cac vua Kambujadesa, cai q u a n cua Phfl N a m Nhflng rdi, bia ky viet: "Tdn sung Kambu S r u t a v a r m a n "da giiii phdng dUdc dan Svayambhuva md niem uinh quang gidng ban dia khdi xich xieng ciia trieu cdng" nhu mdt vi tinh tu mgc d chdn trdi, md Rd rang la, S r u t a v a r m a n da giai phdng dong doi cao quy thiic hien dUdc sii hdp Kambuja khdi sii phu ihugc vao Phu Nam nhdt tdc Mat trdi vdi tgc Mat trdng dd ggt va nitdc Chan Lap dgc lap da ddi Sii bo sii ngu dd't khoi td't cd cdc sustra, dd kien nay, Iheo cac nha khoa hgc, cd the toa rdng sdc mgnh cua minh, dd ddnh thue xay vao ddu the ky V Cac truyen nhe vd hodn thien mgi nghe thudt " t h u y e t ve cac vudng trieu ciia ngUdi Sau hai doan ndi ve hai vi td, bia ky bat Khmer (difdc luu gifl Irong mgt bia ky the ddu ngcii ca vi v u a ddu tien cua ky X, bia ky Baksei Chamkrong)''", ke Kambujadesa la S r u t a v a r m a n : "Nhdng rang, S r u t a v a r m a n , vi vua Chan Lap dau ngiidi mang ganh ngng cua trdi ddt cua Sri tien la trai cua vi thay lu an sT Kambu Kambu bdt ddu tii Srutavarman, dd kieu Svayambhuva, vi td m a n g ten ggi cua hdnh gigt ddt td ddu, sdi ddy trdi nhflng ngu'di Kambuja va n a n g lien nfl huge cua sii cdng ngp " (3) Ngo Vdn Doanh - Chdn Lgp thai ky ddu (550 - 790) N h u vay, cac v u a d a u tien cua Kambujadesa coi minh la thudc ddng tgc hay vifdng trieu M a t trdi chfl khdng phai cd ngudn gdc tfl ddng tdc M a t t r a n g nhfl cac vua Phfl Nam Ngudn go'c ten ggi cua hai ddng tdc hay hai vUdng trieu Mat trdi va M a t t r a n g vd'n b a t ngudn tfl cac truyen thuyet sif thi cua An Do: tdc Mat t r a n g hay S o m a v a m s a (lay ten cua tien nfl Soma) vdi ngfldi dai dien tieu bieu nha't la Krishna, hda t h a n cua t h a n Visnu; cdn tgc Mat trdi hay S u r y a v a m s a (la'y ten cua vi t h a n M a t trdi Surya) vdi ngfldi dai dien vT dai la Rama, cflng la mdt nhflng hda t h a n cua t h a n Visnu Dieu dac biet d day la ca hai thudc tinh Mat trdi va Mat t r a n g cua hai vfldng t n e u (theo tieng Sanskrit, vamsa cd ca hai nghia: ddng tgc va vfldng trieu) Kambujadesa va Phfl Nam deu gan vdi ddng me: Mora la tien nfl d thien gidi Lieu Diep hay nagiri Soma la gai cua vua ran Naga diidi nu'dc canh gid Hg kinh trgng quy thdn den nhU vdy Phdn ddng nhdn ddn thd Phdt, cdng tin dgo si Phdt tUdng hg vd dgo si deu lap dqudn'^^K Nhflng tai lieu bia ky (bia Ta Prohm) ndi rang S r e s h t h a v a r m a n cd ngudn go'c tfl ddng vua chfla Iflng danh, la ngUdi trai thudc ddng tgc Sri Kambu, dUdc sinh d nfli Levant, lai dflde viet rat muon ve sau Hdn the nfla, bia ky Baksei Chamkrong cflng khdng cho biet la ngfldi tri vi sau S r e s h t h a v a r m a n chet cung nhfl ve dai cua khoang thdi gian gifla vi vua va B h a d r a v a r m a n , ngfldi dflde coi la Kambujarajalakshmi dita len ngdi vua C h a n Lap Cdn bia ky cua Chan Lap sau (bia ky Ta Prohm, cd nien dai the ky XII)'''*, ndi ve viec Kambujarajalakshmi tri vi Chan Lap, cd cho biet, ba sinh Irong ddng me cua vua (vua S r e s h t h a v a r m a n ) Bia ky cdn ndi rang, Bhavavarmadeva la chdng cua ba Chac chan la ngu'di dan Kambujadesa da tiep thu nhieu iinh hudng cua An Do (cd the la qua ngUdi Cham), the nhUng, phong tuc va sinh hoat cua hg, van cdn gifl lai nhieu ban sac rieng Chinh sach Tfly thfl cua T r u n g Qud'c da ft nhieu cho biet ve dieu nay: "NgUdi nUdc dy di ddu, Idm gi cung mang gidp, gdy gdc, neu cd viec chinh phuc Id tien dung Tuc cua hg, neu khdng phdi Id vd cd cua vua de thi khdng ctUdc Idm vua Gdn kinh dd CO nui Ldng Gid Bdt Bd (Ling-kia-po-po) Tren nui co den thd thdn, thudng cd 5.000 qudn ddng gid Phia dong thdnh cd than Bd Ldi Da (Po-to-li), tethdn ndy phdi diing thit ngiidi Mdi ndm, vua niidc dy phdi giet mdt ngiicfi, ban dem dem tdi dd cdu ddo thdn d ddy cung co hdn 1.000 qudn tuc ve L a k s h m i , vi nfl h o a n g cfla Kambuja (Kambujaraja), hau due cua ddng me cua vua Sreshthavarman Rd rang B h a v a v a r m a n khong phiii la ngifdi thugc vfldng tdc Mat trdi cua Kambu va Mora, cdn viec B h a v a v a r m a n dflde de nghi len lam vua Chan Lap la nhd vao cudc hdn n h a n cua dng vdi nfl hoang Lakshmi Vay, B h a v a v a r m a n la va vi ngfldi lai trd t h a n h vua cua Kabujadesa? III BHAVAVARMAN I v A KHOl DAU S U HUNG THINH CUA C H A N LAP Trong mdt sd' bia ky cd ndi rdng, cha cua B h a v a v a r m a n la Viravarman Ong cua B h a v a v a r m a n cflng du'dc bia ky ndi tdi vdi cai ten Sarvabhauma.Theo (4) Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 6/2009 B h a v a v a r m a n da len lam v u a tri vi da't nflde cua vfldng trieu n h a vcl Cflng nhfl mdt hien tfldng vd'n k h a phd bien lich sif, sau len lam vua (dfl la nhd vd), B h a v a v a r m a n b a t d a u khdng cha'p n h a n vfldng trieu M a t trdi khdi t h u y cua nifdc Kambuja Cac bia ky cua C h a n Lap hau nhfl khdng ndi gi ve Kambuja, K a m b u hay ve S r u t a v a r m a n va S r e s h t h a v a r m a n Cac bia ky ciia B h a v a v a r m a n va cua cac vua ke vi lien tuc nhdc di, nhae lai r a n g hg la nhflng t h a n h vien cua vfldng trieu Mat T r a n g cua Kaundinya- Soma Cung cac bia ky C h a n Lap, ten nflde va cac lanh dia dflde ggi thee ten ciia thii dd cua cac nhfl Bhavapura, Isanapura, B h a v a v a r m a n cflng cd mdt ngfldi trai, vua, ngUdi da tflng thay cha tri vi da't nflde mot V y a d h a p u r a , S a m b h u p u r a The nhflng, thdi gian ngan, (vao cud! ddi) dng vao nhfl cac n h a khoa hgc da chflng minh Cai tu vien sdng, nhifng lai khdng ke vi ngoi ten Chan Lap ma sif sach T r u n g Qud'c dflng la de ggi va chi vfldng qud'c cd bau dng mat Cflng cd nhflng y kitui kliiic ve nguon Kambuja cua ngfldi Khdme Do vay, chi gdc cua B h a v a v a r m a n Vi du, Pelliot cho sau thdi tri vi cua vfldng trieu M a t Trang rang B h a v a v a r m a n khdng jihai la h a u B h a v a v a r m a n khdi dau, cac vua Chan due cua cac vua Phfl N a m , vi r a n g Lap sau dd lai trd ve vdi viec cdng nhan Somavamsa (tdc Miil Trang) la cua ddng vfldng trieu M a t Trdi la gdc Theo cac nha Balamdn, dd thi B h a v a v a r m a n nghien cflu, khdng chi cac sif lieu ma lai la mdt K s h a t r i y a Theo Pelliot, ngiidi Cambodia hien dai deu khdng dinh B h a v a v a r m a n cd the la ngfldi cua nganh nhflng ngfldi Kambuja den dinh cfl d ben'"" Cdn Finot lai nghi r a n g C h a n Lap, chfl khdng phai nhflng ngfldi V i r a v a r m a n la t h a n h vien cua dong tdc Phfl Nam, la nhflng td tien ciia minh'^' Mat Trang, nen B h a v a v a r m a n van thugc Dfl khdng cdng n h a n vfldng trieu Mat ddng Somavamsa'''"' Trdi ciia KambuMora, nhUng G.Coedes, cai ten S a r v a b h a u m a cd nghTa la "vua cua the gidi", nen dng cua B h a v a v a r m a n cd the la Rudravarman"''* Cha ciia B h a v a v a r m a n cd the da la mdt vi vua chfl h a u cua Phfl Nam Cd bia ky ndi rang, V i r a v a r m a n da chet n a m 514, Iran chien vdi J a y a v a r m a n Cflng cd bia ky cho biet cha va me ciia B h a v a v a r m a n van cdn sd'ng sau dng da trd t h a n h vua Chan Lap Cdn, ngfldi em trai Sitrasena cua B h a v a v a r m a n , thi, ca thdi tri vi cua ngfldi anh, ludn la tdng chf huy q u a n ddi Va, ngfldi anh mat, Sitrasena da len ngoi ke vi vdi tfldc hieu Mahendravarman Dfldng nhfl Vi cd ngudn gdc vUdng gia danh gia cua mgt nflde vd'n la chit ciia Chan Lap, cho nen, B h a v a v a r m a n da khdng khd k h a n gi la'y mgt nfl hoang cua mdt nflde chfl hau (d day la nfl hoang Lakshmi cua Kambuja) Va, nhfl mgi hien tfldng kha phd bien lich sif cac qudc gia cd d Ddng Nam a, sau lay vg la nfl hoang, B h a v a v a r m a n da b a t d a u qua trinh chinh phuc Phfl N a m va md rdng l a n h thd cho Chan Lap Va, nhfl cac n h a nghien cflu da xac dinh, sfl kien S i t r a s e n a kiem tfnh Phfl Nam dien vao k h o a n g gifla the ky VI, B h a v a v a r m a n cdn tri vi Khdng chi chiem Phfl N a m , B h a v a v a r m a n cdn, nhfl cac bia ky (bia Hanchey) cho biet, da danh (5) Ngd Vdn Doanh - Chdn Lgp thdi ky ddu (550 - 790) bai cac vua cai q u a n cac vflng nfli, da hiem xay ra), cai thudc ve dang ca'p chiem doat nhieu voi de dem dflng vao cac ngUdi cha; thi ngUde lai, d Chan Lap- cudc chien, da md nhflng cudc ta'n cong thudc ve dang cap ngfldi me vao cac tdc ngfldi ngoai tdc, sau da danh bai cac vua mien nfli, da chiem da't VI nflde cua hg Sfl cd m a t rdng k h a p cua cac BHAVAVARMAN vA CONG CUOC MCi RONG LANH THO bia ky cflng nhfl nhflng da'u tich kien true da cho tha'y, lanh t h d cua Chan Lap thdi B h a v a v a r m a n I da md rdng tfl t h u phu S r e s h t h a p u r a ve phfa tay ngflde sdng Se Mun va xud'ng phfa n a m tdi khu vfle lflu sdng Me Cdng T h e nhflng, nhfl cac nha nghien cflu suy luan, khdng tha'y cd m a t nhflng bia ky d vflng lflu sdng Me Cdng, nen, rat cd t h e , vao thdi B h a v a v a r m a n , Phfl N a m chi la mdt vflng tu tri cua C h a n Lap ma thdi, chfl chfla hi NHUNG NGUdi KE VI Dfla tren so' Ifldng cac bia ky de lai cflng nhfl cac vflng da't chiem dflgc, cac nha khoa hgc cho r a n g , dudng nhfl B h a v a v a r m a n da tai vi tren ngai vang kha lau, cd the sang den ca dau the ky VII Ngfldi ke vi B h a v a v a r m a n chinh la Sitrasena (khi len ngoi la'y vfldng hieu la M a h e n d r a v a r m a n ) , ngfldi em trai, ddng thdi la ngfldi da giup minh chinh phuc Phfl Nam Chac la vi vua ke tiep ciia sap n h a p hoan toan vao C h a n Lap B h a v a v a r m a n tri vi khong dflde lau, vi Cac bia ky dflde khac ghi vao thdi cho biet, tfl ddi, Chan Lap da tiep thu nhflng chi dan tfl nhflng cud'n sach thieng cua An Do Vi du bia ky Veal Kantel ndi rang hinh than rdng nhflng bia ky dfldng thdi va nhflng sif lieu cua T r u n g Qud'c chfl yeu ndi ve thdi ky trfldc len ngdi cua vi vua nay, thdi cdn la Sitrasena T r i b h u v a n e s v a r a (Siva) cdn phai dflde the Gid'ng nhfl ngfldi anh, vi vua tien bdi, hien theo hinh M a t Trdi Theo ndi dung M a h e n d r a v a r m a n dflde cac bia ky ca tung cua cac bia ky, nhflng dd dang cflng nhfl mdt chien binh vT dai Mdt bia ky cua cua vi b a l a m d n C h a m p a (bia My Sdn khac n a m 657 cua ten la Somasarman, rdng, dng ban chep ddy dii sit thi M a h a b h a r a t a , ( M a h e n d r a v a r m a n ) la ngfldi anh hflng sif thi R a m a y a n a va cac P u r a n a Rd r a n g tren the gidi nay, la ngfldi tieu diet cac la, n h u cac bia ky t h u d n g hay ndi tdi, he lien minh day tfl hao cua cac ke thfl, la thd'ng ddng cap cua An Do da di vao cudc ngfldi sanh n g a n g vdi cac t h a n Indra, vua sd'ng ctia The ciia cac thdn ve quyen lflc Chfnh cac sif nhUng, d C h a n Lap, nhflng quy dinh ciia lieu lich sit va bia ky da chflng minh rang, cac ddng cap t h o a n g va tfl hdn so vdi d vi vua tien bdi cdn tri vi, dng da danh An Do Vf du, d C h a n Lap, chuyen ket hdn chiem dflde Phfl Nam, cdn tri vi, dng gifla nhflng ngfldi khac ddng ca'p la kha da chiem dflcSc ca vflng chau thd lflu chdng cua em gai BhavfTvarman, cd cac trieu dinh Chan Lap Prakasadharma) cd ndi phd bien (ngiidi b a l a m d n lay ngfldi ksha- sdng Mun Cflng gid'ng nhfl ngfldi anh, triya) Rdi thi, neu nhU d An Do, M a h e n d r a v a r m a n da r a t sflng kinh than nhflng tritdng hdp hdn n h a n hdn hdp (rat Siva va da lap nhflng den thd ldn nhd cho (6) Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 6/2009 vi t h a n tdi thfldng Ngdai ra, cac bia ky cdn cho biet, M a h e n d r a v a r m a n da phai mgt sfl bg S i m h a d e v a dan dau sang gap vua C h a m p a Ra't tiec la cac bia ky khdng cho biet vi vua C h a m p a la ai, nhflng, theo cac n h a nghien cflu, cd the la Fan Chi ( S i m h a v a r m a n ) Khong cd mgt tai lieu van bia nao va cflng khdng cd mgt tai lieu T r u n g Qud'c nao cho biet dflde chfnh xac thdi gian tri vi cua hai anh em Bhavavarman va M a h e n d r a v a r m a n Cac tai lieu tren chf cho biet la hg da song vao khoang thdi gian gifla tfl n a m 540, nien dai sdm n h a t ma Tuy thU xep vao n a m C h a n Lap dflde giai phdng, den n a m 616/17 (nam Dai Nghiep thfl 13), nien dai ciia doan sfl t h a n I s a n a v a r m a n , dd cd nhflng bia ky cd nien dai, nhfl cac bia ky P r a s a t Toe (nam 620), B a y a n g (624), Vat C h a k r e t (626627), Sambor- Prei Kuk (627- 628) va Kdei Ang C h u m n i k (628- 629) Qua sfl p h a n bd' va ngi d u n g cua cac bia ky cflng nhfl cac di tfch, cac n h a khoa hgc cho rang, I s a n a v a r m a n da chinh phuc dugc ca vflng tay bac C a m p u c h i a hien va vflng giap vdi ddng b a n g song Menam (den t a n v u n g da't giap vdi n h a nflde Mon cd Dvaravati) Chinh vi lanh thd dflde md rong them, nen, I s a n a v a r m a n da ddi dd tfl t h u phii b a n d a u d k h u vfle Vat P h u xud'ng gan tdi Bien Hd (nay la k h u di tfch S a m b o r P r e i - K u k , each t h a n h pho' Kompong Thom hien chflng 20 dam ve phfa bac) dau tien dflde n h a vua ke vi hg giii tdi Trung Qud'c Vi vua ke vi la cua Mahendravarman lay vifdng hieu hi Isanavarman Cflng cac tai lieu T r u n g Qudc cho biet I s a n a v a r m a n da chinh phuc du'dc nhieu va da cai qudn mgt da't nitdc rdng ldn vdi thii phu la I s a n a p u r a (dflng ten vua de dat ten cho t h u dd) Sach Tfly thfl cd doan chep ve C h a n Lap thdi vua I s a n a v a r m a n nhfl sau: " Vua d thdnh Xa Na (Isanapura), Y dudi thdnh cd hdn hai vgn nhd Trong thdnh co mdt toa nhd ldn Dd Id chd vua coi chdu Vua thd'ng linh 30 thdnh ldn Mdi thdnh cd udi ngdn nhd, ud deu cd bg siiy""* Khdng chi cac tai lieu cua T r u n g Qud'c, ma nhflng bia ky hien dflde biet dflde khac vao thdi ky niiy cflng cho biet nhflng thdng tm ve cdng c:ugc md rc)ng lanh thd cua I s a n a v a r m a n Cho den nay, da phat hien dUdc hdn mgt chuc bia ky cua Cac bia ky da cho biet, dfldi thdi tri vi cua I s a n a v a r m a n , viec thd p h u n g Siva kha p h a t trien Bia ky Ang Pou ndi tdi viec dflng Imga Bia ky ciia Ang Chumnik cho biet ve sii phuc diing va td diem cho chiec linga da dUdc l a m tfl thdi M a h e n d r a v a r m a n Hai bia ky ciia Bayang ndi ve viec dflng Sivapada (da'u chan cua Siva) The nhflng, vao thdi I s a n a v a r m a n , Balamdn giao d C h a n Lap m a n g hinh thflc thd H a r i h a r a - Visnu va Siva dUcic the h i e n vao c h u n g mdt t h a n the Khong chi la mdt q u a n vfldng cd tai chinh chien va td chflc, I s a n a v a r m a n cdn la mgt vi vua de lai nhieu cdng t r i n h xay dflng T h u dd I s a n a p u r a ma vi vua cho xay dflng d Sambor Prei Kuk, khdng tinh den nhflng bo s u n g t h e m cua cac vua sau nay, la qudn the kien true ldn nha't cua nflde Campuchia thdi ky tien Angco Nhd vao mgt bia ky ciia C h a m p a ma chung ta biet dflde ddi chflt ve gia dinh (7) Ngd) Vdn Doanh - Chdn Lcip thai ky ddu (550 - 790) cua I s a n a v a r m a n Bia ky C h a m p a cho biet, I s a n a v a r m a n cd mdt co gai ten la Sri Sarvani Con gai cua I s a n a v a r m a n da la'y chdng la mdt hoang tfl C h a m p a ten la J a g a d d h a r m a , ngfldi ma, vi mgt tinh hud'ng nao da'y, da den B h a v a p u r a (cd the vao thdi B h a v a v a r m a n I) Hai ngfldi da cd mdt ngfldi trai ten la P r a k a s a d h a r m a , ngitdi sau da trd ve que va len lam vua Champa vdi vfldng hieu la V i k r a n t a v a r m a n (tac gia cua bai bia ky khde n a m 657) Vao khoang nam 630, I s a n a v a r m a n thdi tri, trieu dinh Chan Lap, hinh nhfl da xay mdt bien cd Idn: mdt ngfldi ngoai tgc da len ngoi vua vdi vfldng hieu la B h a v a v a r m a n (II) Do vay, cd the tha'y, vdi sfl len ngdi cua vi vua ngoai tdc nay, da ket thflc ca mdt thdi ky tri vi cua vfldng trieu B h a v a v a r m a n I Khdng phai ngau nhien ma mdt bia ky cua C h a m p a (bia My Sdn khde n a m 657 cua ngfldi re P r a k a s a d h a r m a ) da khai quat ve ta't ca bd'n vi vua cua vifdng t n e u nhfl sau: "Vua Bhauavarman, ngiicfi sinh mdt dong una tinh khiet, md cho den gid, vdn Id niem kieu hdnh ciia thdn ddn nhd ddc khdng the khien trdch diidc cua minh Ngdi, ddc uua Bhauavarman ndi danh ldn sdc mgnh ud da ddnh tan niem kieu hdnh nggo mgn cua nhdng ke thu qud thda long qud cam vd sdc mgnh chien binh, cd mgt ngUdi em trai (tdc Sitrasena) Id anh cdi the, Id ngUdi huy diet nhdng lien minh ddy kieu hdnh cua cdc ke thu Id ngiidi md uy liic tdng len nhd sdc mgnh Id ngiidi md ue ddng uy nghi tdi thUdng nhU mat trdi toa sdng td Ngdi, Sri Mahendravarma ldng danh, sdnh ngang ue long qud cdm vdi Indra, vua cda cdc thdn, dd sinh ngUdi trai dUdc men chudng khdng khde gi qud nui ndy sinh td cdch xd sU cua nhdng ngUdi thdng Isanavarma, dnh sdng phUdng, tue Ngdi, Sri vua cua mgi ngUdi, ngUdi md rUc rd toa chieu tdi mudn dd sinh ngUdi gdi vi sU thinh vUdng nhdt, gid'ng nhU nhdng le hien te'ldm ndy sinh cd sU thinh vUdng vgt chdt ldn sdc mgnh sieu nhien"''^'^\ Cho den nay, 'viec I s a n a v a r m a n ma't nhfl the nao va Bhavavarman II len ke vi ngdi vua lam van cdn la mdt da'u hdi The nhflng, chdc chdn Bhavavarman khdng phai la hay ngfldi ke vi dflde chap t h u a n ctia Isanavarman Khong chi len ngdi mdt each khdng binh thfldng, ma thdi ky tri vi ciia Bhavavarman II cflng lai rat ngdn ngiii Qua cac da'u tfch cdn lai ciia cac bia ky va cac cdng trinh xay dflng, cac nha khoa hgc doan rang Bhavavarman II da ddng dd d Angkor Borei Cflng cac bia ky cho biet, Balamdn giao van la ton giao chfnh cua Chan Lap thdi ky Trong khoang thdi gian cudi cflng cua B h a v a v a r m a n II, tfl 640 den 657, theo cac tai lieu bia ky, mdt ngfldi (cd the la trai cua B h a v a v a r m a n II) da len ngoi vua Chan Lap vdi vfldng hieu la J a y a v a r m a n Rat may la J a y a v a r m a n da de lai kha nhieu bia ky, dd cd 13 bia ky cd nien dai Hdu bet cac bia ky dflde viet bang chfl Sanskrit, chi mgt sd'bia ky la cd tflng doan bang chfl Khdme Cac bia ky deu ngdi ca J a y a v a r m a n d ca hai khia canh: chien binh va ngfldi, Mgt sd bia ky coi vua "la ngfldi chinh phuc cac ke thfl", "la sfl tfl lay Iflng gifla cac vua chfla", "la vi vua ludn chien t h a n g mgi ke thfl" (8) 10 Nghien cdu Dc'mg Nam A 6/2009 Qua cac bia ky, cac n h a khoa hgc cho rang, viio nhflng n a m dau tri vi, J a y a v a r m a n da chinh phuc vflng da't ma la mien T r u n g va Thfldng Lao Cac tai lieu T r u n g Qud'c cho biet, vao khoang nhflng nam 650 - 656, nu'dc Sang Kao (d vflng Cammon va mgt so nu'dc nhd khacnhflng nflde da phai sfl t h a n den T r u n g Qud'c vao n a m 638, da bi Chan Lap chiem Cac qudc gia cd the da md rong ve phfa bac tdi nhflng vflng ngitdi Kha sinh sdng, giap vdi khu viic cua n h a nUdc Nam Chieu mdi hinh t h a n h d Van Nam V CHAN LAP BI CHLA DOI THANH LUC CHAN LAP vA THUY C H A N LAP Su hien dien cua nhieu bia ky "Ddi Dudng, td ndm Vii Ddc (618- 626) den ndm Thdnh Lich (698), Chdn Lgp tdt cd bd'n ldn tdi trieu ed'ng Td nien hieu Thdn Long (705-706) ue sau chia ldm hai Nda niidc phia bdc nhieu nui ldn nen ggi Id Luc Chdn Lgp Nda nUdc phia nam bd bien, ddt thap, phi nhieu, ddm nhieu, ggi Id thiiy Chdn Lgp'^^K The nhflng, cac tai lieu lai cho biet ra't ft ve Luc Chan Lap Nhu cac n h a nghien cflu da nhiin tha'y, ve Luc Chan Lap, cac tai lieu chi cho biet ve hai sfl kien: mdt la vao nfla dau the ky VIII cd mdt sfl bg n a m 717 va mdt cucic vien chinh tdi T r u n g Ky n a m 722 de giflp mdt t h u linh b a n sfl cudc ndi loan cua dng chong T r u n g Hoa T h u linh bdn sfl ndi day d T r u n g Bd chfnh la Mai Thuc Loan (Mai Hac De) nhflng thdi diem khac n h a u da p h a n nao cho tha'y thdi ky tri vi cua J a y a v a r m a n la kha dai (ft nha't la den nam 681) Sau nam 681, bail libit khdng cd mgt bia ky cd nien dai nao du'dc tim thiiy Chi cd mot bia ky tim tha'y d Baray Tii\' cua Angkor Thom la nhae tdi mgt ngitdi tri vi cd ten la Jayadevi Theo nghien cifu cua G.(Coedes (ngifdi dich bia ky nay), Ja\'adevi la vd gda cua J a y a v a r m a n I va da Iri vi Chan Lap sau chong mat Hai mfldi lam hoac ba mudi nam la cd mcit thdi ky mfl md n h a t cua lich sif Campuchia Khong mdt tai lieu niio cho biet nao thi J a y a v a r m a n thdi nam quyen life va inio thi ngitdi vd cua dng len Iri vi The nluing, nigt so tiii lieu bia ky vii sfl lieu cfla T r u n g Quo'c cho biel, sang den ddu the ky VIII, Chim Laj) bi chia lam hai nu'dc 111 Luc Chan Laj) vii Thiiy Chan Lap Vdi nhflng tai lieu t h a t it di va tiin man, nen viec dflng lai lich sfl cfla Thuy Chim L.ap la mgt cdng vice thiit khd khan The nhifng, cac nha khoa hgc cflng da phiic dung dflde mdt bfle t r a n h khai litdc ve Thuy Chan Lap Cd le, sau J a y a v a r m a n I chet, la ca mdt thdi ky xung dot ndi bg Hai vfldng trieu mdi da ndi len va t r a n h cha'p quyen life ten cao vdi vfldng tneu cua Vyadhapura Nripatindravarman, Rd Isvara rang la cua A n i n d i t a p u r a da phuc hdi lai vfldng qud'c xfla cua hg va da kiem soat dflde ca dai phfa lay ciia ddng bdng sdng Md Cdng vdi thu phu la B a l a d i t y a p u r a d Angkor Borei Trong dd thi vfldng trieu mdi cua S a m b h u p u r a lai thiet liip vfldng qud'c d bd dong cua sdng Me Cdng, d vflng SambdrKralie hien P u s h k a r a k s h a , cen trai cua N r i p a t i n d r a v a r m a n , cifdi gai vua Sfl siich T r u n g Qudc, nhif "Van hien cua S a m b h u p u r a va trd t h a n h vua cua thdng khao" cua Mii Doan Liini, cho biet: nu'dc nav Su viec nav cd the da xav (9) Ngd Vdn Doanh - Chdn Lgp llufi ky ddu (550 - 790) trUdc N r i p a t i n d r a v a r m a n U ma't Do Ngoai cac vfldng trieu va cac dng vua vay, dfldng nhfl P u s h k a r a k s h a len tri vi ldn ra, tai Thuy Chan Lap hdi dd, cdn cd Sambhujiura vao nam 716 Cdn cac vua nhflng vfldng trieu khac, cd the la cac tdi cao (Adhiraja) cua V y a d h a p u r a , nhflng vfldng trieu chfl h a u cua cac vfldng trieu ngfldi ke vi cfla J a y a v a r m a n I lhi sao? Icin Trong sd cac vi vua nhd dd, dang ke Theo cac nha nghicMi cflu, thi, dfldng nhfl nhat la mdt J a y a v a r m a n khac (G.Coedes cac vua V y a d h a p u r a da t h u minh vao deo ^at la J a y a v a r m a n I his) ma cac bia ndi dai hep dgc sdng Me Cdng d vflng thfl ^di Dfl khong gdn vdi mdt vfldng tgc ldn Xfla cfla J a y a v a r m a n I (vflng Ba Phnom- "^o- "^^^i^^ J a y a v a r m a n I hi^ Banteav Prei Nokor ^^^ "^'^ ^'^^^ ^°'^' ^^^ ^^ ^^^ '^^^^ ^^° vfldng trieu cua I n d r a p u r a , mdt n h a n h cua ,, ,, „ , , , , , \,> , , » , S a m b h u p u r a Co ba ly de khang oinh , ,, -,,., ^.-^ »~- gia thuyet tren: tat ca deu m a n g mgt - A v •-.' o ^-'.^ ' j - ten hieu giong nhau; tat ca deu gan vdi ^ ^ ^-^ ^^^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^ j ^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^g^ J a y a v a r m a n II (^g^^j ^^^^ l^^p ^ ^ ^^^,^g ^^.^g^ Angkor) ^ p ^hfl dd d a u tien cfla minh tax , Cucic hdn n h a n cua P u s h k a r a k s h a vdi ngfldi thfla ke nfl cua Sambhupura (G.Coedes coi day la cudc xam Ifldc tra J • • hinh) cd the' la nguyen n h a n d i n de'n sfl ly khai ciia Luc Chan Lap, ma sd sach T r u n g Qud'c ndi la xay vao k'hodng nam 707 Sau n a m 716 mgt thdi gian, nay, theo P u s h k a r a k s h a len ngdi ke vi cha minh d i n d r a p u r a Cd the la J a y a v a r m a n I bis, Aninditapura, va, cd^the da de.con trai cha cua J a y a v a r m a n II, la ngfldi sang lap minh la S a m b h u v a r m a n d liii cai tri ^a nha nflde chfl hau I n d r a p u r a sau S a m b h u p u r a Va, dc'n day thi gia tdc S a m b h u p u r a n h a p vao Thuy Chan da cai quan toan bg vflng ddng bang Sau Liip Chdc la J a y a v a r m a n I bis da trj vi d da'y, S a m b h u v a r m a n cudi nfl n h a n thfla vflng I n d r a p u r a vao dau nhflng thap nien ke ngdi bau cac Adhiraja ciia Vyadhapura cudi cua the ky VIII Va, dang le ngfldi (cd the la mdt cudc xam Iflclc nfla?) Nhfl trai ciia J a y a v a r m a n I his phai dflOc len vay la, toan bd Thiiy C h a n Liip da dflde ke vi ngdi vua thay cho vi vua bat h a n h hi thd'ng nha't Den R a j e n d r a v a r m a n , trai va hi ngfldi ke vj cda S a m b h u v a r m a n , giet, thi mdt sfl cd quan trgng da xay ra: Snvijaya chiem mien nam Campuchia thi da hi sfl hda huyet cfla ca ba ddng mau Mgt nhflng nguyen n h a n quan cua ba viidng tricu ldn ddi dich n h a u d trgng khien cac dai vfldng Srivijaya tan Thuy Chan Lap Sfl viec cd the da xay cdng mien n a m Campuchia la de t h a u tdm vao gifla the ky VIII R a j e n d r a v a r m a n cac m a n g Ifl-di budn ban vd'n da tflng tdn cd the da tri vi cho de'n tan mdt hai thap tai tfl trfldc dd d vflng ven bien ciia Viet nien cudi cua the ky VIII, trai dng Nam Cac tai lieu cua ngfldi A Rap sau la M a h i p a t i v a r m a n len k e v i ong Thu dd cd the dat d B a l a d i t y a p u r a Srivijaya da tan cdng lanh dia I n d r a p u r a cho biet d mien n a m cac chien Campuchia thuyen vao cda khoang VII I N D R A P U R A BI SRIVIJAYA XAM nhflng nam tfl 782 den 790, dfldi thdi tri vi CHIEM ctia vi vua S a n g r a m a d h a n a n j a y a (ngfldi (10) 12 Nghien ci'di Dong Nam A 6/2009 ke vi cua D h a r m a s e t u ) thudc ddng Sailendra Cuoc xam Ifldc da dflde sif gia ngu'di A Rap Abu Zaid H a s a n chep van ban cd nien dai khoang n a m 916 va cd ten la "Zabag" (ten ma ngu'di A Rap thfldng dflng de chi S n v i j a y a ) ' " ' Dfl cd nhieu chi tiet hoang dfldng, tai lieu cua Abu Zaid van cho cac-nha nghien cflu nhflng cfl lieu lich sfl q u a n trgng Tfl lieu A Rap da gdp phdn k h d n g dinh cho viec Srivijaya da nha't thdi (tfl n a m 782 den n a m 802) kiem soat dUdc vudng qudc Cambodia, cdn mgt h o a n g t h a n Cambodia ten la J a y a v a r m a n II dflde Samaratunga, ngfldi ke vi ciia S a n g r a m a d h a n a n j a y a , phai tfl J a v a ve niidc de cai quan thi T n d r a p u r a cfla Cambodia Ma, ngiidi cai quiin thfldng chi dflde cfl di den nhflng nflde chit hau Do vay, I n d r a p u r a chac la da naiii dudi sii kiem soat cua Srivijaya Chf den nam 802, vi vua Khmer cd ten la J a y a v a r m a n II, ngUdi sang lap vfldng t n e u Angco va cflng la ngitdi cd gan bd nhieu vdi Srivijaya vao thdi tri vi cua dai vfldng S a m a r a t u n g a , mdi gidi phdng dflde mien nam Cambodia khdi sfl kiem soat cua Srivijaya Nhfl vay hi, sud't 240 nam (tfl 550 den 790), tfl mgt khu vuc nhd d nien t r u n g sdng Me Cdng, nhflng ngu'di Khdme da xay dflng cho minh mgt vfldng quo'c n e n g : vfldng qud'c Kambuja, rdi r a t n h a n h chdng theo thdi gian, cac trieu vua ndi tiep n h a u da cirng cd'va md rdng lanh thd cita vfldng qud'c minh cd mgt vflng rdng ldn keo dai tfl bac Lao d jihia bac tcii bien d phia n a m va tfl phfa lay day Tru'dng Sdn phfa ddng ldi khu giap ddng b a n g sdng M e n a m d phfa lay Dfl rang, suot 240 nam tdn tai, cd luc t h i n h , lflc suy, lflc tan, luc hdp, nhiing vfldng qud'c C h a n Lap ludn phat trien va da tao ca mdt nen mdng vflng chac ve nhieu m a t cho da't nflde ciia ngfldi Khdme bfldc vao ky nguyen Angkor huy hoang (802- 1432)./ CHU THICH Dan theo ban dich tieng Viet cua Nguyen Hiiu Tam "Vdn hoa Oc Eo & vUdng quo'c Phil Nam, Nxb.The gidi, Ha Ngi, 2008, tr.298-300 P.Pelliot, Le Fou-nan BEFEO Ill, tr.272 G.Coedes, Inscriptions du Cambodge, Hanoi 1937 IV, tr.96 Ban dich tieng Viet ciic bia ky Chan Liip cua GS.LUdng Ninh trong: "Vuong quo'c Phd Nam- lich sd vd vdn hoa", Nxb Van boa thong tin, Ha Noi, 2005, tr 239- 291 G.Coedes, The indianized states Southeast Asia Honolulu, 1968, tr.66 of G.Coedes, La stele de Ta Prohm, B.E (1906):44-81 G.Coedes, The indianized Southeast Asia, Sdd., tr 61 states of P.Pelhot, Le Fou-nan, tr.302 L.Finot, Sur quelqiies traditions noises, B.C.A.I 11 (1911), tr.36 indochi- L.P Briggs, The ancient Khmer empire, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1951, tr.40 10 R.C Majumdar, The inscriptions of Champa, Gian Publishing House, Shakti Nagar, Delhi, 1985, tr.23- 24 11 Ve viec Srivijaya tan cdng Campuchia, xem: Paul Michel Munoz, Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay (11)