Quan hệ xã hội và hành trình đi tìm sức sống trên những dặm đường khảo sát xã hội học: Phần 2

Nối tiếp nội dung phần 1, phần 2 của tài liệu Quan hệ xã hội và hành trình đi tìm sức sống trên những dặm đường khảo sát xã hội học tiếp tục trình bày các hiện tượng văn hóa và lối sống trong các cộng đồng đã được mổ xẻ dưới ảnh hưởng của những nhu cầu thực tế tiến bộ văn hóa, những xu hướng của thời đại đang tác động đến cuộc cải cách tổ nền quốc dân, đồng thời nêu lên tính đòi hỏi cao đối với việc rèn luyện sự nhạy cảm xã hội cho các nhà xã hội học tương lai. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo.

NguySn Quang Vinh 208 cua thiic t i i n Hay chi lay mot t h i d u nho, chang h a n n h u , doi v6i cac q u a n n i e m ve t h i va t h i hoa, ve npi d u n g n h i e u chieu cua p h a t t r i e n nong t h o n va p h a t t r i e n t h i , dvTdng nhiJ t r o n g doi n g i i q u a n l y N h a nxidc d t r o n g v u n g v i n chifa dat t d i mot cai n h i n t h o n g n h a t va sang ro C h u n g h i a k i n h n g h i e m c6 le dang dong mot v a i tro dang ke t r o n g hoat dong ciia mot so' k h o n g nho cac can bo q u a n ly N h a nu6c, n h a t la d cap cd sd Trxidc nhutng t h a c h do' t a n g n h a n h dot ngot do'i v6i q u a n l y p h a t t r i e n , n h a n dan dang k y vong vao sii dap l i n g n a n g dong cua mot the he mdi cac n h a q u a n l y N h a nu'dc t r o n g v u n g , diidc t r a n g b i c6 he t h o n g ve t r i thxic q u a n ly p h a t t r i e n h i e n dai N e u ho ke thijfa diidc c h i k h i each m a n g , ban l i n h va k i n h n g h i e m hoat dong xa h o i cua the he cac n h a q u a n l y d i trxidc, t h i hy vong ho se cong hien dUdc n h i i n g h i e u qua cong tac doc dao h d n t r o n g mot doi n g u q u a n l y N h a nxidc bao gom n h i e u the he t r e n tiifng dia b a n l a n h tho M o t doi n g i i q u a n l y N h a nxidc k h o n g ngvfng doi mdi va diidc t r e hoa b^ng n h i i n g hxidc d i t h i c h hdp n h i i the, se la bao dam chac chan cho sxi t h a n h dat n h f l n g m u c t i e u p h a t t r i e n D B S C L , triidc v a n h o i lieh svL mdi (In cuo'n Dong bang song CiCu Long - nghien cjjtu phat trim, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1995) C A U C H U Y E N V A N HOA CUA M I E N TAY NAM BO Ly thu nhat, nhifng dong thdi cung la thuoc loai kho "dan xep" nhat la nhiing he luy van hoa cua siJ phat trien oi tham vong 16n lao phat trien kinh te - xa hoi vai ap nien tcii d Dong h&ng song Ciiu Long (DBSCL) chic chin khong the chi d i l n thuat toan cua nhiing can doi dau vao - dau ra, cac nhip tang trifdng GDP theo nganh va tieu viing lanh tho, hoac viec x i i ly cac bien so" ve von, ve cong nghe, thi triidng Bdi vi, xet den ciing, day la van de cua ngiCdi, cua cac ca nhan va cong dong ngiidi, va la s\l dap ling cua chinh ho triidc cac thach do' gay gat cua tang triidng kinh te, b i n g nhiing cong hien sinh dong tien bo van hoa Va, noi mot each chat che t h i bat ky mot tiiu phat trien nao diidc coi la ben viing ciing deu phai bao ham viec van dung kheo leo cac tiem nang van hoa da tich liiy diidc, dong thdi gop phan boi d i p nhiing Idp phCi sa van hoa mdi cho chat liidng cuoc song cua cac chii the cua phat trien Tien bo van hoa c6 y nghia viia nhif la dong luc, viia nhii la muc tieu cua phat trien, chinh la diidc hieu tii each tiep can bien chiing noi tren ^ :, NguySn Quang Vinh 212 Pi tim stye song cac quan he xa hoi 213 Tien t r i n h phat t r i e n cua D B S C L da va dang dien r a va d a n h gia cao t i n h n a n g no cua n e n v a n hoa boat dong xuyen qua n h i e u m a u t h u a n va nghich ly M o t t r o n g n h i i n g ciia cac l i i u d a n t h d i md dat, ciing n h i i cua kho'i c i i d a n da nghich l y do, hoc 16 r a t d a m net t r o n g hien t r a n g phat t r i e n , toe ngiidi d D B S C L t r o n g suo't chieu d a i l i c h s\i 300 n a m la siJ t a n g t r i i d n g n h a n h l i n h vUc k i n h te khong c6 siJ Do l a m o t s i i t h a t , v a l a m o t v o n q u y t h a t stf cho p h a t song h a n h cua n h i i n g t i e n bo ro net t r e n l i n h viJc v a n hoa, t r i e n N h i i n g cuoc song dang k h o n g n g i i n g t i e n hoa N h i e u dan t r i , l o i song, chat liidng song v a cd cau n a n g \\ic cua mo h i n h i l n g x i i , n h i e u p h a m chat v a n hoa t i n h t h a n ngiidi lao dong T r a i l a i , t r e n mot so' mat n h a t d i n h cua t i e m horn qua to r a l a m o t dap l i n g n a n g dong do'i v6i doi h o i n a n g v a n hoa d a n c i i D B S C L , dang c6 hxidc sa sut dang lo cua cuoc song, t h i r a t c6 t h e horn da to r a l a k h o n g ngai Biicic sa s u t dang gay trci ngai cho s i i t a n g t r i i d n g day d i i n i i a V a n e u h i i d n g t a m n h i n t d i m o t vien canh v i i n g ch^c, t r d ngai cho cac muc t i e u chuyen dich cd cau k i n h xa hdn, t h i c6 n h i i n g cai t h a m c h i l a i trci t h a n h liic can do'i te va cho c h i n h miic hiidng t h u phuc Idi v a t chat va t i n h t h a n v6i cuoc h a n h t r i n h q u a m d i me d i vao t i i d n g l a i Co p h a n cua d a n chung C a m giac lo a u cua n h i e u n h a q u a n sat nao qua Idi khong, k h i n o i r a n g m o t so' t a n d i i cua 16'i song khach quan ve dieu ma ho goi l a "nghich l y dong b i n g " l i i u dan va 16'i s6'ng t h i i d n g ho - diide n u i diidng va v a n k h o n g p h a i l a khong c6 cd sd O mien dat nay, ndi t h a n h dat dong t r e n m t m a t b^ng d a n t r i k h a t h a p - r o i se p h a i dap mot l i n g l a m day trii6e cac y e u cau nghiet nga cua qua t r i n h mijfc san lUdng l u a cao nhat ca niidc (700 k g thoc/ngiidi)*", da so' ngiidi d a n v a n song diidi cac m a i l a sd c6ng nghiep hoa, h i e n d a i hoa va t h i hoa? Ro r a n g l a sai, v i nguon nii6c uong b i n h i e m n a n g ne, miic t h a t dang CO mot doi h o i k h a c h quan biJtc xiic d6'i v i chuyen d6'i hoc cao, t r e e m b i suy d i n h diidng v d i t i le 16n, miic t h u hiidng v a n hoa ngheo n a n , h a m liidng t r i t u e t r o n g cac san p h a m ciia vCing k h a thap Theo m o t each h i e u nao do, t h i v a n hoa cung c6 n g h i a la each t h e song ciia ngvidi; l a p h i i d n g t h i i c de ngiidi t h i c h l i n g v i m o i t r i i d n g t i i n h i e n v a x a h o i , de v i i d n len dong hoa va cai tao m o i t r i i d n g do, theo n h i i n g muc t i e u cua t i e n bo x a hoi K h o n g i t giay miJc da diidc d a n h de p h a n tich he th6'ng cac d i n h h i i d n g gia t r i ciia ngiidi d a n D B S C L , de ho CO t h e diidng d a u t h a n g Idi vdi cac t h a c h do' m d i ciia cuoc so'ng O day, c6 h a i tuye'n v a n de can diidc song song x\l l y M o t mat, N h a niidc, cac d i n h che xa hoi, cac cong dong can CO s i i ph6'i hdp de n a n g cap viidt bac he tho'ng k e t cau h a t a n g xa h o i v a k y t h u a t , nhSm ho t r d cho viee t h i i c h i e n cac chi t i e u ve t i e n bo v a n hoa t r o n g v i i n g M a t khac, b a n t h a n moi ngiidi c( m i e n T a y ciing can y t h i i c ve t a t ca n h i i n g gi m d i me dang d i l n r a t r o n g m i t r i i d n g k i n h te - x a h o i , de k h n g qua n g i i y e n va bang long v d i t r i n h n a n g liic hien c6 va m o t each i i n g x i i v a n hoa quen thuoc von dang b i So lieu thong k e n a m 1993 cuoc s6'ng t h a c h t h i i c va doi h o i p h a i t h a y doi Nguyen Quang Vinh 214 "Van hoa va phat trien" la mot chii de rat rong Idn Trong bai viet, chiing toi chi di vao phan tich hien trang ddi song van hoa d DBSCL va nhiing khia canh nghich ly cua no Sau do, xin gdi len ba van de cua tien bo van hoa ma chiing toi cho rang can diJdc xii ly tot, de gop phan hoa giai nghich ly va bao dam phat trien ben viing Do la van de phat trien t a i nguyen ngiidi, van de truyen thong va each tan phat trien loi song c\i dan, va van de ve svt ke thijfa c6 tinh sang tao giiia cac the he I H I E N TRANG D C I SONG V A N HOA VA N G H I C H L Y PHAT T R I E N CUA DONG BANG SONG C U U LONG Chuyen ke r i n g , c6 mot cau trai ci tuoi dang 16n rat c6 tai danh bat cua, ca Cau chAng he thieu tien Tren cd tay chang trai thon que mien Tay ay c6 deo mot chiec dong ho Seiko mdi "cau canh" Chi c6 dieu la la cau chang gap cdng hoi "May gid roi?" Ly ddn gian thoi Cau khong biet chii! NhiJng giai thoai hien dai nhuom mau hom hinh cua Ba Phi hay cua Triim Pho va 6ng nhif the khong hiem No Cling la mot t h i i t\i trao thong minh, de nh^c nhd ve nhiing khuyet tat van hoa ma ngiJdi dan biet minh chUa viJdt thoat han dUdc Diing vay Nhiing so' ngoan muc ve san liidng liia cua mien Tay, ve miic san xuat binh quan ciia viing bang 1,27 Ian ca niidc' la nhiing t d u Ti'nh toan theo so lieu nam 1990 - 1992 Di tim SLfc song cac quan he xa hoi 215 mo hoi nUdc m a t t h a t dang t i i hao Song d phia sau nhiing so' lieu kinh te tdng hdp ay, van mot vai mang hien thUc van hoa va dan t r i bi che k h u a t di O niJdng n a u khong i t van de gay can rat cham diidc giai quyet CCing vdi thdi gian, chiing c6 the tich t u lai de trd nhiing khung hoang cue bo, tao nguy cd pha hong nhieu chiidng t r i n h phat trien day thien y Hay t h i i di vao quan sat mot vai trang thai cua ddi song van hoa hom Triidc het hay noi ve mi^c sink, nhif la mot chi bao cua trinh iing x i i van hoa Ngiidi phu n i i nong thon mien Tay Nam bo sinh nhieu Mac dau vong 15 nam trd lai day, c\i dan viing da chap nhan mot so' bien phap ngufa thai, va ci mot so' nhom xa hoi nhat dinh (phu n i i tre, dan thi, t h i tii) da c6 chuyen bien biidc dau ve quan niem so' hdp ly, song theo so lieu dieu tra qudc gia nam 1992 -1993, so' t r u n g binh cua cac ba me ci DBSCL v^n d miic 3,2 con' So' ba me c6 - khong phai la hiem d viing Co mot hien tildng rat c^n luu y la, neu nhii bay, tarn nam ve triidc, ci cac tinh viing, viec giam t i le tang triicing t i i nhien dan so' hang nam xuo'ng 0,1% khong phai la dieu qua kho khan; t h i bay, tam nam gan day, keo xuo'ng mdi nam chiing 0,01% la mot viec het siic chat vat doi vdi nhieu tinh Co nhieu ly de ly giai hien tiidng Nhiing neu chi xet rieng ve khia • So t r u n g binh cua cac ba me dong b i n g song Hong la 2,9 (so'lieu dieu t r a nam 1992 - 1993) •• ; Nguyen 216 Quang Vinh canh van hoa ciia viec tai san xuat dan c\i, t h i da thay c6 nhieu van de phai giai quyet Nhieu cuoc dieu tra xa hoi hoc cho thay boh ly muon sinh nhieu van dUdc lap di lap lai d ca hai gidi nam nQ va ci moi Itfa tuoi cua cxi dan nong thon DBSCL: - Can ngiidi cham soc k h i gia yeu, - Can du trai, gai, - Muon gia dinh c6 nhieu sutc lao dong, - Dong t h i nhieu phifdc Doi v6i nam gidi, doi vdi ngifdi gia va t r u n g nien thuoc ca hai gidi t h i quan niem kha kien c6', mac dau cung CO chieu hiidng hdi giam xuo'ng tac dong tong hdp cua nhieu cuoc van dong xa hoi Tuy cac gia dinh tre muon thay doi mo hinh ling xvL van hoa tren linh viic nay, song tam anh hifdng tinh t h i n va sii kiem tra xa hoi cua cha me, ong ba (thiidng cxi t r i i rat gan vdi ho) cung kha 16n Trong so' cac anh hUdng va siic ep tinh than tH phia cac bac trifdng thifdng do, c6 the ke den sxi binh gia thUdng xuyen do'i vdi cac cap vd chong tre ve sil \xia chon cac bien phap ngijfa thai (vi du: nhieu vi rat "ngan" bien phap triet san nam hoac ni3), binh gia ve so da sinh, hoac ve tinh trang thieu vang trai, v.v ^ X e m t h e m : N g u y e n Q u a n g V i n h - "Kehoach bang song Cilu Long cuo'n s a c h n a y hoa gia dinh d dong nhin tii goc bien doi loi song", i n 01 tim sire song cac quan he xa hoi 217 Do mile sinh cao, nen t i le mac benh (trong nam) ciia cac ba me d DBSCL ciing cao hdn nhieu vung nxidc va hien d miic 75,57% O cac ba me c6 trd len, t i le mac benh cua me len den 80% (cac so' tifdng iing d dong bling song Hong la 66,01% va 67,1%) Ti le tre em suy dinh di/dng d DBSCL ciing vao loai cao nhat ca nxidc, mac dau cac dieu kien ve chat bot, tom ca, trai cay vung khong phai la thieu thon Ngiidi ta Ixiu y cang nhieu tdi viec di t i m nguyen nhan cua tinh trang Difdc neu len hang dau la cac nguyen nhan: trinh dan t r i chiia cao cua phu nxL DBSCL noi chung va each thijfc cham nuoi cua cac ba me vCing noi rieng chiia hdp ly, thieu khoa hoe Yeu to' nhiem nghiem nguon nxidc mat d DBSCL ciing la mot nguyen nhan gay benh dUdng ruot cho tre va lam nghiem them tinh trang suy dinh difdng Cac cuoc khao sat gan day nhat cho thay chi eo 20% dan cxi DBSCL CO diidc nguon nxidc uo'ng an toan Cung each an d tren song rach va xa phan rac tien cua dong dao cxi dan cung la mot nguon goc gay nhiem niidc Trong k h i do, miCc thu hildng cac dich vu y te cxxa ba vung ciing thap so vdi cac chi tieu cua ca nude Trong k h i chi tieu binh quan cua ca nifde la 103 y bac si (trong c6 40 bac si) tren 100.000 dan; cua dong bang song Hong la 87 y bac si (trong c6 38 bac si) tren 100.000 dan, t h i DBSCL chi c6 difdc binh quan 84 y bac si tren 100.000 dan (trong so bac si ehi c6 23) Mile giifdng NguySn Quang Vinh 218 Pi tim sCfc song cac quan he xa hoi benh t r e n 100.000 dan cua D B S C L c h i dat % mijfc D B S C L chi dat mufc 663 (bSng 63,8% b i n h q u a n ca nU6c, va 58,3% m\ic b i n h q u a n ciia dong 43,2% mile ciia dong bang song Hong) bang song Hong 219 miic ca nudc va - Do la n h i n miifc hoc v a n dan ci:; tijf p h i a cac hoat dong Nan mu chit, tinh trang tre em cham den Idp hoac bo h i e n h a n h cua he t h o n g giao due thong N e u xet h i e n cua n g i i d i dan t r a n g t r i n h hoc v a n ciia t o a n bo dan c h u n g tii 10 t u o i hoc va trinh hoc van binh quan thdp len, t h i c6 den 16% dan c h u n g hoan t o a n k h o n g D B S C L cung la mot n h a n to l a m t r d n g a i Idn cho phat trd t r i e n ben vQng biet cha • f N e u chi khao sat so hoc s i n h t h o n g cac cap (dau n a m hoc 1992-1993) t r e n 100.000 dan, t h i thay DBSCL k h o n g t h a p t h u a bao n h i e u so v6i chi t i e u tvfdng ijfng cua ca ( t r o n g cong dong ba Khdme, so' hoan toan k h o n g biet doc, biet viet t i e n g V i e t l e n t d i 51,58%) T i le c\i dan (tijf 10 t u o i trci len) chi c6 t r i n h cap I t r d xuo'ng, chiem den , % nUdc Song v a n de noi com len la 80% cd sd trUdng Idp t r o n g Chi bay n h i e u so' t h o n g ke k h a c h quan ve ddi song v u n g deu r a t tho sd, t a m bd; giao v i e n t i e u hoc t h i e u nghiem v a n hoa cua dan c h u n g cung da cho t h a y mot n g h i c h ly t r d trough; mot so'vung sau, v u n g xa t h a m chi k h o n g c6 t h a y c6 t r e u cho sti p h a t t r i e n difdng d a i cua D B S C L M o t t i n h giao va cd sd t r i f d n g Idp^ T i le t r e em iii 6-14 t u o i chiia den t r a n g n h i f the, neu k h o n g diidc cai t h i e n tii can ban t n j d n g thuoc loai cao n h a t t r o n g ca niidc (34,17%) n h i i n g c h i i t r d d n g , bien phap dau tu: m a n h me c6 k h a n a n g N e u n h i n v a n de d t a m p h a t t r i e n theo h i i d n g cong nghiep hoa va h i e n dai hoa, t h i t i le hoc s i n h cap I I I (pho t h o n g t r u n g hoc) t r o n g v u n g qua t h a p T r o n g k h i ca niidc c6 991 hoc s i n h cap III/IOO.OOO dan, t h i c h i so d hkng xoay v a n t i n h the l i e n tuc t r o n g k h o a n g mot h a i t h a p k y tdi, t h i chac chan se l a m chiSng l a i da t a n g t r i f d n g k i n h te viia lay l a i difdc, va se thtte siJ kho k h i biide vao mot t h d i ky p h a t t r i e n toan dien, t r o n g yeu to n g d d i va t i e m n a n g v a n hoa cua ngUdi se diidc h u y dong den cao Chi tinh d tinh Can Thd, Dong Thap, A n Giang nam I I PHAT T R I E N T A I N G U Y E N CON N G l / O l - G I A I PHAP 1994, he thong giao due thong d a n g t h i e u k h o a n g 4000 giao CO T I N H C H I E N L l / O C DE T I C H C l / C H O A T I E M N A N G v i e n tieu hoc VAN Co n h Q n g v u n g s a u , trifOng 16p thong quoc lap k h o n g vildn tdi dUOc, ba p h a i t\i dong gop cay, l a dvtng Idp, gop t i e n nuoi thay giao d a n lap chon tif thon ap, de day tre v6i c h u o n g t r i n h k h o n g day d u va c h a t lUOng t h a p mot H O A CUA CU" D A N Con ngddi m i e n Tay vo'n n o i t i e n g t i i l a u ve nhiifng truyen thong van hoa quy bdu, t i f n g diidc t h i i t h a c h t r o n g 220 Nguyen Quang Vinh Di tim sCfc song cac quart he xa hoi 221 l i c h s\i Long can trvfdng, t i n h t h i e t t h i i c va k h a nang t h i c h giao due thong; dao l u y e n tay nghe da dang cho c\i dan l i n g l i n h hoat cua nhQng the he n g i i d i d i k h a i pha nong t h o n va t h i , de ho c6 d u siic don n h a n chUdng v u n g dat mdi, da difdc chijfng thiJc bang c h i n h v u n g giang t r i n h ehuyen giao cong nghe m a n h me vao t r o n g vOing nay, sdn t r u p h u m a ho la chu the xay d i i n g nen M o t dac t i n h chac chan se dien r a vdi mot n h i p cao v a n hoa noi t r o i nQa cua ngifdi m i e n Tay l a t i n h t h a n t i i chu, phong each giao l i i u cdi mci, m l n cam v6i cai m d i va Co le dieu dau t i e n diidc ngUdi t a Ixiu y den k h i b a n ve cai t h i e n hoat dong giao due t r o n g v i i n g la p h a i c6 svi k h o n g c h i u go bo t r o n g n h i i n g k h u o n m a u giao dieu cvfng dau nh4c Do la nhiJng t i e m n a n g v a n hoa can p h a i diidc tiep m a n h " nay, t h i D B S C L se k h o n g dat t d i dUde t r i n h eo tuc v u n boi va t i c h ciic hoa, trifdc n g i i d n g c\ia cua mot t h d i du m a n g Ixidi t r i i d n g Idp n g h i e m ehinh, d u t h a y c6 giao deu tu dung mi2c cua Nhd niCdc K h o n g c6 "qua dam k y p h a t t r i e n mdi Qua t r i n h xa h o i hoa the he t r e dang k h a p cho t d i t a n v u n g sau, v i i n g xa N h f l n g k h o k h a n dac 16n len cua D B S C L p h a i l a m gop p h a n t r a o t r u y e n l a i biet dia h i n h song r a c h chang chit, cac q u a n cif b i chia diidc cac p h a m chat v a n hoa t r u y e n t h o n g quy b a u ay, va cat, c i i n g can diide x i i l y k h i m u o n cap hoa t r i t h i i c p h a t t r i e n len cho ngang tarn v d i nhutng doi hoi r a t cao cua t h o n g va t r i thiifc k y t h u a t cho dan ehiing D i i d n g n h i i t i e n t r i n h cong nghiep hoa va t h i hoa The he nhQng ngiidi t a i t n g h i den viec v a n d u n g cac ed che giao due n g i i d i lao dong m d i d D B S C L k h o n g the l a s i i t a i tao tif xa - t h o n g qua sach bao, radio, t i v i - de tiep siic t h e m n g u y e n ban l a i nhiJng g i cha a n h ho da c6 (va da tijfng cho m a n g lifdi t r i f d n g Idp r a t k h o t r i e n k h a i t h a u k h a p t h a n h cong 16n vdi cai von da c6 do) t r o n g qua khijt Cac t r o n g mot lue C h u n g t o i cho r i n g cae the he dang Idn l e n thiidc dan t r i ciing c6 t i n h l i c h svL Gid day, d n g i i d n g CO the se d a n d a n tiep n h a n ed che nay, c h i i day k h o n g ciia t h e k y X X I , n g i i d i lao dong m i e n Tay p h a i c6 d u t r i t h i i c , n a n g l\ic de v i i d t qua c h u n g h i a k i n h n g h i e m , phong p h a i ehi la chuyen " v i l n t i f d n g " H d n nijfa, n h u cau t h d i dai, va t i n h t h i e t t h i i c cua each mo phong va " t h i i - s a i " mo m & m t r o n g san x u a t ma n g i i d i m i e n Tay, nen chu y l a m dam net t h e m cac t i n h cha ong ho da n h i e u ddi v a n d u n g de l a m r a cay l u a , h a t thiet thue va t i n h hifdng ve k y t h u a t cua cac t r i t h i i c can gao, t r a i cay, dan gia suc SiJ canh t a n v a n hoa cua dat t r u y e n t h u Day la mot each tiep can r a t c6 t r i e n vong, neu nxidc noi chung, va cua D B S C L noi r i e n g c6 le trifdc het ta xem xet n6 t r o n g stf ddi chieu vdi k i n h nghiem mot so" p h a i diidc "cay" vao chiidng t r i n h p h a t t r i e n t a i n g u y e n quoc gia t r o n g k h u w^ic M o i ngvfdi deu biet H a n Quoe va n g i i d i ci v u n g M o t qua t r i n h tri tue hoa lao dong p h a i Singapore la n h i i n g niidc di len ra't n h a n h n h d vao sii difdc khcii dong mot each eo chu dich v a c6 p h i i d n g phap nghiep giao due quoc dan M o t t r o n g n h i i n g bai hoc Idn cua d u n g dan B a t dau tijf viec mci r o n g va n a n g cao chat lifdng ho la N h a nifdc dau t i i m a n h vao giao due, n h i f n g dieu quan Nguyen Quang Vinh 222 £)i tim sire song cac quan he xa hoi 223 t r o n g hdn la viec dau t\i dat dau n h a n vao mot nen gido qua viec phat h u y v a i t r o cua D a i hoc Can Thd, cung n h u due hitdng ve ky thudt H a n Quoc tr\ic tiep k h a i thac n h i i n g ciia h i n h t h i i c giao due tCf xa (qua radio va t i v i ) , ngUdi t a bai hoc quy ciia N h a t va Dijfc t r o n g k h u y n h hifdng n h a n cung C O the dat dau nhan m a n h giao due k y t h u a t Con Singapore t h i t r o n g k h i co t i e m n a n g v a n hoa eiia dan chung Rieng d cap d a i hoc, g i n g de thoat k h o i vong a n h hiicing ciia he thong giao hang n a m co 8.000 em ci D B S C L nop ddn t h i , song D a i dung mite cho ky thudt due thuoc dia cua nxidc A n h t r o n g qua k h i i , cung dong thdi hoc Can T h d chi tiep n h a n noi t o i da 2.000 em N e u cho n h a n m a n h hdn den dao tao k y t h u a t va nghe nghiep cho t r i f d n g thUc h i e n quy che D a i hoc Cong dong, t h i co n h a n dan t r o n g chvTdng t r i n h giao due quoc dan V a chinh the t h u nap k h o a n g 4.000 - 5.000 em vao hoc g i a i doan I nhd d d i n h h i i d n g t h i c h hdp n h i i the, h a i quoc gia noi t r e n (chiJdng t r i n h d a i hoc ed sci), tao nen mong t r i thiie va t a m da don dau difdc cac thach eua t a n g trufdng va phat t r i e n the hxidng nghiep sau cho cac em di vao cac ehuyen khoa n h a n h , k h i e n cho viec phat t r i e n t a i nguyen ngiidi co cua D a i hoc Can T h d va cac dai hoc khae d v u n g N a m bo the " t r d bo" k i p triidc cac k h i i c q u a n h den ehdng m a t cua n h i i n g n a m tiep sau H i e n nay, D a i hoc Can T h d da co toe t r i e n k h a i ddi song k i n h te - xa hoi h i e n dai Con giao quan he hdp tac vdi n h i e u t r i f d n g dai hoe t r e n the gi6i, due d M a l a i x i a , Indonesia va T h a i L a n , t r o n g k h i da l a m thuoc h a u het cac chau lue, va la ed sci t o t de co the mot dieu r a t xac dang la coi t r o n g d u n g mile cac khoa hoc t r i e n k h a i h i n h thijfc dai hoe eong dong V a neu biet d i n h xa hoi va n h a n van, l a i co t h d i k y coi nhe hoac gay r a t a m ly hu6ng d u n g cho ed che dao tao mem deo nay, t h i dau n h a n coi nhe dao tao k y t h u a t t r o n g xa hoi, nen da p h a i dieu k y t h u a t se c6 the dUde t h i i c h i e n k h o n g may kho k h a n cho ehinh mot each i t n h i e u b i dong so'thanh n i e n D B S C L co hoc v a n cao N o i l a i bai hoc k i n h n g h i e m nay, c h u n g t o i n g h i r ^ n g c6 le no C O y n g h l a doi v6i sii nghiep eai each giao due d ca rvddc t a , ehil k h o n g c h i r i e n g la v a n de cua D B S C L Song ca k h i cac s i p xep c h u n g cua nen giao due ca nii6c eon ehiia diide thiJc h i e n sdm sua, t h i , theo c h u n g t o i , viec d i n h h u n g sau hdn vao k y t h u a t cho c\i d a n D B S C L v l n C O the diide t r i e n k h a i t h o n g qua n h i e u ed che sSn co t r o n g t a m t a y Chang h a n t h o n g qua viec t h u c day thUc hien n h a n h p h a n b a n d cap H I cho D B S C L , t h o n g qua viec xav d i i n g cac t r u n g t a m day nghe d nong t h o n va t h i , thong Viec gay d i i n g tUng hxidc cho D B S C L mot nen san x u a t C O h a m l\Jdng khoa hoc va t r i tue cao r a t co the diidc thue h i e n t i i h a i nga M o t m a t la n a n g cao d a n qua t r i n h t r i tue hoa lao dong cua ngifdi san x u a t d ed sd t h o n g qua cac hoat dong k h u y e n nong, k h u y e n ngif, k h u y e n eong da dang M a t khae, thuc day sii r a ddi cua mot t a n g 16p t r i thutc da dan toe t r e t u o i t r o n g v u n g , l a m t h a n h mot diem tr-oi ve t r i tue t r o n g ed cau xa hoi Co le cung p h a i n g h l den p h a t t r i e n mot m a n g \\idi t r u y e n t h o n g khoa hoc cap t r o n g v u n g , tii tao dUng 0i tim sLfc song cac quan he xa hoi mot phong each van hoa m6i cho cac the he cii dan D B S C L cuoi the ky X X , dau the ky X X I - phong each t i m doc va nghe - nhin nhQng noi dung c6 tac dung hiidng dan cho su di dong xa hoi - nghe nghiep va dich chuyen cO cau kinh te cua vung Day ciing la nhiing bien phap ky thuat va xa hoi de phat huy truyen thong ve tinh nang dong, phong each cdi md, kha nang thich iing cua cif dan D B S C L dieu kien lich stC mdi Phu nH DBSCL la mot ehu the xa hoi rat quan cua san xuat vat chat va tinh than, ciing nhii cua siJ nghiep tai san xuat cac the he dan c\i cho vung dat dang bien doi nhanh chong Bao ve va nang cao siie khoe cho phu nQ, nhat la cho cac ba me tuoi sinh san, la mot noi dung rat then chot cua cong euoc phat trien tai nguyen ngiidi Bcii vi, vdi t u each la ngUdi vd, ngifdi me, ngvfdi noi trd, neu chi em phu niJ vung diidc tiep silc de cai bien phUdng thiic nuoi day con, cham soc cho moi trifdng song cua gia dinh, dieu chinh hdp ly miic sinh, quan tam den viee hoc hanh lien tuc cua cai tudi den trvfdng, t h i siie tac dong cua 161 song cua chi em se cham tdi dUdc nhQng tang rat sau cua sii tien hoa cd cau xa hoi I I I XU" L Y D U N G M O I Q U A N H E GIU"A T R U Y E N T H O N G vA cAcH T A N vA T R O N G L O I S O N G C U A CAC TOC NGUOI C U A T O A N BO C U D A N T R O N G V U N G D B S C L la mot vung da van hoa, la nOi cU tru xen ke cua nhieu toe ngiidi tvi nhieu the ky, vdi mot moi giao lifu 225 van hoa sau rong va lanh manh NgUdi Viet, ngiJdi Khdme, ngiidi Cham Hoi giao da ciing chia se cong trinh khai pha va phat trien xa hoi rat manh me suot ba the ky qua, moi toe ngUdi v&n gin giQ nhiing ban sic van hoa dae thu cua minh to chiic san xuat, to chiic cac quan he cong dong, va chia se cac niem t i n ton giao, t i n ngvfdng i t nhieu rieng biet Cac moi giao thoa van hoa da diidc the nghiem sau sic thong qua cac giao liiu va bd sung cho ve ky thuat san xuat, thiidng mai, ve ngon ngii, ve sinh boat l l hoi va t i n ngiidng, ve trao ddi hon nhan, ve cac qua t r i n h qu^n cii va di cM noi vCing v.v Cac cuoc dieu tra xa hoi hoc thap ky 90 cho thay qua trinh trao ddi hon nhan giiia ngifdi Viet, ngiidi Hoa va ngUdi Khdme da de lai nhiing dau an van hoa sau dam viee cai bien phong each lam an va sinh boat cua khong it gia dinh Mot cuoc khao sat xa hoi (chon m^u) d vung nam song Mang Thit (thuoc tinh Tra Vinh va Vinh Long) vao nam 1992 cho thay eo 7% cac ho ngifdi Viet (dUdc khao sat) c6 quan he trao ddi hon nhan vdi ngiidi Hoa va 6% khac c6 quan he trao ddi hon nhan vdi ngUdi Khdme Trong k h i do, d 7,1% so ho Khdme diidc khao sat CO ghi nhan thay hien tUdng lay vd lay chong la ngUdi Viet va 1,2% so'ho CO vien lay vd lay chong la ngUdi Hoa Trong k h i khao sat cong viee lam an sinh song cua ba eon ngiidi Khdme, ehung toi thay d nhiing ho c6 quan he trao doi hon nhan vdi ngifdi Viet hoac ngiidi Hoa, mijte song thudng CO phan cao hdn, phong each to ehijfc san xuat kinh doanh c6 phan nang dong, da dang hdn Neu nhu xet NguySn Quang Vinh 226 c h u n g cpng dong K h d m e v u n g n a m M a n g T h i t , t h i n h o m Di tim SL/c song cac quan he xa hoi 227 tach biet ( n h d t r d d n g hdp cac d a n toe i t n g d d i d m i e n n u i ) CO miic t h u nhap t h a p chiem den 4 , % t o n g so'ho Khome t h i viee x d l y cac dac t h u cua v a n hoa san x u a t dd gap kho dddc khao sat T r o n g k h i do, d n h o m cac ho K h d m e c6 k h a n hdn n h i e u D a n g nay, n g d d i V i e t , n g d d i Hoa, ngddi q u a n he t r a o doi h o n n h a n vdi ngddi V i e t hoac n g i i d i Hoa, K h d m e l a i h a u n h d cong cd t r e n ciing n h i i n g dia ban d d an t y le ho CO t h u nhap t h a p chi chiem 35,7% so' ho cua rong Idn, cho nen, cung mot d d a n phat t r i e n , k h o n g the c6 n h o m sau ma t h o i h a i mo h i n h , h a i n h i p d i chen Ian vao n h a u Mac dau c6 n h i e u khac biet ve t r u y e n t h o n g v a n hoa, N o i cho d u n g r a , mot so' k h u vdc d a n ed K h d m e d dac diem t i n ngifdng, ngon ngU, phong tuc, nep q u a n cu D B S C L da t h i i n g h i e m dan t h a n l a m h a i v u l u a Ho l a m v.v , song t r o n g l i c h s\i c i i n g n h d h i e n t a i , k h o n g t h a y x u a t dddc, n h d n g n a n g suat n h i n c h u n g v a n t h a p , t r o n g k h i h i e n n h i i n g x u n g dot ve q u a n he toe ngifdi giiia cac cong mde doi h o i d^u t d de v d d t qua sdc c h i u d d n g cua k h a dong d a n cd t r o n g v i i n g canh t r a n h k i n h te hoac khac dong cac ho K h d m e ngheo V i vay, de chuyen hoa d a n mo biet v a n hoa T u y vay, n e u n h i n ci goc ciia cac chddng h i n h v a n hoa san x u a t cua ba Khdme, c6 le p h a i xac t r i n h p h a t t r i e n quy mo Idn, dong c h a m sau xa t d i mo h i n h d i n h chddng t r i n h t h u hep l u a m u a d mot n h i p v i i a canh tac, san x u a t , k i n h doanh da t h a n h t r u y e n t h o n g cua p h a i , k h o n g qua voi va Dong t h d i can c6 sd ho t r d t i n d u n g m o i toe ngddi, t h i c i i n g n h i i n g t r d n g a i Idn can p h a i vdi dieu k i e n de dang hdn cho cac v u n g ma ba dan toe vddt qua Do la mot dang t r d n g a i v a n hoa cua p h a t t r i e n K h d m e dang m a n h dan d i vao mo h i n h h a i v u lua Sd u n g T r o n g k h i ngddi V i e t da d i sau vao t h a m canh lua - v u / ho k h u y n h h u d n g doi m d i cong nghe canh tac t d p h i a n a m va bddc dau p h a t t r i e n cac dang boat dong p h i - nong cac v i luc ea va cac v i sd sai t r o n g cac ngoi ehiia K h d m e nghiep va dich v u n o n g t h o n , t h i k h o n g i t ba ngddi cac t r u n g tarn v a n hoa t i n h t h a n ciia cong dong - K h d m e v a n d a m c h a n k h a l a u t r o n g t i n h t r a n g l a m mot y n g h i a r a t to Idn day, cac n h a q u a n l y p h a t t r i e n l u a m i i a mot v u P h o n g each t i c h l i i y , t i e u d i i n g v a t a i dau can de t a m sau sic h d n den m o i tac dong qua l a i giiJa bo'n t d cho p h a t t r i e n d h a i toe ngddi c i i n g khac biet K h i di n h a n to: t a p tuc v a n hoa - cong nghe m d i - dieu k i e n d a u sau vao cac d d an p h a t t r i e n t d n g hdp t i e u v u n g , t h i cang t d de doi m d i - va c h i n h ban t h a n h a n h v i san x u a t cua cac t h a y sd khac biet ve v a n hoa san x u a t dang l a m x u a t chu t h e k i n h te n g d d i Khdme h i e n n h i i n g bai t o a n hoc bua, n e u m u o n xac d i n h n h i p va quy mo doi m d i cd cau m i i a v u , k h a i thac t o i d u cac cong t r i n h t h i i y Idi, h i n h t h a n h cac d i e m t h i m d i v.v N e u sd q u a n cd cua cac toe n g d d i t r o n g v i i n g da dddc t h i e t lap - mang N h d vay la viee x i i ly d u n g dan moi q u a n he t r u y e n tho'ng va each t a n t r o n g 16'i song, trddc bet dddc t h e h i e n t r o n g l i n h vdc h a n h v i san x u a t V a de thue day mot bddc chuyen bien t r o n g l o i song, n g d d i t a p h a i c h u y den r a t Nguyen 262 Quang Vinh tri thiJtc" sang vai trd ngiCdi trung gian cho sit trao dot giQa cdc ngudn sdn xudt tri thitc xd hoi^ 1.3.2 Cdc yeu to cua mot KheiCdc xd hoi mdi d phifdng Tay nay, cac he thong t\i tifdng va d i n h che to r a qua cham chan triidc cac thttc te' dang bien doi n h a n h cua the gidi Do p h a i c6 mot cuoc each m a n g t r o n g cac quan niem va cac d i n h che He thong dai hoc mdi phai gop phdn ddp ling cho dtCOc bon yeu cdu he sau day: - P h a i skn sang dap l i n g cho n h i i n g bien doi cd b a n trongthe ky XXI; ?n6i quan he, theo do, t r o n g qua t r i n h xay d i i n g va cung c6' cac m o i q u a n he t r o n g k h u o n k h o K h e xidc mdi, p h a i bao dam sU tUdng tac t i c h otic t r o n g q u a n he giQa cac cap y e u to'difdiday: ,j - Q u a n he giiJa thong nhdt v a da dang ChSng nhiJng p h a i bao ve t i n h da dang ve q u a n diem, ve v a n hoa va t r i t h i i c , m a p h a i bao d a m siJ t i f d n g tac t h i i d n g x u y e n gii3a t i n h t h o n g n h a t cua k i e n t h i i c va t i n h da dang cua cac each tiep can - Q u a n he giuta cd nhdn va tap the Q u a n he doi h o i t i n h k h o a n d u n g ciing n h i i k e t hdp g i i i a sxi d a n t h a n cua - P h a i gop p h a n q u a n l y difdc m o i q u a n he da dang giQa cac n g u o n t r i thijfc v a giuta cac tac n h a n ; - Phai biet d a t l a i d u n g cho cac muc dich va cac phifdng t i e n ; qua m a t a i tao c h u n g h i a n h a n v a n t h o n g qua cac hoat dong cua m i n h ; - He thong dai hoc phai thxia n h a n cac nguon san x u a t t r i thiic khac va t\i xac d i n h m i n h nh\i mot d i n h che t r u n g gian, sif t h a m n h u a n sau s4c quy l u a t cua qua t r i n h the gi6i hoa (mondialisation) va s'J p h u thuoc Ian n h a u cua the gi6i 1.3.3 Khe i/dc xd hoi mdi phai 263 Di tim sdc song cac quan he xa hoi diidc dat tren mot hien chitcfng ve cdc trdch nhiem cua ngildi N o i ro hdn, day c h i n h l a he t h o n g cC sd dao ly cua cdc ca n h a n va sii d a n t h a n t a p t h e - Q u a n he giiia t i n h lien tuc va svf bien ddi - Q u a n he giiia tu va trdch nhiem\ 1.4 S i i hdp tac g i i i a triJdng d a i hoc va ddi song lao dong dang t r d t h a n h mot m e n h lenh cua cuoc song va de l a i d a u an t r e n cac q u a n diem sii p h a m h i e n d a i Theo Paivi Tyniala va cac dong tac gia t r o n g b a i "Cdc quan diem sU pham ve mdi quan he giiia gido due dai hoc vd ddi song lao dong", t h i moi quan he giiia cac d i n h che giao due dai hoc vdi moi t r i i d n g x u n g quanh da thay doi 16n lao vong h a i thap k y gan day Cac tac gia cho r&ng: "Viec dai chiing hoa va da dang hoa he thong giao due dai hoc, qua t r i n h toan cau hoa k i n h te, n h i i n g phiidng thiic san x u a t t r i Daniel Allard 2002 Globalisation: Quels enjeux pour les universites Intervention au Colloque a I'Universite Laval, Canada du 18 au 21/9/2002 Pierre Calame, 2004, Sdd NguySn Quang Vinh 264 thijtc m6i, n h i i n g doi hoi mdi me he thong day nghe bac cao buoc phai tao nhiJng h i n h t h a i hdp tac mdi vdi ddi song lao dong" N h a n day, can c6 mot ghi chii nho rang phan 16n cac dien dan va bai viet hien d Viet N a m , ngiidi ta chi t h i i d n g noi n h i e u den khia canh thiXc dung cua viec dao tao theo n h u ck\x xa hoi (vi l a m n h i i the t h i sinh vien trvfdng de c6 viec l a m va khoi ngd ngac), chii chiia n h a n m a n h dung xmic den n h i i n g cd sd k i n h te, xa hoi c6 t i n h todn canh va toan cau cua k h u y n h hiidng lien ket dai hoc - doanh nghiep n h i i chung t a dang thay H o a n canh mdi viia diidc de cap d t r e n buoc giao due dai hoc t r e n the gidi p h a i phat t r i e n n h i i n g t i f sii p h a m m d i va nhijfng dang thvfc h a n h sii p h a m mdi Do do, d i i n g tii g6c sii p h a m ma xet, t h i s i i t i c h hdp giuta l y t h u y e t va t h i i c h a n h t r o n g boi canh the gidi mdi, c h i c6 the xay d i i n g t r e n n g u y e n ly "hoc tap dvfa t r e n cd sd lao dong" (work-based l e a r n i n g ) Di tim SLfc song cac quan he xa hoi 265 - T\i quan diem ciia xa hoi va he thong giao due noi chung^ Cac quan diem sii p h a m ve mo'i q u a n he t a t yeu giiJa t r i i d n g d a i hoc va ddi song san x u a t h i e n d a i difdc t r i e n k h a i d mot chieu canh q u a n t r o n g khac, la gid day n g i i d i ta k h o n g the chi tiep can v a n de ci quy mo quoc gia n i i a , ma p h a i c6 tarn n h i n ve cac mo'i q u a n he toan cau Tii x u a t p h a t diem nay, ngifdi t a c6 the t r i e n k h a i r a t n h i e u y t i i d n g mdi, chang h a n n h i i ve mo'i q u a n he l i e n ket, hdp tac BacN a m g i i i a cac t r i i d n g d a i hoc, ve viec t r a n g b i da ngon n g i i cho t h a y t r d dai hoc, ve k h a i n i e m " k y sii toan cau" v.v T r o n g mot hoi n g h i giao due dang chu y, to chiic t a i San Diego (My) vao n a m 2006, Scott Danielson va cac dong tac gia khac da c6 bai t h a m l u a n t h i i v i ve "Dao tao cong nghe cong trinh thdi dai todn cau hoa" K h i xem xet n a n g liic canh t r a n h t r o n g dao tao cong nghe ciia M y t r o n g boi canh toan cau h6a, bai t h a m l u a n da canh bao ve sii sa siit cua k i e n thiic, k y n a n g nghiep v u k y s i i cua s i n h v i e n M y va k e u goi p h a i dau t i i cho giao due l i e n tuc d a n h cho Cac tac gia cung cung cap t h o n g t i n ve boh goc n h i n n g i i d i lao dong de g i n g i i i Idi t h e canh t r a n h " T i i t r d khac n h a u do'i vdi moi quan he giiia dai hoc va ddi song lao d i , bo'i canh quo'c te p h a i t r d t h a n h mot bo p h a n t h i i d n g dong N i cu the, quan he c6 the diidc xem xet: - Tijf goc n h i n ve viec hoc tap cua s i n h v i e n va sii h i n h x u y e n va t a t yeu cua thiJc t i i n nghe nghiep c h i i n g t a , cua m d i t r i i d n g ca n h a n m o i c h u n g ta"^ C i i n g ve chu de t h a n h t r i n h chuyen nghiep (expertise) cua ho; - T i f q u a n diem cua cac d i n h che giao due va doi n g i i giao sii; - T i f q u a n diem cua cac to chiic t r o n g ddi song lao dong va cua gidi nghiep chu; Paivi Tyniala et al "Pedagogical Perspectives on the Relationships between Higher Education and Working life", Higher education, vol 46, No September, 2006, pp 147-166 Scott Danielson et al "Engineering Technology Education in an Era of Globalization", Frontiers i n Education Conference, 2831/10/2006, San Diego, CA 266 NguySn Quang Vinh Di tjm SLfc song cac quan he xa hoi 267 W i l l i a m W u l f , V i e n t r i i d n g V i e n H a n l a m Quoc gia ve che hiiu dung, thiet thUc vd sinh Idi dang la k h a u hieu dan diidng tao (cua Hoa K y ) , da p h a t bieu: " T r o n g t i i d n g l a i , h i e u biet cho cac n6 hie nang cao hieu qua cua dai hoc T r e n t i n h t h a n nhufng nen v a n hoa khac, noi n h i i n g ngon ngijf khac de giao van dung cac bi quyet do, ngi/di My dd di tien phong tiep v6i moi ngifdi t r o n g tiep t h i va t a i c h i n h , la dieu can nghe thudt kei noi giiJta tri/dng dai hoc vd ddi song cong b a n t r o n g t h i i c t i e n ciia cac n g a n h thuoc khoa cong t r i n h , nhif V a t ly va Toan hoc" V a cung t r o n g mach suy n g h i nay, L i n d a K a t c h i da day t i mot hxidc cao hdn: "Cac k y su M y p h a i t r d t h a n h n h i i n g k y sif toan cau." nghiep M i nam, cac t r i i d n g dai hoc M y da t h u diidc hdn mot t y dola t i f p h i nhiidng quyen n h i i n g san pham cua ho Ngoai ra, hdn 170 t r i i d n g dai hoc d M y da c6 to chiic h6 t r d k h d i nghiep k i n h doanh Do la chiia ke hang loat t r i i d n g dai hoc khac cua M y da h i n h t h a n h difdc quy cua rieng m i n h de dau CAC B I E U H I E N PHONG P H U CUA M O I Q U A N H E D A I HOC - D O A N H N G H I E P T A I M O T SO QUOC GIA 2.2 Da dang hoa he t h o n g dai hoc de dap l i n g hdp ly 2.1 TrUdng dai hoc M y : P h a i hufu dung, t h i e t t h i i c va sinh Idi! Cac t r i f d n g dai hoc M y c6 t i n h h i e u qua r a t cao Nam 2001, cac t r i f d n g dai hoc M y chiem t d i 30% so'liidng cac bai bao va cong t r i n h khoa hoc cong bo' t r e n dien d a n quo'c te, va chiem t d i 44% tong so cac cong t r i n h diidc t r i c h d i n nhieu n h a t t r e n van lieu quoc te Y chi nang cao chat liidng cac t r i f d n g dai hoc the h i e n t r e n n h i e u chi t i e u , song c6 mot chi t i e u v6 ciang an t i i d n g : cac dai hoc M y h i e n dang t u y e n d u n g 70% n h i i n g ngUdi doat g i a i Nobel khoa t i i vao boat dong moi t r i i d n g cdng nghiep^ hoc t r e n the gidi Ngiidi ta thifdng neu len ba bi quyet cong cua cac cuoc ket noi n h i e u t a n g vdi ddi song san x u a t NgUdi M y c6 k h a i n i e m " D a i hoc n g h i e n c i i u " de c h i cac t r i i d n g dai hoc 16n, cung cap mot nen giao due t a m cd (nhif dai hoc M i c h i g a n , Texas, Berkeley) P h a n Idn l a i la n h i i n g triCdng dai hoc binh thiCdng vd cac triidng cao dang cong dong, d do, moi hen k e t d a i hoc - doanh nghiep dien r a r a t t h i e t t h i i c Con cac dai hoc n g h i e n c i i u t h i c i i n g t h a m d i i r a t sau vao moi l i e n k e t nay, n h i i n g d mot t a n g cao h d n , va n h i n be ngoai c6 ve i t t r i i c tiep h d n M o t t r o n g n h i i n g dang hen k e t h i e u qua giiia dai hoc va cong nghiep difdc ngifdi M y sang tao r a la "quan he t h a m v a n (consulternships) cong nghiep - dai hoc" Cac tac gia triJdng dai hoc M y Do la sii t h a m gia r a t tich ciic cua tdi trd tu nhdn doi v6i he thong cac trifdng dai hoc M y ; la sii canh tranh ue moi mat giiia cac t r i i d n g dai hoc; va cuoi ciing la tinh " f l g i hoc My - Ba bi quyet cong", FPT University website, 1/2007 268 Nguyen Quang Vinh £»/ tim sCfc song cac quan he xa 269 hoi Bruce R N e u m a n n va Sally B a n g h a r t ciia t r i f d n g dai hoc each C O hieu qua n h i i n g ky n a n g giao tiep va xay d u n g Colorado d Denver da t r i n h bay r a t sang ro ve dang hen ket n h o m ma ho chd ddi Va c h i n h la ly ngifdi t a d a n h r a t sang tao t r o n g bai "Quart he tham van cong gia r a t cao va r a silc t h i i n g h i e m mo h i n h q u a n he t h a m dai hoc: mot chi nam thiCc hdnh" nghiep- Trong ban chat, t h i cac v a n cong nghiep - dai hoe Day la mot dang tao dieu vien triXc tiep tham gia cac hoat dgng kien quan he t h a m van (diidc to chile chu dao) da va dang cho sinh tii van de no'i nhQng n h i p cau de r u t ngkn khoang each giijfa t r i n h gidi quyet cac van de cua xi nghiep; k y nang cua s m h vien tot nghiep v6i cac n h u cau bijfc thiet hen ket xay d q n g g i i i a mot n h o m (giao sif va s i n h vien) cua t r o n g ihxic t i e n san x u a t ciia cac nghiep chu Sq t h a t la cac t r i i d n g dai hoc v6i mot x i nghiep n h a t d i n h nao dang c6 nghiep c h i i va cac n h a n g h i e n ciiu khoa hoc da k h a m pha v a n de edn thao gd De xay d q n g mot t h a m v a n g i a i quyet t h a y mot khoang each 16n giiia n h u cau cua cong ty va ky v a n de, x i nghiep se k y hdp dong v6i mot n h o m giao sU va n a n g cua cac sinh vien tot nghiep D i e u thvfdng bao sinh vien dai hoc de giai quyet v a n de T h a c h t h i i e se gom ca nhuEng sinh vien tot nghiep eo the da c6 mot i t k i n h r a t Idn, c h i i k h o n g p h a i c h i dieu dom qua ngay, n h i f n g n g h i e m ve "the gidi thqe t a i " , n h i f n g v i n eo n h u cau hoan dong t h d i cd hoi de n h a p cuoe va t r i i d n g t h a n h ciing r a t t h i e n viee giao tiep thqc h a n h va k y nang giai quyet cac van Idn Bruce va Sally viet: " Q u a n he doi tac g i i i a giao due va de NhQng sinh vien tot nghiep noi t r e n mong m u o n c6 cong nghiep difdc coi la mot hvfdng dau t u song t r o n g t h e m n h i e u cd hoi l a m viee theo n h o m de phat h u y sang tUdng l a i cua nifdc M y , qua eo the t a n g t h e m n a n g kien, phat t r i e n t i n h k i e n t r i va t i n h t h a n t r u n g thqc C l i n g l i i d n g va dem l a i Idi ich cho t a t ca cac ben" dang t i i v a n difde n h i i vay, cac nghiep c h u t h i mong m u o n va doi hoi s i n h vien Sd d i goi cac q u a n he do'i tac la q u a n he t h a m v a n tot nghiep can c6 cac k y n a n g ci mijfc t i n h te va chuyen la v i , no bao h a m n h i e u k h i a canh cua mot m o i q u a n he nghiep, von h i e m thay x u a t hien d cac t r i f d n g dai hoc t h a m v a n dac t r i f n g g i i i a mot x i nghiep va cac c h u y e n gia T h q c r a t h i d cac t r U d n g dai hoe M y , ngifdi t a g h i n h a n da t i i n g c6 n h i e u dang t h u c tap va hoe viee n h a trUdng t a i t r d Song dang tiee la d nhufng cUdng v i hoe viee k i e u do, s i n h vien t h i f d n g chi dUde giao nhutng viee eo t i n h chat " n h a p mon", "dieu d o m " r a t n h a m chan, k k i e n n h i e u ngvfdi t r o n g so ho cam t h a y te n h a t va buon n a n Ro r a n g la ho deu nkm d "dudi day" cua cac n h o m lao dong T h o n g qua nhutng t r a i n g h i e m k i e u nay, ho k h o n g the tiep n h a n mot ben ngoai x i nghiep Cac s i n h v i e n t h a m gia cong viee t h i i d n g diidc yeu cau hoan t h a n h cac v a i t r o t i i v a n chuyen nghiep gom: - Bo sung cho so' n h a n v i e n ciia x i nghiep; - T h u thap thong t i n ; - Dong gop cac y k i e n k h a c h q u a n ; - C h a n doan va g i a i quyet cac v a n de cua x i nghiep; 270 Nguyen Quang Vinh - Xay dUng va trien khai cac phUdng phap mdi va he thong mdi; - Xuc tien va quan ly stt bien doi; - Dao tao va phat trien cac nhan vien cua x i nghiep khach hang; v.v Dxidi day la mot v i du minh hoa cho dang quan he tham van noi tren difdc to chiic tai trifdng Doanh thifdng, thuoc Dai hoc Colorado d Denver (My) Mot Trung tarn doi m6i cong nghe thong t i n (CITI) da difdc thiet lap tai triidng ma muc tieu cua no la tao de dang cho sii ket hdp dong bo giiia cong dong hoc thuat, cac cong ty, cac to chufc Nha nifdc, va thuc day cac chUdng trinh va cac cd hoi tao Idi ich cho tat ca cac ben CITI lap mot uy ban phat trien cua giao sii va sinh vien; no chi cho cac vien thay phai lam each nao de tien hanh tot cac quan he ben va ben ngoai, qua trinh hoat dong tham van va giam sat cua nha trUdng Hoat dong tham van da dien c6 hieu qua tai cac x i nghiep Y kien phan hoi cua cac sinh vien tham d\i cho thay ho da rut difdc nhiing bai hoc thiJc tien c6 y nghia Con cac giao sif t h i nhan thay c6 siJ triidng ro ret cua moi sinh vien, dac biet la ve ky nang thong t i n giao tiep^ 2.3 Mot so' mo h i n h lien ket d Dijtc Alexander Soder r u t tia kinh nghiem t\i trifdng Dai hoc B r u c e R Neumann, Sally Banghart, "Industry - University " c o n s u l t e r n s h i p s " : a n i m p l e m e n t a t i o n guide", The Journal of Educational Management, International 15/1/2001, pp 7-11 Di tim site song cac quan he xa hoi 271 khoa hoc ting dung (cua Diic) cho biet i t nhat c6 ba dang lien ket giiia trifdng dai hoc va cac doanh nghiep - Cong ty thue mot so' c\iu sinh vien lam nhan vien cua minh, nhUng giii ho vao trifdng dai hoc dxidi s\i giam sat cua mot giao s\i, de tham gia lam mot dxi an chung giiia cong ty va trifdng dai hoc - Sinh v i e n cii d lai l a m nhan vien triidng dai hoc va difdc trUdng giao t h a m gia mot d\i an cua cong ty, cong ty tra lUdng - Giao s\l dai hoc ciing mot so' cxiu sinh vien ket hdp v6i mot cong ty c6 quan he gan giii v6i nha triidng de cung tao san pham phu cua trifdng dai hoc 2.4 Thiic tien hdp tac dai hoc - doanh nghiep cl Italia Theo hai tac gia I t a l i a Sveva va Daniela t h i cac k i n h nghiem hdp tac giuta triidng dai hoc va cac x i nghiep d Italia hit dau txi rat s6m - dau the ky XX Trong bvfdc dau cua qua t r i n h hdp tac, cac sang kien deu chu yeu ca nhan cac giao sif hoac cac nha doanh nghiep diia ra, va chi sau mdi dan dan dufdc dinh che hoa va c6 diidc siJ cam ket giUa cac to chile cua ho Ngay nay, cac hoat dong hdp tac da difdc nang dd b^i mot mang liidi cac thoa thuan chinh thiic no'i ket giufa cac doi tac, hoac mot chiidng t r i n h khung tdng the da difdc xay diJng va quan ly bdi cac tac nhan khac tren l i n h vUc Mot nhiJng chifdng t r i n h chu yeu diidc quan ly bdi Hiep hoi cac nha cong nghiep Italia va Uy hoi cac Hieu triidng Dai hoc giup xuc tien va tao de dang cho sU hdp 272 Nguyen Quang Vinh tac O I t a l i a , muc t i e u b i e n n h a t cho s U hdp tac g i i i a m o i t n J d n g d a i hoc va m o i t r U d n g cong n g h i e p l a h d p tac dao tao n h a n siJ v a m d cac k h o a l i e n k e t dao tao giiJa d a i hoc va x i n g h i e p P h a i c h a n g day c i i n g la m o t d a n g "dao tao theo n h u c^u xa h o i " nhxi d a n g dvfdc b a n t h a o soi n o i d Viet Nam? DOI CANH KHOE, C h i mot cai n h i n lifcit n h a n h nhif the cung da cho t h a y the gi6i q u a n h t a dang bien doi dut doi; cac muc t i e u , cac p h i i d n g t i e n , cac m o i q u a n he, cac khe \i6c xa h o i d a n h cho CHO B A U T R d l CAO RONG (Hay la chat lifrfng dao tao s i n h v i e n xa h o i hoc) m o t l i n h v\ic n h a y cam la t r i f d n g dai hoc cung dang doi h o i p h a i c6 nhiJng dieu c h i n h va sang tao 16n lao N h i i n g gi vvfa diidc sd bo de cap d t r e n c6 the coi nhxi la mot t h i l Co m o t m o i a u lo gay n h i e u a m a n h n h a t t r o n g so" cac phong nen de c h u n g t a n h i n va h i e u n h i i n g bien doi va doi lo a u m a t o i a m t h a m g i i i m a i t r o n g l o n g ; ay l a , n h d den hoi k h a c h q u a n to Idn dang den vdi xa hoi, vdi m o i t r i i d n g m o t " x a u t r d i " nao do, c h u n g t a b6ng k h a m p h a r a cong nghiep va he t h o n g d a i hoc V i e t N a m TH do, n o i len r & n g t r o n g so'cac cxi n h a n xa h o i hoc ( X H H ) r a t r i i d n g , c6 t i n h cap bach cua mot cuoc each m a n g hoa sau s i c nen dai mot t y le cao n h i i n g n g i i d i "hay c h i i l o n g " Co n g h i a l a hoc cua niidc t a t r o n g bo'i canh toan cau hoa, t r o n g n u n g k h o n g diidc dao l u y e n den n d i den chon, n h i i n g v a n c i i n a u n i e m k h a t vong tao r a mot n e n giao due bac cao biet d i n h n i n h l a m i n h da cam t r o n g t a y cai n g h e xa h o i hoc t h a t s i i "dao tao theo n h u cau xa h o i " v6i y n g h i a s a u x a r o i Do m d i c h i n h l a d i e u d a n g n g a i ! Bcii v i , t h a c i i c h a n g n h a t cua n h i i n g tii n a y b i e t g i t h i d i m o t nhe; n h i i n g b i e t nxia v d i m a l a i r a t a y " v a n het ga" de l a m cai xa h o i hoc n i f a v d i ay, t h i t h a t l a (Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hoi, so 8, nam 2008) k h o n g a i c6 t h e y e n t a m T o i n h each day 15 n a m , t a i m o t cuoc t h a o l u a n k h o a hoc d t r i i d n g D a i hoc T o n g hdp T P H C M luc bay gid, t o i c6 nhic den m o i d a m me cua m o t so" a n h em do'i v d i b a n cau h o i x a h o i hoc l u o n l u o n l a m l a m t r e n t a y X a h o i hoe m d i de l a m va oai ve b i e t bao! Co n g i i d i k h o n g d a u d i e m rhng hq c h i n g o i " q u e t " m o t liic la x o n g cai k h o a n " q u e t - x i - o n - n e " (!) 274 Nguyen Quang Vinh X i n m a n phep nhac l a i r a n g , t r o n g d i p t r a o d o i hoc t h u a t 15 n a m t r i i d c do, t o i da n o i r a n g cac n h a n v a t n a y c h i n h la n h i i n g ngiJdi p h a k h o a hoc x a h o i hoc m o t each c6 h i e u suat n h a t ! T r o n g mot v u i nhxi horn nay, nhac c h i den n h i i n g chuyen buon long do?- T o i t\i n h u Di tim sifc song cac quan he xa hoi 275 Nhufng l y t h u y e t h o c b u a n h a t l a i d\i6c hoc v a o n h i i n g l u c b d ngd, " n g a y tho?" n h a t Cac t r i f d n g D a i hoc cua c h u n g t a deu c6 day p h a n l y t h u y e t xa h o i hoc d a i ciidng, la p h a n ciic k y t h e n chot t r o n g chiidng t r i n h dao l u y e n cac n h a x a h o i hoc tiJdng l a i N h i i n g dieu t r d t r e u l a p h a n k i e n t h i i c ciic k y phiic t a p va den t r i i u t i f d n g n a y l a i dvfdc dem r a day cho cac t a n s i n h v i e n h d n la ne t r a n h Bcii c h i i n g t a dang b a n den chat l i i d n g n a m d a u t i e n , vao luc ho chiia h a m i i i hoc sinh Song, cuoi cung, t o i v i n p h a i n g h i rSng: t h a nhic dao tao n h a n \\lc cho n g a n h xa h o i hoc V a theo t o i , m o t yeu cau n h a t t h i e t p h a i dat t d i t r o n g chuyen n a y l a , p h a i t r u n g hoc, c6 n g h i a la vao luc cac c6, cac cau dang bd ngd n h a t va n h i e u chat t h d n h a t dao l u y e n cho s i n h v i e n n a m v i i n g mot each can doi ca V i vay m a viec tiep t h u cac t r i t h i l c l y t h u y e t n a y c h i n a n g liic hoat dong ly thuyet Ian k i e n t h i i c va k y n a n g thi/c dat h i e u qua t h a p Co bai, s i n h v i e n t h i i c s i i b i " l i i n g b u n g hdnh t r o n g ddi song xa hoi L y t h u y e t v a ThiJc h a n h c6 the 16 t a i " va k h o n g biet cai g i dang x a y Song, sinh vien dUdc v i nhxi doi canh h i i n g m a n h , can doi, c6 k h a n a n g diia n a n g dong l a m Ho r a n g g h i chep, n h a t l a n h i i n g cau quan t a bay vao v i i n g vay t r o n g b a u t r d i cao r o n g ciia cuoc ddi t r o n g t h a y doc, v a c h i u k h o "sao luc" l a i so g h i cua cac t a y V a y h i e n nay, t i n h t r a n g cua doi canh ay r a sao? Co the va can l a m g i de ca t r i n h l y t h u y e t v a thttc h a n h cua s i n h v i e n c i i n g p h a t trien? C O m a u m a t t r o n g Idp Ngoai r a c i i n g diidc doc sach t h e m N e n cuoi c i i n g t h i c i i n g v u i ve "qua c a u " ca Song le, sinh v i e n t h i da qua cau, m a c h u y e n t r a n g b i chiec canh l y t h u y e t cho cuoc bay v u n g vay se dien r a t r o n g tUdng l a i t h i v a n n h i e u trac trci I L Y T H U Y E T DE " T H d " H A Y D E M A I SAC T U D U Y K H O A HOC? O n h i i n g hiidc s a u c u a chifofng t r i n h , c a c ly t h u y e t d a i exiting i t c ccf h o i dxidc v a n d u n g s a u v a o c a c m o n X H H c h u y e n biet v a c a c l u a n v a n Day C O ve l a mot cau h o i t h i i a , v a c6 p h a n I a n t h a n A i ddi l a i d i day l y t h u y e t de cho n g i i d i hoc c h i dem m a " t h d " n h u vay? N h i i n g tiec t h a y , cai chuyen " t h d " ay, h i e n n a y v a n t o n t a i , n e n m d i c6 chuyen can n o i ci day C h u n g t o i chiia d a m k h a i quat t i n h t r a n g n a y cho m o i mon X H H chuyen biet, m a c h i t h i i n e u v a n de t\i m o n xa hoi hoc t h i , la m o n m a b a n t h a n c h i i n g t o i c6 d i p quan sat t r i i c tiep t i i d n g doi ky h d n 276 Nguyen 277 Quang Vinh DI tim sire song cac quan he xa hoi T r o n g nhufng n a m gan day, k h i t h a m gia giang day k h i cac ban ay da c h i n m u o i h d n , va t h d c siJ muo'n cung mon xa hoi hoc t h i , t o i da thiJ c6 gang gan cac l y t h u y e t C O ban l i n h l y t h u y e t cua m i n h ? Theo t o i , i t n h a t t h i c u n g d cap t r u n g gian cua mon hoc chuyen biet nay, vdi C O h a i each de dap i l n g y e u ci.u nay, nhiJng r a t tiec la ca nhiJng m e n h de quan t r o n g t r o n g xa hoi hoc dai ciidng h a i each deu ehUa diidc c h u y d u n g miLc Mot Id: t r d l a i dang t h i l c c h i phoi ve ly t h u y e t do'i v d i cac v a n de vdi l y t h u y e t xa h o i hoc d a i ciidng - va t h a m c h i md r o n g cua xa hoi hoc t h i L a m cong viec t h a t k h o n g de t h e m t a m l y t h u y e t - k h i d i vao g i a n g xa h o i hoc c h u y e n dang, va c u n g r a t kho t h a n h cong Co dieu, t r o n g k h i r a n g biet; va hai Id: g i a n g l a i t i f n g p h a n l y t h u y e t d a i eiidng s\i c6 svLc siic d i theo d i n h h i i d n g do, t o i noi ro v6i cac s i n h v i e n la: moi Ian d i sau vao mot mon X H H chuyen biet, la mot Ian l i e n q u a n den cac l u a n v a n hoac de t a i t h i i c tap cuoi khoa, va gdi r a each v a n d u n g song cua cac l y t h u y e t T o i lay l a m tiec k h i doc n h i e u c h i i d n g sach ve xa h o i xa hoi hoc d a i cifdng d n h i i n g m a t c6 n h i e u moi l i e n quan hoc t h i , t h a y v a n g bong mot each d a n g k i n h ngac cac ban chat n h a t T r e n mot y n g h i a nao ma noi, t h i hoc q u a n diem l y t h u y e t d a i cifdng h i i u q u a n cila n h i e u tac X H H t h i l a mot cd may ni3a de biet sau t h e m "xa hoi gia k i n h dien mac x i t va k h o n g p h a i mac x i t Chang h a n hoc la gi?"- t o i t h a m n g h i n h u , se k h o n g the nao h i e u diidc s U x u a t h i e n cua t h i ta CO cd hoi de on l a i , v a n d u n g site D i e u bat ngd la mot hom, t r o n g h a n h l a n g giang difdng D a i hoc N vao gid n g h i gifla h a i t i e t hoc, mot n h o m sinh v i e n den ben t o i , va mot b a n n a m noi: "ThiJa t h a y , bay gid n h u k i e u chiem l i n h k h o n g g i a n m d i difdi tac dong cua suf p h a n hoa t r o n g xa hoi t d n g t h e , n e u k h o n g t i m l a i He ti/ titdng Di2c cua K M a r x va F.Engels Dae biet la nhi3ng p h a n n o i ve cac t r i n h cua s\i p h a n cong lao dong va den n a m thijf t\i r o i , c h u n g em l a i cvL t u hoi: Vay t h i cuoi n h i i n g he qua cua no t d i s\i t a c h r d i va ddi lap g i i i a t h a n h cung, xa hoi hoc la gi?" Cau noi l a m t o i l a n g ca n g i i d i d i I t t h i va n o n g t h o n n h a t cung la mot dau h i e u cho t a t h a y t h a m cua he t h o n g l y t h u y e t xa hoi hoc dai cu:dng chvfa d u sau, chiia d u r o n g t r o n g dau 6c mot so' s i n h v i e n (dong dao t d i dau?chiJa biet), chiia noi den sii h i n h t h a n h mot ban l i n h nao do, d u de c h i pho'i t i i va h a n h dong, vdi t\i each la ngiidi l a m xa hoi hoc V a y C O each gi k h o n g , de vao nhiJng n a m cuoi, c h u n g t a C O t h e cOing cac b a n t r e t r d ve v d i cau c h u y e n l y t h u y e t M o t t h i d u khac, k h i t a noi ve s U t i c h t u cao n a n g lUc ve k i n h te, ngifdi, ve t\i ban, ve khoa cac hoc, cong nghe, t h o n g t i n t r o n g cac t h i n h i f la mot noi d u n g ban chat cua t h i hoa, t h i c u n g la luc t h i c h hdp de nhSc l a i y cua cac tac gia He tU tiidng Ditc ve t i n h "tap t r u n g " cua t h i , doi lap vdi t i n h "biet lap va p h a n t a n " cua nong t h o n Va dddi day c6 le se la mot m e n h de k h o n g the t h i e u de giup s i n h v i e n h i e u diidc t h i i c chat cua cac 278 NguySn Quang Vinh t h i thdi cong nghiep txi ban chu nghia, giup md rong cho ho tarn nhin ve t h i mot toan canh hinh thai kinh te - xa hoi dang chuyen dong: "Thay cho nhQng t h i hinh mot each t\i nhien trii6c kia, no [tijfc chii nghia txi ban - ngifdi viet chu thich] tao nhiing t h i cong nghiep I6n, hien dai, phat trien nhanh nhu ch6p Xam nhap t d i dau la d no tieu diet t h u cong nghiep va noi chung, t a t ca cac giai doan trii6c cua cong nghiep No hoan toan la sU chien thang cua t h i thUdng nghiep doi vdi nong thon" Tren ihxic te, nhiJng cuoc trd lai v6i cac ly thuyet cd ban nhxi the hay kha hiem hoi tren sach giao khoa va tren giang diidng Them vao nhiing thieu sot do, hien cac thay c6 giao d dai hoc qua thieu nhiing cam nang c6 gi6i thieu va dich nhiing bai viet, chiidng sach quan nhat ve ly thuyet cua cac tac gia hang dau tren the gi6i, c6 lien quan den tifng mon xa hoi hoc chuyen biet Chang han, khong thay c6 ban dich dang t i n cay ve bai bao ciic ky noi tieng va gay nhieu tranh cai cua Louis W i r t h thuoc trUdng phai xa hoi hoc Chicago: "£)gc tinh thi nhii Id mot lot song" Hoac nhii ngiJdi ta da giang cho sinh vien i t nhieu ve quan diem cua Max Weber ve t h i nhii mot ddn v i kinh te, mot ddn v i chinh t r i , va nhiing ddn v i diidc xem xet khuon kho phan tich ve quyen lUc Song, da doc ky nhiing gi Max Weber viet ve nhiing dieu ma ta thiidng biet diidc nhd sxi torn tit cua cac tac gia khac? Hay la, cac khia canh tiep can tam ly hoc cua Georg Simmel v6i ddi song t h i ; cac quan diem sinh thai hoc t h i cua Robert 01 fim sifc song cac quan he xa hoi 279 Park thi nhieu thay c6 chung ta da c6 ban toan van hay trich doan dang ke nao dau! Noi torn lai, t i i each quan niem biidc di cua chiidng t r i n h , t6i viec hoan thien t i i sach ly thuyet cho thay tro, t6i quan niem m6i ve moi noi bien chiing giiia ly thuyet dai cUdng va cac ly thuyet cap t r u n g gian deu can diidc xem xet ky Va chi c6 svt chuyen bien manh me tren linh viic t h i ta m6i hy vong thvfc hien diidc dieu ma nhieu giang vien xa hoi hoc tiing tam niem: hay lam cho sinh vien xa hoi hoc biet yeu va ton vinh ly thuyet ma nhd ta c6 kha nang n h i n cai the gidi qua quen thuoc ta da song vdi no gan suot ddi minh ''diidi mot Idn dnh sang mdi" Khong phai day la y kien cua toi Day la y dUdc trich t i i cuon Mdi goi den vdi xd hoi hoc cua P Berger Tac gia noi them mot cau rat kho ma quen diidc: "Cd the noi rdng sU thong thdi tritdc tien cua xd hoi hoc Id d cho moi thi2 [that ra] khong phai nhii chung c6 ve Id nhiC theV I I R E N GltJA K Y N A N G N G H I E N C U X J T R E N THlJC D I A VA SU" N H A Y CAM V E M A T XA H O I can b&ng hai ben canh that la quan Gioi ly thuyet ma ngu ngd nhdn nhac di giiia cuoc ddi t h i lam lam xa hoi hoc cho diidc Cho nen, "xa hoi hoc" c6 le c6 nghia la phai "hoc xa hoi" - nghia la phai tham nhap vao xa hoi, nhay cam vdi nhiing van de cua no, va thong thao cac ky nang de nam hit, ly giai cac quy luat van hanh cu NguySn Quang VInh 280 the cua no, t h o n g qua cac cong t r i n h n g h i e n c i i u xa hoi hoc cu the T r o n g nhutng Ian giang ve mon xa hoi hoc t h i , t o i da d a n h n h i e u t h d i g i a n cung cac b a n s i n h v i e n th\i mo xe mot so' h i e n tiJdng t h i cu the vdi muc dich dUa dan hp vao h i l n g t h u thiJc h a n h C h u de thao l u a n cua c h i i n g toi Di tim SL/c song cac quan he xa hoi 281 to r a hao hilc neu m i n h c6 the l a m diidc mot cai g i de n g a n chan cac "doan t u o n g ngoai k i c h b a n " do, n h ^ m g i a m bdt cho ba cai gia p h a i t r a qua cao ve m a t xa hoi cho cac diJ an p h a t t r i e n - , C h i n h la tvf day, dxidi s\i hifdng d a n ciia giang vien, cac n h o m s i n h v i e n se d^n d a n t i m r a phutdng phap, k y n a n g t h i i d n g la mot cuoc n g h i e n c i l u n h a m cung cap l u a n c h i i n g nao t h i c h hdp n h a t de v a n d u n g k h i t i e n h a n h n g h i e n ciiu xa hoi cho mot d\i an p h a t t r i e n hoac cai tao - c h i n h t r a n g de l u a n c h i i n g xa hoi cho cac loai d u an v i i a noi t h i X e m n h i f the t h i c i i n g k h o n g c6 mot bile t i i d n g t h a n h N h i e u b a n sinh v i e n dong y vdi c h i i n g t o i la t r o n g mot nao n g a n each giiSa cac l y t h u y e t vdi thUc h a n h V a n de la, d\l an CO k h a n a n g gay r a xao t r o n 16n cho ddi song d a n cvf p h a i h i i d n g dan va gdi md de s i n h v i e n cang nhay t a i ch6, t h i neu chi svi d u n g each tiep can "chi p h i - Idi i c h " cam hdn vdi cac k i e u loai ket hdp giiia l y t h u y e t vdi cac k y CO t i n h chat t h u a n t u y k i n h te hoc, ro r a n g la c6 n h i e u dieu n a n g n g h i e n c i i u , t i i y theo s i i doi h o i cua muc t i e u , doi k h o n g on! Rat d u n g r ^ n g dat dai t h i la mot t a i nguyen t i i d n g hay cua t i n h huong c6 v a n de V a k h i t h i se c6 cd h i e m va v6 cCing dat Co nhiJng k h u d a n c\i t h a p t a n g , may t h o a t k h o i t i n h t r a n g l y t h u y e t c h i de t h d p h u n g va l u p x u p dang chiem d u n g n h i e u dien t i c h dat t h i r o n g t r a b a i , cai "quet-xi-on-ne" thi se t h o i l a mot cong cu 16n Pha bo cac k h u l u p x u p ay d i de xay len cac n h a cao c h i de khoe me vdi ddi, va t r d l a i la mot cong cu khoa hoc t a n g , t h i r5 r a n g viec s\i d u n g dat t h i dat h i e u suat r a t t h i i c siJ dang diidc t o n t r o n g cao, CO l a i gap boi ve t i n h toan t a i c h i n h t h u a n t u y Song, cuoc dd t u n g cai cong dong t r o n g k h u n h a l u p x u p ay l a i d u n g den biet bao quan he k i n h te, q u a n he cong dong chang c h i t da tii l a u n a n g dd cho cuoc song cua ngifdi d day N h i e u ban sinh vien da n h a n t h a y , neu k h o n g c6 sU dieu t r a , khao sat k y l i i d n g , d u bao cac xao t r o n c6 the c6, k h o n g s6m difa r a n h i i n g g i a i phap d i ddi, t a i d i n h cU, t a i tao n d i d, t a i tao viec l a m va cac m a n g Ivfdi xa hoi cua n h o m dan c\i c h i u tac dong t r i i c tiep t h i se gay r a v6 v a n t o n t h a t trifdc m^t va l a u dai Cac b a n s i n h v i e n xa hoi hoc H y vong biet bao vao doi c a n h khoe cila the he cac n h a xa hoi hoc V i e t N a m m a i ! (In cuo'n Nang cao chat li/cfng dao tao va nghien cvCu xa hoi hoc dap i/ng nhucdu cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat niidc, triidng Dai hoc K H X H va NY (Dai hoc quoc gia Ha Noi), Ha Noi, 2001, t r 105-112) 283 Di tim sLfc song cac quan he xa hoi dong nay, t r o n g luc giang day va hQ6ng dan cho s i n h v i e n khoa xa h o i hoc, da d a n h mot moi q u a n t a m dang ke t i viec t i m h i e u xem c6 the chang - udti tat cd nhUng tri/dng dai hoc mang lai - ''ddnh thiCc" noi sinh vien nhay cdm xd hoi nhiC Id mot to chat nhd nghe quan VUN T R O N G VA T H l f T H A C H T I N H NHAY CAM XA HOI CUA CAC NHA XA HOI HOC T l / d N G L A I bdc gi md tinh nhat? C h u n g t a k h o n g c6 mot m o n hoc dac biet nao de g i a n g day va l u y e n tap cho s i n h v i e n xa hoi hoc ve t i n h n h a y cam xa h o i ca NhQng cai ma c h u n g ta goi la t i n h n h a y cam x a hoi la mot p h a m chat hoc t h u a t , mot p h a m chat t i n h t h a n quy bau da dQdc h i n h t h a n h n e n tQ sQ tiep n h a n td't Mot t o ' c h a t l a m n e n t i n h c h u y e n n g h i e p T r o n g lich siJ p h a t t r i e n hoc t h u a t the gidi, t a i khuc q u a n h cua nhQng bien doi xa h o i q u a n t r o n g , ngxidi t a da c h i l n g k i e n nhQng no iQc p h i thQdng de cho r a ddi c h i n h n g a n h khoa hoc xa hoi hoc, hoac l a m x u a t h i e n nhQng chuyen n g a n h xa hoi hoc m i , hay sQ p h a t t r i e n dac biet n h a n h cua t i f tifdng xa h o i hoc va doi n g u n g h i e n cQu xa hoi hoc N h Q n g dong t h a i da i t n h i e u gop vao viec g i a m sat, ly giai, va "dkn dQdng" t r o n g m o t chQng mxic nao cho nhQng bien doi xa h o i k h o n g p h a i luc nao cung d l h i e u v i c h i n h ngQdi, c h u the ciia nhQng bien doi cd cac mon hoc t r o n g chQdng t r i n h dao tao c i i n h a n xa h o i hoc, t r o n g giang dQdng va t r e n thQc dia T a t n h i e n la v i dieu k i e n t a t ca cac v i g i a n g v i e n deu c6 sQ c h u t a m t h i c h dang den viec k h o n g bo qua bat k y mot cd hoi t h u a n t i e n nao de gdi md va l a m thQc t i n h t i n h nhay cam xa hoi cua s i n h vien, x u a t p h a t tQ nhQng t i n h huong, sQ k i e n , k i e n thQc song dong ma t h a y t r o cung nem t r a i va chia se Co the ke r a n h i e u bieu h i e n cua t i n h n h a y cam xa h o i cua mot ngQdi t r e t u d i l a m xa h o i hoc Song t o i n g h i c6 t h e t a m t o m tit t r o n g mot cau nhQ sau: Do la cai n a n g iQc t i n h t h a n , g i u p cho ngQdi ay, giQa bao n h i e u m o i q u a n he k i n h te, xa hoi, v a n hoa, t a m ly be bon ciia xa h o i ngQdi nQ6c t a , mac dau c6 p h a n h d i m u o n mang, viec cham dan cheo vao n h a u ( t h a m c h i cac q u a n he ay b i chen c h u t cho chat iQdng dao tao nhQng ngQdi n g h i e n cQu va Ian bdi v6 v a n cac "tap a m " xa h o i l u o n l u o n gay nhieu) - hoat dong xa hoi hoc t r e t u o i trQ6c nhQng bien doi xa h o i t h i ngQdi t a v ^ n c6 the doc r a dQdc "cai xa hoi", va n h a t la m a n h me t r o n g qua t r i n h cong nghiep hoa, h i e n dai hoa "cac t i n h h u o n g c6 v a n de" dQdng nhQ dang s i n h va cung da dudc bat d^u c h u y B a n t h a n ngQdi viet nhQng cang len t r o n g ddi song xa h o i S Q cam n h a n ay, vao luc 284 Nguyen Quang Vinh ban dau, c6 the chiia mach lac l i m , song day da la dau hieu sd khoi, hila hen mot thao nao cac chan doan xa hoi Va la dau hieu manh nha that de thifdng cua tinh chuyen nghiep d ngUdi mdi ddm bvTdc vao nghe xa hoi hoc H i e u ro ba trd n g a i de vifcrt qua c h i i n g Co nhiing trd ngai ve phifdng phap luan va ve dac triing t\i ngUdi khien cho viec gay dvfng tinh nhay cam xa hoi gap phai khong i t kho khan Cac giang vien xa hoi hoc, hdn het, da cam nhan kha ro nhiing trd ngai k h i t i m each danh thilc svi nhay ben cua sinh vien each doc txi bon be cuoc song nhiing van de c6 miii vi xa hoi hoc Theo thien nghi cua chung toi, i t nhat cQng CO ba trd ngai khach quan ma ngiidi sinh vien xa hoi hoe luon luon phai t i m each de vifdt qua Trd ngai thiC nhat la, ngiidi hoat dong xa hoi hoe c6 sil menh nghien ciiu cac quy luat cua mot xa hoi ma chinh lai la mot bo phan hdp cua cai xa hdi ay Tinh the cua chfing c6 gi giong vdi ngifdi bac si va benh nhan cua ong ay, ngifdi ma ong chi nhin qua mau sic cua Ian da va may chi so xet nghiem mau da c6 the thay van de; va ciing chSng c6 gi giong v6i anh thd ed k h i v6i cai xe gan may ma chi nghe qua tieng may no, ciing c6 the doc diidc cai hong hoe n^m d bu-gi hay bac dan Trai lai, ngUdi hoat dong xa hoi hoc thiic s;i dang n4m long xa hoi than thuoc cua minh - ma than thuoe qua trifdng hdp ciing chiia chic da c6 diide Di tim SLfc song cac quan he xa hoi 285 svi tinh tao, khach quan can thiet Nhan day xin noi them, cac van lieu quoc te, ngiidi ta da khong i t l i n nhac lai cau chuyen ve tinh canh trd treu cua cac nha xa hoi hoc, muon ap dung phifdng phap quan sat tham d\i mot each triet de bang each tham nhap sau vao cac tieu eong dong va sinh hoat nhii mot vien toan ven Ket qua la, khong i t triidng hdp, chia se qua triet de nhiing gia t r i cua eong dong khao sat, nha nghien eiiu (giau mat) cang trci nen thieu (c6 k h i la mat het) ben nhay va tinh tao, vdi txi each la mot nha khoa hoc Trd lai vdi mach y tiidng dang ban: Dii muon dCi khong, ngifdi nghien ciiu xa hoi hoc dang song va trai nghiem nhiing kinh nghiem ea nhan dii cung la han hep cua minh, va thiic hien ling xxi xa hoi b^ng nhiing gia t r i van hoa cua xa hoi ma xac t i n Trong trang huong do, neu khong c6 mot no liic phiidng phap luan dac biet, t h i kho c6 the phat huy tot diide mot nang liJc can thiet va du manh cho minh la nhin cac hien tiidng xa hoi b i n g mot cai nhin khach quan, viidt qua diidc quan diem han hep cua kinh nghiem ea nhan va nhiing thien lech ve van hoa Dieu can diidc gdi md cho sinh vien xa hoi hoe t i i rat sdm Trd ngai tM hai la, thiic t i i n dang ton tai mot khoang each rat 16n giiia cai nhin thay ddi song xa hoi va cai an tang khong the nhin thay diidc bang quan sat thong thUdng, nhUng chinh cai v6 hinh u6 anh ay lai dang chi phoi cai dang diCac nhin thay Chung toi da CO nhieu dip trao doi vdi sinh vien va cac dong nghiep tre 286 NguySn Quang Vinh ve cau chuyen Chang han nhxi ngheo kho t h i dau chi la mot trang thai nao cua miic song va cua siJ miiu sinh d rieng cac gia dinh khon kho No la va chu yeu la nhiJng van de cua cac khuyet tat cd cau kinh te, cd cau xa hoi rong 16n hdn nhieu Khong phai ngau nhien ma chung ta da tving phai chi dan cho sinh vien thay r i n g , dieu t r a ve ngheo kho khong phai chi cham cham vao dieu t r a rieng cac ho ngheo, ma phai dieu t r a dai dien tat ca cac ho he phan tang mile song xa hoi khac Hdn nfla, viec nghien cilu cac hien tifdng xa hoi d cap ho gia dinh la khong du; chung ta can phai nghien ciJtu ca cap cong dong va tren cong dong niJa day, chi c6 sii nhay cam xa hoi m6i c6 the giiip t i m each tot nhat de r u t ng&n khoang each givJa cai nhin thay va cai an tang "ban cd xa hoi" Mot t h i du khac lien quan den ket cue ky la cua sii xa hoi hoa ngifdi R6 rang la tiif tuoi nho cho den lue triidng thanh, 16p ngUdi dang 16n len da difde cac thiet ehe xa hoi hudng dan, trao truyen bao nhieu gia t r i , ky nang, mo hinh van hoa da C O , de ho C O the hoe an, hoc noi, hoe goi, hoc md, va song nhu mot vien xa hoi The nhiing, t a i k h i trUdng thanh, the he ay lai tao chang nhiJng la sii nol tiep van hoa lien tuc giiJa cac the he, ma eon tao ca sU khac biet, tham chi la nhiing diitt doan (hoae dot bien) eo tinh sang tao giuta cac the he? Vay t h i cai bi mat nam d dau? Phai chang xa hoi hoa khong phai la mot qua t r i n h truyen t h u va tiep nhan gian ddn, ma la mot qua t r i n h Idp ngiJdi dang 16n len vifa chu dong tiep nhan Di tim SLfc song cac quan tie xa hoi 287 viia sang tao va biit pha Mot Ian nxia, cac quan sat tren linh vxic cu the cho thay, khoang each giiJa cdi c6 the nhin thay va cdi an tang phia sau no, luon luon la mot thach do' cho ngiidi muon t h i i diang cap kinh xa hoi hoc de ly giai ban chat cac tien t r i n h xa hoi quanh minh Phai trang bi va van dung cho minh mot chut t r i tUdng tifdng, khong phai t r i tiJdng tifdng cua van nhan nghe si, ma la ''tri tiCdng tMng xd hoi hoc", n h i i Wright Mills da t i m each goi tuyet vdi V6i thuat ngii nay, nha xa hoi hoc muo'n noi den cai nang Ivfc nhay cam nhin xuyen qua be ngoai cua k i n h nghiem ca nhan rieng le, de cam nhan difdc nhiJng chu de xa hoi an giau phia sau Xet cho ciing - M i l l s nhan dinh - t a i nang xa hoi hoc nkm d kha nang n h i n diide "cac mo'i quan he va cac mo thiic" (trong cac hien tiidng xa hoi) Rat t h u v i la c6 mot Ian, nhan doc mot cuo'n sach giao khoa xa hoi hoe cua ngiidi My, toi thay bai khai tarn ve bo mon nay, ngUdi ta da kip gdi cho sinh vien thao luan mot vai hien tiidng xa hoi rat gan gili vdi ddi song sinh vien, de t\i do, luon cai t r i tUdng tifdng xa hoi hoc noi tieng vao khong k h i soi noi va am ap buoi khai tam la, c6 mot khoang each, dong thdi la mot moi quan he qua lai phvTc tap, giiia nhan thiic thong thudng va nhan thiJtc khoa hoc Ngvfdi boat dong xa hoi hoc ciing la mot ngiidi nhii moi ngiidi khac, vdi bao nhieu nhan thiic thong thiidng cua cuoc so'ng hang Va ciing ehing phai la qua kho hieu, neu thay doi k h i khong d i dang viidt khoi nhan thiic thong thiidng ve mot van de Trd ngai thiJt ba 288 Nguyen Quang Vinh xa hoi nao do, de vifdn t6i nhan thilc khoa hoc ma khong tii thay CO mot chut d\i hoac tham chi hi ton thUdng mot each am tham Chung ta khong noi rkng, moi nhan thiic thong thUdng deu khong khoa hoc Trai lai la khac Bdi v i , CO nhiJng k h i nhan thiic thong thiidng cua ngvfdi cuoc cung bao ham nhUng y nghia khoa hoc t\i phat, hon nhien, tiing dem den nhiJng gdi y rat quan cho nha xa hoi hoc, nha nhan hoc, nha chinh t r i hoc hieu sau hdn ve vung ddi s o n g dang khao s a t Nhiing xet tren tong the t h i viec vLfdt qua cai hien nhien ma moi ngiidi t r o n g ddi thifdng deu de dang chia se, lai luon luon la thach thiic quan t r o n g de viidn tdi nhiJng kham pha lien quan den nhOng hinh thiic bieu hien va cd che tac dong cua cac quy luat xa hoi ddi song cua chung ta Xem n h i i the, qua t r i n h gay diing t i n h nhay cam xa hoi cho ngUdi nghien ciiu xa hoi hoc tre tuoi, doi hoi cac do'i tUdng luon luon phai viJdt qua nhiJng rao can nhan thiic von khong de vifdt qua Ma muon vay t h i ngiidi day hoc phai tan dung moi cd hoi c6 the c6, tii giang dUdng den thiic dia, de vun va ihvi thach t i n h nhay cam xa hoi cua sinh vien Chung ta dang song mot thdi dai dien nhieu bien doi xa hoi manh me va triet de: d dau, cao trao cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nay, chung ta ciing c6 the bat gap nhQng phbng thi nghiem xd hoi hoc khong 16 cho s\i phat trien t r i thiic va phong each nghien ciiu xa hoi hoc Chang khac nao pho' Chicago cua My nhiing nam d i u the ky XX, da la phong t h i nghiem xa hoi hoc t u nhien khong l6 cho sU Di tim sCfc song cac quan he xa hoi 289 sang tao trifdng phai xa hoi hoc Chicago ve t h i , v6i bao a n h hUdng sau rong va bao gdi y hoc thuat gay tranh l u a n hijfu ich nhieu thap ky Cd h o i k h o n g t h i e u : Tii giang difdng tdi thxic dia * Tinh y mot chut, c6 the nhan thay d hau het cac mon hoc trUdng dai hoc va moi chang diidng cua nam dai hoc xa hoi hoc, ngUdi ta deu c6 the t i m thay cd hoi cho thay va tro th\i thach, thao dildt siJ ben nhay cua t r i tue va tarn hon triidc nhiing tieng doi txi ddi song, nghe xon xao, md ho, khong tron vanh ro tieng, nhUng dang chila diing nhiing thong diep he Toi muon thii gdi day mot vai t h i du Trong nhiing dip sinh vien tham gia lam de tai nghien ciiu, hoac lam luan van , nhiing hxidc di de hinh cdu hoi nghien cijtu, hoac he thong gid thuyet nghien ciCu, chinh la nhiing cd hoi rat tot cho viec ren luyen t r i tiidng tiidng xa hoi hoc cho sinh vien Ch4ng han nhif viec tran trd quan sat, suy nghi, tra van, de hinh mot gia thuyet khoa hoc difdi dang mot menh de nhan - qua, da buoc ngiidi sinh vien t h i i truy t i m nhiing nguyen nhan, hoac dong liic sau xa an phia sau mot hien tifdng, hoac mot qua t r i n h xa hoi Chi c6 dieu h d i dang tiec la, mot so' triidng hdp khong i t \km, ca thay va tro deu khong kien t r i deo dudi den ciing nhiing thao tac vifa noi, nen suot ca tien t r i n h nghien ciiu tiep theo, cai gia thuyet da bi lang quen, cuoi ciing chi la nhiing dong viet cho "phai dao", cho hdp quy each, chii khong he t i m thay d siie manh dan 290 Nguyen Quang Vinh Di tim SLfc song cac quan he xa hoi 291 difdng, khao nghiem, hoac la diem t\ia cho nhiJng k h a i t r o n g viec d i t i m each doc cai xa hoi t r o n g cai k i n h te, quat hoa t h a n t r o n g cua n g i i d i n g h i e n cijfu t h i c h t r a n t r d l a t d i l a t l a i n h i i n g h a u qua xa hoi c6 the c6 D\ia s i n h vien tiep can t r U c tiep hoac gian tiep vdi cac dii an p h a t t r i e n cong dong, d\i an t a i d i n h c i i phuc v u cai tao - c h i n h t r a n g t h i c i i n g la nhQng dip r a t tot de giup cho ho nhay ben p h a t h i e n n h i i n g n h u cau va nhiJng l i u t i e n CO thxic cua cong dong day, s i n h vien c i i n g c6 cd hoi d\iac l a m quen, chSng h a n nh\l vdi viec Ivfdng n h i i n g cai gia p h a i t r a ve m a t xa hoi ma n h i i n g ngudi c h i u tac dong cua mot quyet d i n h ve c h i n h sach V a c6 le, cung tii n a n g liic ma k h o n g i t n g i i d i t r o n g so ho, bay gid, hoac sau nay, se biet khifdc tii n h i i n g de t a i n h a t nheo, chi lo m i n h hoa cho n h i i n g cai h i e n n h i e n , hoac t r a n h t h a m gia vao n h i i n g cuoc " d i e u t r a " chan ngdt va t o n k e m v i muc dich k h o n g ro r a n g , chi cot to r a cong t r i n h cua m i n h c6 m u i v i sang t r o n g cua xa hoi hoc t n i c tiep tijf n h i i n g dvi an t a i d i n h cM p h a i ganh c h i u Cai Xet cho ciing, k h i n o i den viec gay d i i n g t i n h n h a y cam gia t h i i d n g b i che k h u a t bcii nhiJng each t i n h toan " c h i xa h o i cho s i n h v i e n xa hoi hoc, chSng qua c i i n g l a t o i p h i - l d i i c h " l a n h Iting, t h u a n t i i y k i n h te; cai gia doi k h i m u o n n o i den viec l a m k h a i thac het siic song cua cao den miic c6 the l a m b u y hoai t i f n g p h a n n h i i n g t h a n h t o a n bo cac m o n hoc t r o n g c h i i d n g t r i n h dao tao cxi n h a n t\iu da dat dUdc t r o n g cong viec quy hoach, cai tao va c h i n h xa h o i hoc, k h i doi dien v d i n h i i n g doi h o i r a t cao cua muc t r a n g t h i K h i e n cho c6 n h i i n g trvfdng hdp, bdt d i diJdc t i e u xay d i i n g dat niidc N e u h a n g n a m , biidc r a k h o i cong mot k h u chuot Idn t h i l a i de r a dam ba k h u o chuot t r i i d n g d a i hoc la n h i i n g t h a n h n i e n t r i t h i l c , n i m v i i n g l y nho khac, t r o n g ket cau t h i c h i i chSng p h a i ci dau t h u y e t , p h i i d n g phap, k y n a n g xa h o i hoc, c6 t r a i t i m xa Cac sinh v i e n c6 dieu k i e n i t n h i e u n h i n vao chieu sau n h i e t h u y e t va c6 p h a m chat n h a y cam ve m a t xa hoi, t h i cua n h i i n g cuoc d i chuyen d a n cxi loai nay, se d§ dang t\i se l a t h e m mot cai h i c h nho n h i i n g day y n g h i a cho sU m i n h r u t r a diidc r ^ n g cac k i c h b a n p h a t t r i e n , d u Idn d i i p h a t t r i e n n e n v a n hoa t i n h t h a n cua 16p t r e d a n toe, t r e n nho, ma k h d n g t i n h den cac he qua xa hoi n h i e u chieu, t h i d i i d n g d i t d i t i i d n g l a i g i a u , m a n h , cong bang, d a n c h u va chac c h i n se p h a i d u n g dau vdi n h i i n g "doan t u o n g ngoai phat trien k i c h b a n " ch^ng c h d ddi, ma n h a dao d i l n luc c i i n g cam thay qua t r i de c6 the m a n , l a m lai Tat ca cau chuyen ve n h i i n g t h a n h cong va t h a t bai cua cac cong t r i n h p h a t t r i e n k i e u do, t h i e t t i i d n g , neu diidc diia vao giang diidng, hoac diidc t h a y t r o cam n h a n t r e n thiJc dia, chSc chan se k i c h t h i c h s i n h v i e n xa hoi hoc h a m t h i c h h d n ^''^ , {In cuon Nhiing nghien ciiu xd hoi hoc thdi ky chuyen ddi, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 2007) ,, ... la N h a nifdc dau t i i m a n h vao giao due, n h i f n g dieu quan Nguyen Quang Vinh 22 2 £)i tim sire song cac quan he xa hoi 22 3 t r o n g hdn la viec dau t\i dat dau n h a n vao mot nen gido... Daniel Allard 20 02 Globalisation: Quels enjeux pour les universites Intervention au Colloque a I''Universite Laval, Canada du 18 au 21 /9 /20 02 Pierre Calame, 20 04, Sdd NguySn Quang Vinh 26 4 thijtc... khung hoang cua cdc moi quan he (quan he giiia ngiidi va ngiidi, giiia xa hoi va xa hoi, giiia n h a n loai va sinh Nguyen Quang Vinh 26 0 Di tim SLfc song cac quan he xa hoi 26 1 quyen) Xa hoi cho