Nam 1959, Cuba da thUc hien cai each riiong dat lan thfl I, xda bo sU thong tri cua tu ban nUdc ngoai, dflng dau la tif ban My trong nong nghiep Cuba va van gifl nguyen tang ldp tif [r]
(1)c u o c KHANG CHIEN CHONG MY •
cuu NUOC CUA VIET NAM •
VOI CACH MANG CUBA (1959-1975)
NGUYEN NGOC MAO^"
Thdi gian cang lui xa, y nghia va t a m voc t h a n g ldi ciia cupc k h a n g chien cho'ng My, cUu nUdc ciia n h a n dan Viet Nam cang ldn T h a n g ldi dd "di vdo lich sii the gidi nhii mot chien cong vl dcii ciia the ky XX, mot sii kien co tdm voc quan trgng quoc te to ldn vd co tinh thdi dgi sdu sde.""'
D6'i vdi each m a n g Cuba, t h a n g lpi cua cupc k h a n g chien cho'ng My, cUu nUdc cua n h a n dan Viet N a m co y nghia khong nhd Cupc each m a n g giai phong d a n tpc d Cuba dien tfl n a m 1953 va gianh dUdc t h i n g ldi vao 1-1-1959 b6i canh quo'c te het sUc phUc t a p cua cupc Chien t r a n h lanh d a n g dien gay gat Luc vai tro chinh tri cung nhu' tiem liic kinh te, q u a n sU eua My d a n g d dinh diem Nhflng t h a n h qua ma n h a n dan Cuba vfla g i a n h dfldc phai dflng trUdc thif thach v6 cung 16n lae
Ngay 13-4-1959, mpt td bad My "New Yerk H e r a l d T r i b u n e " da de 16: "Ne'u Caxtdro ddu hdng, ong co the hy vgng vdo sii thay doi vd giup dd eda My" '^' My da rat chu q u a n cho rang, vdi sflc m a n h
d a n g d dinh cao, hp cd the lam t h a y d6i dupc dudng 16i cua chinh p h u each m a n g bang n h u n g bien p h a p k i n h te va ngoai giao, ma kh6ng can phai vfl t r a n g xam lupc trUc tiep Trong n h a n thUc cua My, cung n h u cac nUdc My L a t i n h , each m a n g Cuba c h a n g qua chi la mpt cupc dao chinh nha nUc3c, hoar n h u nhUng phong trao dan chu khac n h a m lat che dp dpc tai thUdng xay r a d k h u vtic, n h u d Peru n a m 1956, d C61dmbia n a m 1957, d Veneduyela n a m 1958 Hdn nUa, My da lam tudng, P h i d e n Caxtdro - linh h6n cua each m a n g Cuba - chi la mpt chien si yeu nU6c mu6'n t h a y t h e chinh quyen dpc tai bang mpt chinh quyen dan chii hdn Tren thUc te, tfl la sinh vien cua trUdng Dai hpc La H a b a n a , P h i d e n Caxtdr6 da chiu a n h hUdng m a n h me ciia chu nghia Mac-Lenin''^' Va each m a n g Cuba, la cupc each m a n g giai phdng dan tpc, lay chu nghia Mac-Lenin lam ngpn cd t u tudng, mpt tru'dng hdp dien h i n h d k h u viic My L a t i n h
Vdi t u tudng each m a n g triet de, chinh p h u Cuba thiic hien nhflng cai each dan
(2)18 Nghien ciru Ddng Nam A 5/2010
chii sau sac va cUdng q u y e t Idai bd dia vi ciia My d qu6c dao Dieu dd khien My quay s a n g chinh sdch cong khai tieu diet che Caxtdro ke tii ddu ndm 1960 ''"
Bien p h a p dau tien la My buy be n h a p 700 ngan t a n dudng tU Cuba N h u c h u n g ta da biet, n g a n h mia dUdng Cuba vd'n la cpt Sd'ng cua nen kinh te Sau de My xay d u n g t r e n l a n h t h e cac nU6c n h u , G d a t e m a l a , N i c a r a g e a he th6'ng s a n bay, cd sd q u a n sU bad q u a n h Cuba, vien trd trieu d6 la che cac n h d m p h a n each mang, bd s u n g 1.500 linh t h u y d a n h bp chd can cU q u a n sU My d G u a n t a n a m d va tien h a n h nhieu cupc t a p t r a n hudng vao Cuba Hdn nfla, luc nay, t r d n g he thdng chinh tri Cuba, c h i n h quyen each m a n g da dUdc thie't lap, song van d t i n h t r a n g t a m thdi Ba td chUc each mang, Phdiig trad 26 t h a n g Bay, D a n g Xa hpi N h a n dan (Dang Cpng s i n ) Ban Chi dao each m a n g 13 t h a n g Ba chUa hdp vad T6 chfle each m a n g th6'ng nha't
Do la nguy cd r a t 16n do'i v6i da't nu6c Cach m a n g Cuba p h a i lUa chpn mpt hai dUdng: mpt la, chiu k h u a t phuc trUdc sUc m a n h ghe g6m cua My; hai la, quyet t a m b i d ve dpc lap d a n tpc cua minh Cach m a n g Cuba da chpn dudng t h u hai P h i d e n Caxtdrd va cac n h a l a n h dad each m a n g Cuba r a t n h a y ben v6i thdi cupc va hieu r a n g , muon b i d ton dupc mpt nen dpc lap t h a t sU phai gan bo v6i chu nghia xa hpi Cong cuoc gidi phong ddn tgc vd gidi phong xd hgi ciia chung ta gdn bo chat che vdi nhau, tien len Id mot tdt yeu lich sii, diing lgi Id hen nhdt vd phdn bgi"'-^\
Trong thdi diem lich sif do, Cuba da
n h a n h chong de'n vdi Viet N a m Ngay -12-1960, hai nUde c h i n h thUc thiet lap q u a n he ngoai giao Ba M e n b a H e c n a n d e - nguyen C h u tich uy b a n Cuba doan ke't vdi Viet N a m da n h a n xet r a t xac dang r i n g , c h i n h P h i d e n Caxtdro la ngudi dau tien p h a t hien Viet N a m va tim tha'y d day mpt tiem n a n g each m a n g r a t 16n, dieu d a n g c i n cho each m a n g Cuba"''
C u n g vao thdi diem lich sif nay, tren tinh t h a n Nghi quye't 15 t h a n g 1-1959, D a n g Cpng s a n Viet N a m di den quyet dinh tad bad va s a n g su6't ve " diidng phdt trien cd bdn cua cdeh mang Viet Nam d mien Nam Id khdi nghia gidnh chinh quyen ve tay nhdn ddn'^'K Day la budc c h u y e n h u d n g ciia each m a n g tU da'u t r a n h boa binh, doi hiep thUdng, tie'n tdi tho'ng nha't da't nUdc, s a n g d a u t r a n h vfl t r a n g khdi nghia g i a n h c h i n h quyen Dai hpi III ciia D a n g (9-1960) k h i n g dinh nhiem vu cd b a n cua each m a n g mien N a m la " ddnh tap dodn thd'ng tri doc tdi Ngo Dinh Diem, tay sai cua de quo'c My thiic hien doc lap ddn tgc, cdc quyen tii do, ddn chii vd cdi thien ddi song nhdn ddn, gia vi/ng hoa binh, thiic hien thong nhd't niidc nhd tich ciic gop phdn bdo ve hoa binh d Dong Nam d vd the gidi"^^\
Su chuyen h u d n g cua each m a n g Viet N a m vdi q u y e t t a m d a n h My, giai p h e n g mien N a m , t h e n g nha't da't nU6c da tac dpng k h d n g nhd de'n q u a t r i n h p h a t trien sau dd cua each m a n g C u b a
(3)Nguyen Ngoc Mao - Cudi- khdng chien chong My cifu mfdc 19
chien lUdc toan c i u p h a n Ung linh boat cua My Ve van de nay, C h u tich Hd Chi Minh da n h a n d i n h tU t h a n g 3-1964: "Cuoc "chien tranh ddc biet" md chung dang thi nghiem d mien Nam Viet Nam dd thdt bgi, thi chiing se that bai d bdt ky ndi ndo khde Dd Id y nghia qudc te cua cuoc ddu tranh yeu niidc cua dong bdo mien Nam ta ddi vdi phong trdo gidi phdng ddn tgc tren the gidi"^-^\
Ngay tfl dau n a m 1963, chien t h i n g ap Bac ciia Viet N a m budc d a u lam pha san loai chien lUdc mdi ciia My, Che Guevara da n h a n dinh My se ap dung loai chien t r a n h dd t r e n k h i p luc dia chau My va se khdng t r a n h khdi sU t h a t bai Che Guevara dong thdi n h a n m a n h : "Hien khi chiing ta dang diidng cao ngon cd mien Nam Viet Nam vdi tdt cd nhiet tinh, khong chi vi chu nghia quoc te vo sdn Chung ta ldm viec ndy vi trgn tuyen ddu tranh, do cdn Id dieu ciic ky quan trgng ddi vdi tiidng lai ciia chdu My""'" Day la dieu r a t CO y nghia doi v6i Cuba, che dp xa hpi chu nghia cua nUdc Iu6n la d6i tUdng tieu diet cua My
Su p h a s i n chien lupc cua My cen lam chd Cuba n h a n thUc dUde y n g h i a q u a n trpng cua k i n h n g h i e m chien t r a n h n h a n dan d Viet N a m Loai h i n h chien t r a n h toan d a n r a t p h u hdp vdi dieu kien l a n h th6 va d a n cU d Cuba, p h u hpp vdi nUdc nhd yeu cho'ng lai ke thfl 16n hdn m i n h gap nhieu lan, t r d n g trifdng hpp neu chien t r a n h xay Dai dien t h a m mUu va Bp cac lUc lUdng vu t r a n g each m a n g Cuba da n h a n xet: "Nhdn ddn Cuba dang diing d trdn tuyen tien tieu chong chii nghia de qudc cdn hge tap nhiing kinh
nghiem cua nhdn ddn Viet Nam vd phdn tich nhiing hinh thiic ddu tranh cua nhdn ddn Viet Nam de hodn thien nhiing hinh thUc ddu tranh ciia minh"''^^\ De bd sung va tim hieu t h e m kinh nghiem Viet Nam, n a m 1964, d Cuba da x u a t ban cuon sach: "Chien tranh nhdn ddn, qudn dgi nhdn ddn" cua Dai tu6ng Vo Nguyen Giap Cuo'n sach da dUdc phd bien rpng rai t r o n g q u a n dpi C u b a Nhflng k i n h nghiem dUdc due ket t r e n g cu6'n sach ce t a m q u a n t r p n g dac biet k h e n g nhUng chd Cuba, ma cdn cho cac nUdc dang da'u t r a n h giai phdng dan tpc d chau Phi va khu vifc My L a t i n h " - '
IVen linh vUc cung c6' va xay dUng da't nUc :, giai dean nay, each m a n g Cuba cd nhflnj; budc tien d a n g ke Mpt nhflng su kien q u a n trpng cua each mang, la viec Ch tih p h u ban h a n h va thiic hien Dao l u a t c; i each rupng da't lan thfl II vad t h a n g 10-li " ' " Dad l u a t trUng t h u 30% da't dai, xda 'od t a n g ldp tU s a n nong thon, nhUng ngUdi ^6 tU 47 h a den 402 Seng, dieu q u a n tre ig hdn d6i vdi Cuba, la Dad l u a t d a n h vad nhUng p h a n tif dang cau ket rao riet vc'i My chdng pha lai qua t r i n h each m a n g
(4)20 Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 5/2010
Nhieu nha k h e a hpc cd ten tudi va nhUng vien nghien cUu 16n cflng bi cuo'n b u t vao phuc vu chien t r a n h eiia My T h e nhifng My da tflng bu6c bi t h a t bai t h a m hai va bupc phai ng6i vao ban d a m p h a n vdi Viet Nam Co t h e ndi My chUa bao gid lai hi ch6n chan va sa lay n g h i e m t r p n g den n h u vay tren chien trUdng Viet N a m Dieu da lam cho nhUng h a n h dpng q u a n sU chong Cuba cua My giam dan Nhin lai c h a n g dudng lich sif ma each m a n g Cuba da trai qua, T h u tu'dng P h i d e n Castdr6 k h a n g dinh: "Cuoc khdng chien anh hiing cua ddn tgc anh em ndy dd ldm cho hdnh dgng qudn sU cho'ng Cuba gidm ddn vd nhdn ddn ta dd cd the cd thdi ky hoa binh tiidng ddi"''^'''\ T r o n g dieu kien t h u a n ldi dd, n h a n dan Cuba bu6c vao thdi ky dn dinh hdn, cd dieu kien cung c6 va p h a t trien da't nu6c
Ve chfnh tri, 1-10-1965, nhflng ngUdi mac xit quye't d i n h t h a n h lap Ban Chap h a n h T r u n g Udng D a n g , ddng thdi ddi ten D a n g t h a n h D a n g Cpng s a n Cuba va bau Bp C h i n h tri B a n Bi t h u , ddng chi Phiden Caxtdr6 lam Bi t h u thU nha't Qua t r i n h hdp nha't ba Td chUc each mang, Phong t r a o 26 t h a n g Bay, D a n g Xa hpi n h a n dan va Ban Chi dao each m a n g 13 t h a n g Ba t h a n h td chUc each m a n g tho'ng nha't da dien tfl gifla n a m 1961 Den t h a n g 5-1963, Te ehflc each m a n g tho'ng nha't dUdc cai td t h a n h D a n g Cach m a n g xa hpi chu n g h i a thd'ng nha't, mpt Ban l a n h dao t o a n quo'c dflng dau Mac du D a n g cong k h a i lay chu nghia Mac -Lenin lam ngpn cd tU t u d n g cua minh, Sdng thdi diem thich hdp va t h u a n ldi nha't de D a n g t u y e n bo' t h a n h lap D a n g Cpng s a n la vad cud'i n a m 1965 T r e n cac
linh vUc khac, Cuba cd nhflng bflde tie'n k h a re net Rieng ve quoc p h e n g , so quan dupe giam mpt nUa va c h u y e n nganh, t h a m gia s i n xua't trUc tiep He th6ng q u a n ly N h a nu6c va k i n h te dUdc chan chinh N h i e u chi s6' t r o n g p h a t trien kinh te' va xa hpi d a t nhflng ke't q u a d a n g khich le Dac biet, la cong n g h i e p dfldng, n g a n h kinh te chu yeu da d a t mflc ky liic 10 trieu t a n / n a m vao eu6l t h a p nien 60'"'' Mflc dp t a n g t r u n g b i n h h a n g n a m cua quy phuc Ipi xa hpi chi cho nhflng n g a n h y te van hoa, giao due, t h e t h a o tfl n a m 1965 den n a m 1973 la 10%"^' Dia vi qu6'c te cua Cuba, nha't la d T a y Ban cau dUdc cung cd' va n a n g len hdn bao gid het Cuba da lan lUdt thie't lap lai q u a n he ngoai giao vdi h a u het cac nUdc t r o n g k h u vUc, b a t cha'p sii can t h i e p ciia My
S a n g giai d e a n (1973-1975), vdi viec ky ket Hiep d i n h d i n h chien n a m 1973 va chien dich Hd Chi M i n h lich sif n a m 1975, q u a n va d a n Viet N a m da d a n h bai bean tdan cupc chien t r a n h x a m lUdc cua My Cuba n h a n thfle r a t s a u sac y nghia cua each m a n g Viet N a m d6i vdi each m a n g the gi6i noi e h u n g , each m a n g Cuba noi rieng
(5)Nguyen Ngge Mao - Cudc khdng cliieii chdng My cifu mfdc 21
cua each m a n g Viet N a m viec lam suy yeu chii nghia de qudc, dflng dau la de quo'c My
Day la giai doan My lam vao cupc khiing h o a n g toan dien, uy tin va dia vi qu6'c te cua nUdc My sa sut chua tUng cd "Huyen thogi ve mot niidc My hiing mgnh tan vd vd sii suy tdn tiidng ddi cua de'qudc My trd thdnh mot thiic te cd ddi vdi nhiing ngiidi hdm qua ddy khong chiu thiia nhdn"^^''^\ P h o n g t r a o dan chu tien bp da dien d nhieu ndi tren the gidi He th6ng cac nu'dc xa hpi chu nghia dUdc cung cd hdn ba't ky luc nao Chinh sach tean cau ciia My bi p h a s i n
Su t h a n g ldi cua each m a n g Viet N a m kh6ng nhflng b a n ehe t6i mflc to'i da nhflng h a n h dpng q u a n sU cua My ehd'ng Cuba, ma cen tao dieu kien t h u a n ldi cho Cuba budc vao giai doan p h a t trien mdi Lan dau tien Cuba tie'n h a n h Dai hpi Dang Cpng s i n lan thfl I vad cuoi t h a n g 12-1975, dong thdi de r a ke hoach p h a t trien kinh te n a m lan thfl nha't, c6ng b6' Hien p h a p mdi, kien toan lai toan bp he th6ng bp may n h a nU6c tU T r u n g Udng den dia phUdng va c h a m dUt thdi ky t a m thdi cua Chi'nh p h u N h u Thii tu6ng Phiden Caxtdr6 da ndi, da den luc c h u n g ta ket thuc thdi ky q u a lau tfnh c h a t t a m thdi ciia Chfnh p h u N h u mpi ngUdi deu ro, sau k h i each m a n g t h a n h cong, dUng dau N h a nUdc Cuba la C h i n h p h u each m a n g gdm Hpi ddng Bp t r u d n g va Tong th6'ng Hpi ddng Bp trUdng t a p t r u n g tay ca quyen lap p h a p lan quyen h a n h chfnh Sd di ee t i n h t r a n g nay, la dd sU bad vay va ch6'ng p h a quye't liet ciia My d6'i vdi each m a n g Cuba Cd the ndi, viec
tien h a n h t h a n h cdng Dai hpi Dang la budc ngoat q u a n trpHg lich sif p h a t trien cua nu6c Cpng boa Cuba
Uy tin va dia vi qu6'c te cua Cuba cang dupc n a n g len Chi vong n a m , tU n a m 1973 den n a m 1975, Cuba da thiet lap them q u a n he ngoai giao v6i 29 nudc, dUa tdng so' nUdc thie't lap q u a n he len gan 100 nu6c Nha't la d Tay Ban cau, Hpi nghi Tu van lan thU 15 Bp t r u d n g Ngoai giao cac nudc chau My hpp tai Kitd (Equado) t h a n g 11-1974 da yeu c i u bai bd dieu k h o a n bao vay C u b a N h u C h u tich Phiden Caxtdrd nha'n m a n h : "Khdng nghi ngd gi nUa, cdeh mgng Cuba cdn phdi liiu y den cd nhiing quan diem cua nhiing chinh phii mdc dii khong co mdi quan he vdi Cuba dd bo phieu bdi bo viec bao vdy Cuba"^'''^^\
O giai doan My kh6ng cang t h a n g do'i vdi Cuba n h u giai doan trUdc Hiep dinh chong b a t cdc may bay va tau bien ky gifla My va Cuba n a m 1973 cho phep cac cdng ty My d a c h e n t i n a va C a n a d a buon ban v6i Cuba Ddng thdi, My chd phep nhieu chinh khach, nha kinh ddanh, n h a bad, kieu dan t h a m q u a n Cubi: Su trUdng t h a n h eiia each m a n g cen dupc the hien d sii ddng gdp to ldn cua Cuba ve ngUdi, vu va vat cha't giup che each m a n g cac nu6c chau Phi a n h em
T h i lg ldi cua cupc k h a n g chien ch6'ng My, cfli nUdc cua Viet N a m d6'i vdi Cuba CO m it y nghia sau xa hdn
(6)lat-22 Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A 5/2010 inh khac Nhflng dieu lam chd My kh6ng
yen t a m , la t d a n bp "san s a u " cua My-luc dia My l a t i n h - c u n g ce nguy cd bi mat Bdi "Nhdn ddn cdc niidc My latinh se noi giidng Cuba gidnh lay vd tay
nhiing ke bdc lot minh, tuyen bd minh Id nhdn ddn tii cua chdu My"'-" C h i n h vi vay My da d u n g mpi t h u doan hong bdp chet nUdc xa hpi c h u n g h i a d i u tien d Tay Ban cau, ma vu d6 be cua linh d a n h t h u e My len bai bien Hirdn ciia Cuba t h a n g 4-1961, la h a n h dpng x a m lUdc t r a n g trpn n h a t Sdng sdng vdi y m u n quay lai d a t ach t h o n g tri d Cuba, My day m a n h chien t r a n h d Viet N a m N h u n g chinh "Viet Nam trd thdnh ndi dien mot cuoc dung ddu lich sd quye't liet nhd't giUa mot ben Id chu nghia di: quoc xdm hide hieu chien nhdt, ngoan co nhdt, cd tiem liic kinh te vd qudn sii hiing mgnh nhdt vdi mot ben Id cdc liic liidng doc lap ddn tgc, ddn chu vd chu nghia xd hgi md d viing ndy nhdn ddn Viet Nam Id dgi xung kich "'-'^'^\ Day cung c h i n h la ndi thif t h a c h sflc m a n h va uy tin cua de quo'c Hda Ky Chien trUdng Viet N a m se la ndi t h i diem de s a u de My tien h a n h chien t r a n h xam lUdc d nhflng ndi k h a c ma Cuba d a n g la cai gai trUdc m a t eua My Vi vay, t h a n g lpi eua each m a n g Viet N a m se cd y nghia k h a n g dinh sU t h a n g ldi cua each m a n g Cuba Hay ndi mpt each khac neu My k h u a t phtic dUdc n h a n d a n Viet N a m thi ed ngbia la sinh m e n h cua each m a n g Cuba se hi de dpa Ve y nghia eua van de, dong chf P h i d e n Caxtdr6 n h a n m a n h : "Chung tdi nghi rdng, nhdn ddn Viet Nam chien ddu khdng nhiing vi Viet Nam md con chien ddu vi cdc ddn tgc khde tren the gidi Nhdn ddn Viet Nam dd mdu cua
minh vi nhdn ddn Cuba chung toi Chdng tdi vo ciing cdm dn nhi/ng ngiidi Viet Nam dd khudt'-'^'^K
Cach m a n g Viet N a m c a n g g i a n h dupc t h a n g ldi, c a n g tad h a u t h u a n cho qua t r i n h each m a n g the'gidi va C u b a NgUdc lai, each m a n g Cuba c a n g vflng, Cuba cang Cd dieu kien u n g hp mpt each eo hieu qua each m a n g t h e gidi va each m a n g Viet N a m
Bdi vay, tfl d a u , Cuba da chinh thfle ceng b6' lap trUdng img hp cupc k h a n g chien ch6'ng My cUu nUde cua Viet N a m , t r o n g k h i eon r a t it ngifdi y thfle dupc dieu d giai doan d a u , each mang Viet N a m chUa n h a n dUdc sU img hp rpng rai cua du luan quo'c te Song, Cuba la nif6c n h a t cd p h o n g t r a o u n g hp sdm, m a n h me Chi t i n h t r o n g vong hdn nam, tfl cu6i n a m 1960 den d a u n a m 1965, da CO t r e n du'di 20 doan dai bieu Cuba sang t h a m Viet N a m t r o n g dd cd doan cap Chinh phu, so' cupc mit t i n h va trien lam doan ket vdi Viet N a m len den tren 15.000 T r e n trUdng quo'c te', Cuba da h u n g du l u a n dUng ve phfa n h a n dan Viet Nam'^"" S a u d6, n h u mot t a m gUdng, Cuba da c6 n h i e u h o a t dpng kip thdi, triet de img hp sU nghiep c h i n h n g h i a cua each m a n g Viet N a m
(7)Nguyen Ngge Mao - Cudc khdng chien chdng My idu mfdc 23
each m a n g Cuba, cung n h u sU ung hp eua Cuba do'i vdi Viet N a m v i n eon m a n g tfnh thdi sU, ca h a i nu6c v i n la muc tieu ch6'ng pha quyet liet cua cac t h e liic thfl dich./
CHU THICH
1 Dang Cpng san Viet Nam; Van kien Dang toan tap, tap 37-1976, Nha xuat ban chfnh tri quo'c gia Ha Noi, 2004 tr.471 V.V Vonxki, B I Erdmolafep, A.I Kalinin,
G Onuphiep, V Pogoxop: Cuba 10 nam each mang, Nha xuat ban Khoa hpc, Matxcdva, 1968, tr 95 (tieng Nga)
3 Phiden Caxtdro R.: Mot so bai dien van va phat bieu (1961-1963), Maxcdva 1963, tr 453 (tieng Nga)
4 V.V Vonxki, B I Erdmolaiep, A.I Kalinin, G Onuphiep, V Pogoxop: Cuba 10 nam each mang, Nha xua't ban Khoa hpc, Matxcdva, 1968, tr 97 (tieng Nga)
5 Phiden Caxtdro Rudd: Cuba tren difdng di len chu nghia xa hoi, Nha xua't ban Su That, Ha Noi, 1978, tr.65
6 Uy ban Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam-Hpi hflu nghi Viet Nam-Cuba: Ky yeu Hpi thao khoa hpc 30 nam each mang Cuba
(01-01-1959 - 01-01-1989): Thanh tUu, Van de, Trien vpng Ha Npi, thang 12-1988, tr 65 Dang Cpng san Viet Nam: Van kien Dang
toan tap, tap 20-1959, Nha xuat ban chinh tri qudc gia Ha Noi, 2002 tr.82 Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van kien Dang
toan tap, tap 21-1960, Nha xua't ban chinh tri qudc gia Ha Noi, 2002 tr.524 Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap, tap 11
(1963-1965), Nha xua't ban chinh tri quo'c gia Ha Npi, 1996, tr 228
10 Che Guevara E., Nha xua't ban tre, phd Hd Chf Minh, 1987, tr 40 (Nguyin
Hoang Kinh dich); Tap chi "Dflng day" so (79-80) 1976 , tr 134 (So dac biet ve Cuba) 11 Bao Nhan dan, 13-5-1964
12 Che Guevara E., Nha xua't ban tre, Ho Chi Minh, 1987, tr 44 (Nguyin Hoang Kinh dich)
13 Nam 1959, Cuba da thUc hien cai each riiong dat lan thfl I, xda bo sU thong tri cua tu ban nUdc ngoai, dflng dau la tif ban My nong nghiep Cuba va van gifl nguyen tang ldp tif san nong thon
14 Pham Van Dong, Le Dflc Thp, Van Tien Dung, Nguyin Cd Thach: Vi My that bai cuoc chien tranh Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban Su That, Ha Npi, 1986, tr 68 15 Phiden Castdro Rudd: Cuba tren
difdng di len chu nghia xa hoi, Nha xua't ban Su That, Ha Npi, 1978, tr 44
16 Xavin X L: Qua trinh hinh quan ly kinh te theo ke hoach d Cuba, Matxcdva, 1968 tr 64 (tieng Nga)
17 Su phat trien va trien vpng cua nen kinh te Cuba, La Havan, 1975, tr 27 ( Ban dich tfl tie'ng Tay Ban Nha sang tieng Nga) 18 Thong cao chung Viet Nam-Cuba
28-3-1974 nhan chuyen tham hflu nghi Cuba cua Doan dai bieu cap cao cua Dang va Chinh phu Viet Nam Thu tifdng Pham Van Dong dan dau, Bao Nhan dan 31-3-1974, 19 Bao"Le monde diplomatique", 3-1973
(tieng Phap)
20 Bao Granma 2-12-1974 (tieng Tay Ban Nha)
21 Tuyen ngon Lahavan II, Nha xua't ban Su That, Ha Npi, 1962, tr.23
22 Dien van cua ddng chi Le Diiain budi le mflng chien thang 15-5-1975 tai Ha Npi, Bao Nhan dan 16-5-1975 23 Phiden Caxtdro Rudd: NhQng bai noi va
viet chpn loc, Nha xua't ban Su That, Ha Npi, 1978, tr.88