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I iioi pQc the gioi ^^ hpi hpc s6i (137) 2017 TOl P H A M VA P H O N G NGlTA TOI PHAM NHIN T t r LY THUYET "HOAT D O N G THLTCSNG N H A T ' Tom tdt: Trong Itnh vuc xd hgi hoc tgi phgm, phdn ldn cdc ly thuyit diu chu trgng ly gidi hi$n tu(mg tgi phgm td nhiing nhdn td kinh ti - xd hoi Thi nhung nhiing ly thuyit dy da ggp khd khdn ddi dien vdi hien trgng Id cdc diiu kien hnh ti - xa hdi dugc cdi then nhung Ipi phpm van khdng hi gidm Di gidi thich cho linh thi ndy Lawrence E Cohen vd Marcus Felson dd dua ly Ihuyit "hogt ddng ihudng nhgt" vdn dogn tuy?t vdi nhdn quan tdt djnh ludn xd hpi hpccd diin di chi tgp Irung vdo chinh cdc hdnh dpng Idi pham cdng nhu nhimg ddc trung vi mat khdng gian vd thai gian cua chting Ldi liip cpn mdi me ndy Id mgt thdnh cdng khdng thi Iranh cdi cua hi hinh hdnh dgng (le paradigme actionniste) ITnh vuc nghiin cuu xa hdi hgc tgi phgm Bdi viit trinh bdy nhirng net chinh cita^ ly thuyit mdi me ndy nhu mgt gai md cho nhirng nghien cuu xd hdi hpc thuc nghiim ve tgi phgm tgi Viet Nam luang lai Tir khda: tdi pham, hoat ddng thudng nhat, ngSn ngira tpi phtun Dan nhdp Trong Ijch siJt nghien cuu chuyfn nganh xa hdi hpc Ifi pham, phan ldn cac ly thuyet Idn xd hfi hgc toi pham nhu ly thuyft xung dft xa hgi (conflict theory), ly thuyft cdng thdng (strain theory) dfu ly giai hifn tugng lgi pham nhu la ket qua ciia nhiing dilu kifn kinh tf va xd hgi nhu ngheo ddi, su bat binh dang vf ihu nhap va co hgi Tir do, vifc ngdn ngira tgi pham dut?c xem Id hifu qud nhirng dieu kifn kinh te - xd hgi dugc cdi thifn, tiic la giiia hai hifn tugng ndy cd mdi quan hf tuong quan nghjch vdi nhau, bdi nhiing dieu kien kinh te - xa hfi dui^c cdi thifn thi tinh hinh tgi pham s2 gidm theo va ngugc lai Thf nhung thuc te xd hgi tai mgl s6 nude ma cii thf Id My giai d o ^ 1960 - 1970 lai cho thay mgt hifn tupng kha mau thuan neu xet theo ldi nhin truyen Ihong vf tgi pham md theo dd, tinh trang tgi phgm van khdng he thuyen giam dii cdc dieu kifn ve kinh tk - xa hgi d nude ndy da dupe cdi thifn Cu th6 la cdc sd lifu thong ke d Mj*, cdc chi bao ve diSu kifn sdng tai cdc thj ldn diu dugc cai thifn, ching ban ly If ngudi da den d cdc dd thj hoan thdnh bgc trung hgc tang lir 43% vdo nam 1960 Ien 61% vao nam 1968; ciing thdi ky dd, thu nhgp trung vi ciia cac hg gia dinh ngudi da den lir b5ng 61% thu nhdp trung vj ciia cac hf gia dinh da trdng Ifn biing 68% Cung giai doan 'Dgi hpc Md Thdnh phd Hd Chl Minh Tpi phpm vd phong ngiea Ipi phpm nhin Id ly ihuyel ndy, sd ngudi sdng dudi nguong ngheo tgi cdc thj tCr 11,3 trieu ngudi gidm xuong trifu ngudi (Cohen & Felson, 1979: 588) Tuy nhien, tinh hinh tgi pham d Mp lai khdng gidm Iheo su cdi thifn ve kinh tf - xd hgi dy ma lai tang rdt cao Cy the, theo bao cdo cua Cyc difu tra LiSn bang My (FBI), giai doan tul960 - 1975, ty If cudp cua tdng len 263%, t^ le cdc vy hanh nghiem trgng tang 164%, hiSp ddm tdng 174% va tgi pham giSt ngudi tang 188% va nhieu loai tgi pham khdc cijng tSng vdi ty If cao (xem Bdng 1) Bing Tinh tr^ng t^i pham & My giai do^n 1960-1975 Cic loai tgi pha Tong cgng • B^D l^c - Tii sin Giei ngudi Hiep dam CirSpeua Hinh nghiem ttpng Trgm cip An cip vjt Trgm xe m6t6 Udc Unh nim 1975 Sovu Tv If/100 000 dan 11.256.600 5.281,7 1.026280 481,5 10 230 300 800,2 20.510 9,6 56 090 26.3 464.970 218,2 4S4,7I0 227,4 3252.100 525,9 5.977.700 804,8 1.000 500 469,4 Sov6inim 1960 Tyl¥ Sovu +179,9 +232,6 +255,8 +199,3 +230,5 +178,1 +12S.I +88,2 +226,3 + 174,0 +331,2 +263,1 +214,1 +164,1 +256,6 +200,0 +222 + 171,1 +204.8 156,5 Ngudn Uniform Crime • Reports foi• Ihe United Stales FBI, 1975 11 Nhu vdy, cdc so lifu vh tgi phgm va cdc difu kifn kinh tf - xd hgi lai di theo mdi quan he tucmg quan thuan (cd hai yfu Id ciing tSng) chii khong phai theo moi quan he tuong quan nghieh (yfu td ISng, yeu to gidm) Vay idm thf ndo df gidi thich mdi quan hf tuong quan thuan ndy? Bai viet ndy trinh bay quan difm cua Iy thuygt "Hogt dpng thuang nhdl" (Routine Activity Theory) dugc Lawrence Cohen' va Marcus Felson^ dua vdo nam 1979 nhu la mgt each gidi tiiich cho su mdu thuan giiia toi pham vd cdc dieu kien kinh te - xa hdi nhu vira neu tren Dinh df chinh dugc hai tac gia ndy dl xudt dd la thay vi tap trung phan tich nhimg d^c difm kinh tl - xa hoi ciia ngudi cd hdnh vi lgi phgm vd nhiing nhdn Id kinh ti - xd hgi ciia hifn tugng toi phgm, cdn tap trung phan tich theo nhan quan sinh thai nhdn van (human ecololy) df xem xel xem lifu co cdu xa hgi cd tgo sy hdi ty ciia cdc yeu Id lao tgi pham khdng gian va thdi gian hay khdng, bdi chinh sy hoi lu ay tao nen co hgi pham tgi cho nhiing ngudi pham tgi tif m nang Gidi thich tgi pham tir ly thuyet "Cdc hdnh dfng thudng nhat" Vdo nam 1979, hai nhd nghien cuu vk tgi pham Id L.E Cohen vd M Felson cho cong bo trfn Tap chi Xa hgi hgc My (American Sociological Review) cong trinh cd nhan de "Su biin ddi xd hdi vd nhiing xu hudng ciia ty le tpi pham Ldi dip can hoat ddng Ihirdng nhgt" (Social change and Crime rate trends: A routine activity theory) Hai tac gid ^Lawrence E Cohen hi?n li giio su l^i khoa Xi h^i hgc tnrftng D?i hgc California, Davis Marcus Felson hifn li giio sir l^i truimg Texas State University,6ng tiing dugc trao giii thudng Ronald Clarke tir H^i T^i ph^im hgc moi tnrOng vi Phin lich lgi ph?m cDng nhu giii thudng Paul Tannan cila HAI T^i ph?m hpc mien Tay (MJ) '^^ " ^ " " it' Minli Ttin 93 cho Aig l6i tiip can If thuyet li Ihlch hop (ts hiSu ducrc sit mau thuIu vj tSi pham va cac dieu kicn kinh t^-xa hpi ma My da gap ph^i, • Theo quan diSm cia Cohen vi Felson, hanh vi t«i pham chi diSnia co ba ylu t6 cung ho, tn mpt khong gian va thcri gian nhSt dinh Ba y6u 16 de tpi pham diln Ir mpc neu thich hop (suitable target), ke tpi phm, tilm nilng (likely offender) vi vice IhiSu ving nguo, bao vc (absence of capable guardian), L6i phin tich niy dupe gpi li l6i phan trch "tam giac vin de" (problem analysis triangle) voi him y li ca ba ylu 16 nhii cimg cd mit grong nhu ba canh eda mot tam giac thi hinh v, tpi pham moi duoc diln nhu dien td qua hinh sau: Trong ba yfu to trfn, muc tieu thich hop cd Ihf la ngudi ho^c Id mgt vdt nao dd va myc tifu ay phai cd nhiing dac trung thu hiit dugc ke pham tgi Do do, muc tifu thu hut phdi thugc mgt hai loai sau: - VrVA: cd gid tq cao (Value), co djnh (Inertia), nhin thdy dugc (Visibility) vd lilp can duoc (Access) - CRAVED: cd the gidu dug-c (Concealable), cd the dich chuyen dugc (Removable), cd the sir dung dirge (Available), cd gia tri (Valuable), thii vi (Enjoyable) vd dimg duoc (Disposable) Vdi yeu to thii hai Id vifc Ihiiu vdng nhiing ngudi co khd ndng bdo vp, nhiing dieu kifn kinh te - xa hgi dugc cdi thifn nhu thu nhap ldng len dan din vifc ngudi ciing thay ddi cac hoat dgng thudng nhat ciia minh nhu thudng di nghi d nhiing ncri xa vd dd, CO hdi de cho ylu t6 trfn hgi ty cdng cao vd dan dfn ty If tgi pham cung cao theo Ben canh do, neu thdi ky khd khan, phu nil phai thudng xuyen d nha dam nhan cdc cdng vifc ngi trg, tinh hinh kinh te - xa hgi cai thifn, ty If phy nii tham gia vdo thi trudng lao dgng ciing ldng theo, dd boat dgng ihudng ngdy ciia gia dmh bi thay ddi gia dinh gan nhu khdng cdn cd ngudi trdng giii, vd nhu vdy difu kien thd liai ciing xudt hifn thudng xuyfn hem, dd khd nSng hfi ly ciia ba yeu Id tgo tfi pham cting cao theo Nhiing Ihdnh phdn thugc ylu Id Ihii hai cd thf la mang linh chinh thirc ho?ic phi chinh thiic nhu: hoat dgng luan tra ciia canh sdt, nhiing ngudi gia gin an ninh, ngudi di dudng, camera theo ddi, hf thdng den dudng, hf thong chuong bao dgng, nhiing 96 Tpi pham vd phong ngira tpi phpm nhin lir ly ihuyet ngudi hdng xdm, hdng rdo v.v Tir dd, Cohen va Felson (1979) dua cdc gia thuyet nhu nhihig hg gia dinh chi cd mgl vien, nhibig hp gia dinh md moi thdnh vifn deu lam vifc ngoai gia dinh Ihi se c6 nguy co la nan nhan cua hdnh vi tgi phgm cao hon nhiing hg gia dinh khdc Nhiing bgn trf gan bd vdi nhieu hogt ddng ben ngoai (chang ban thudng xuyfn tham gia cdc hoal dgng ve dem ngodi gia dinh) thi thudng trd thdnh nan nhdn ciia tgi pham hon cd the cac bgn ire ndy lui tdi nhirng noi de cd su hgi ty ciia ba y5u td tgo co hfi cho hdnh vi tgi pham Nhiing ngudi dgc than thi cd xac suat trd nan nhdn ciia tgi phgm hon nhiing ngudi cd vg/chdng yeu td thii hai (thieu vang ngudi bao vf) thudng xuyfn hon.Vd cho dii s6 lugng kf phgm tgi tiem ndng khdng tdng Ifn nhung ty If tgi pham van lang thdi ky cdc dilu kifn kinh te-xd hgi dugc cdi thifn, bdi d nhiing thdi ky cd sy gia tang ciia cac myc lieu hdp dan, vd su thieu vang ngudi bdo vf ciing lang ngudi chu lam hudng thy cugc sdng rieng ciia minh nhieu hon la quan tam den cgng ddng hay nhOng ngudi xung quanh (Bang 2) Bing Tinh Ir^ng gia di n h v i 15'If trir thinh n^D1 nhin ciia 1(11 ph^m noi nhihig ngiriri tCr 12 1tu6i trA len t^i MJ (tinh tren 100 000 nguin) GiiM llnh Nam Nft Thih t r ^ g gia dinh Chua k^t hon Dik^thgn Ly thSn/ly dj G6a Chua kel hSn Di kk h6n Ly thin/ly d| G6a Bj biep dim 360 70 540 Bl trgm Clldp SOO 550 2.270 1.150 580 270 1090 450 Bj hinh 5.870 2.170 5.640 1.500 2.560 910 4.560 590 Ngudn: Cohen L.E & Felson M 1979 Dua trfn loi tilp cdn vl hogt dgng thudng nhdt ay, vdo ndm 2010, cac nha nghifn Cliu Pratt, Holtfreter vd Reisig dd tif n hanh nghifn cim xem s\r phdt trien ciia cdng nghf, ma d^c bift Id vifc mua bdn tren mgng internet cd lam gia tdng khd ndng trd nan nhdn ciia tgi pham noi nhiing ngudi lieu dung hay khdng Cac lac gid d3 tiln hdnh phdng vdn qua difn thoai 922 ngudi trudng thdnh sir dung Internet nim tudn gdn nhat tgi bang Florida (MJ) Ket qua cho thay nhting ngudi nao ihudng xuyfn tim mua sdn phdm tren mang Ihi kha nang trd ngn nhan cua thuang mai lira ddo ISng len dfn 377% Sd dl nhu the la tham gia tim kiem mua hang tren mang, nhiing ngudi ndy trd thdnh myc lieu thu hiit cho nhiing ngudi tgi phgm tifm ndng, vd vi tham gia mua hdng tren mang nfn hg ciing khdng cd dugc sy bao vf, tiic Id hai ylu td can thilt cho lgi phgm da hgi tu noi nhirng ngudi mua hang tren mang internet (Pratt Holtfreter & Reisig, 2010) Bill Kieu Minh Tnll (2014) da dp dung I6i tilp cgn ndy dl nghifin ciiu linh hinh an ninh trat ty tai Lang Dai hgc Thii Diic (TP Hd Chi Minh) Day la dja ban gidp ranh giiia E>dng Nai, Binh Duong vd quan Thti Diic (TP Ho Chi Minh) v6n tap irung nhieu sinh vien d trg va cung la dia bdn xay nhieu logi hlnh tgi phgm nhu trgm cap, cudp gidt, dua xe, du dd., Theo kft qud khdo sdt cua tdc gid tren mgt mau gdm 300 sinh vifn dang s6na vd hgc tap tgi Lang Dgi hgc Thit Diic, cd dfn 34,3% so sinh vifn cho bilt minh limg hi ~~ ,^ _ Le Minh Tien 97 ttgin cap, 18.0% bj^moc tiii vd 8,7% timg b, cudp gigt tai dja ban (Biii Kilu Minh inet, 2014: 60) Ket qua khao sdt ciing chi ba ly chinh din din cdc hifn tugng tgi pham^ tgi khu vuc Lang Dai hgc Id "nhilu phdn dan nhdp cu" (88,7%), "dudng vang" (83,7%) vd "thilu luc lugng an ninh" (80,0%) (Biii Kilu Minh Trill, 2014' 67) Nhu vgy, so di Lang Dai hgc Thu Diic xdy nhilu loai hinh tgi phgm Id bdi ddy Id noi cd xac suat dien sy hgi ty ciia ba yfu td lao nen tgi pham cao Phong ngiia tgi pham nhiD tir \S thuylt "Cac hdnh dgng thudng nhat" Vi quan mgm tdi pham la kll qud ciia su hgi tu vl myc lieu, sy thilu ving ngudi bao vf va nhung ke tgi phgm tiem ndng nfn chi cdn thilu vdng mgt ba ylu Id ndy thi hdnh VI tgi phgm sg khong the diln Do do, cac chinh sdch keo giam tgi pham dya trfn Ioi tifp_cdn hoat dgng Ihudng khdng chii trgng vifc kfo gidm si lugng ngudi tfi pham tifm nang, ma Id keo giam sy hgi ty cua ba ylu td ay Tir dd, cdc nhd nghien ciiu dd dua mgl chinh sdch ngan ngira tgi phgm dugc ggi la "ngan ngira tgi phgm theo hodn cdnh" (situational crime prevention), tiic Id hudng din vifc ngan ngira cac tmh hudng hgi ty cua cdc ylu td tao tgi pham hon la lap Irung vao vifc truy bat hay trimg phat nhimg ngudi pham tgi hay cd nguy co phgm tgi Chinh sdch ngdn ngira dua trfn ndm nguyfn tdc chinh: 1/ huge ke tgi pham tifm nang phai no lyc nhieu hon thyc hifn hdnh vi tdi phgm 2/ gia tdng cdc nil ro cho ngudi muon thyc hifn hanh vi tgi phgm, 3/ gidm nhihig thdnh qud cd dugc lit hdnh vi tgi pham (chang hgn khdng mua cac loai vat dyng khdng ro ngudn gdc), 4/ giam idt cd nhiing hdnh vi khifu khieh cho ngudi phgm lgi tiem n5ng (chSng ban khdng phd tnrong tai san) va 5/ khdng chdp nhdn bdi cii sy bifn hg ndo cho hdnh vi tgi phgm De thyc hifn dugc ndm nguyen tdc ndy, cdc nha nghien ciiu dua mudi hai ky thugt can thyc hifn dl ngSn ngiia tgi phgm nhu sau (Bang 3): Bing Mirifi hai kf thu^t ngin ngira l$i ph^m theo hoin cinh Ting n3 li/c ph^m tgi Ting cic rut ro ph^m tgi Lim dong cdng myc ti^u Kiem tra vio/ra Kilm soit vi^ ti^p c|n Giim sil chlnh ihirc Dinh lac hudng ki pham lgi Giimsit bing cic nhin vien Hem ning Giim sit ty nhiSn Kilm soit nhOng nguiri moi gi6i Giim ihinh qui til t$i ph^m X6a myc li6ii Xic djnh tii sin Giam nhOng sir quyfn rO, kich thfch Thiel Igp cic quy tic Ngudn: Filheuie, 2001 Nhu vdy, df thyc hifn cdc ky thudt cua vifc ngSn ngira tgi phgm theo hodn canh, trudc hit, ban than cdc cd nhan xa hgi cdn thay dfi ldi song ciia minh Cy the Id thay dti cdc hogt dgng thudng ngdy nhu Idm viec, vui choi gidi tri du Ijch cho khong trd muc tifu Ihu hiit ciia ngudi pham tgi tiem ndng Chang han nhu hgn che cdc hogi dgng ngodi gia dinh vao budi toi khdng lui tdi nhitng noi vdng ve mgl minh, khong den nhimg noi khdng cd den chilu sdng hay nhiing noi cd khd ndng tap Uung nhiing ngudi tgi phgm tiem ndng, ban chl vifc "phd truong" cdc logi tai sdn nhflng hanh xi; nhu vgy se lam gidm kha ning trd thdnh nan nhdn ciia tgi phgm noi cdc cd nhan Tpi phgm vd phong ngira Ipi phpm nhin tir ly thuyel Vf mat td chiic cgng ddng, can thiet ke khdng gian sdng cho tinh trgng "thieu ving ngudi bdo hf" dugc hgn che d miic Ihip nhat Chinh vi vay, mgl so dja phucmg tai Vifl Nam nhu Dd Nang, chinh quyen dia phuong ciing vdi ngudi dan da ti£n hanh ldp camera giam sdt trfn todn thdnh phd, dac biet Id nhimg noi cong cgng, va difu ndy chdc chan se c6 tdc dung gidm ty le lgi pham, bdi vifc gan camera giam sdt lam tang su hifn dien cua "ngudi bao ve", vd dd mgt yeu td cdn thiel cho hdnh vi tgi phgm Id "su thieu vang ngudi bao vf" da bi loai trir Ket lu|n Trong nhiing nam qua, mJic dii cdc dieu kien kinh te - xa hdi da duoc cai thifn nhieu, Viet Nam da trd ihanh qudc gia c6 miic thu nhap trung binh, tJ If nghfo ddi cdng gidm, nhung tinh hinh tgi phgm lgi cd xu hudng tdng vd trd nen phiic tap hon Trudc mgl bdi cdnh mang tinh hai mat nhu vdy, ly Ihuyet "hdnh dong thudng ngay" md mgt hudng liep can khd phii hgp de nhdn difn tinh hinh tgi pham hien Viet Nam de tir dd cd ihf dua duoc cdc giai phdp ngan ngira tgi pham huu hifu hon Tai lifu tbam khao e prevention succesful cases studies (second edition) Harrow and Cohen, LE and M Felson 1979, Sncial change and crime rale trends; a routine activity approach American Sociological Review, 44 (August): 588-608 Kelly Clarence, M 1975 Crime in the United Slates 1975: Uniform Crime Report, US Department of Justice, Washington, D.C 20535 Fillieule, R 200\.Sociologie de la delmquence, Paris- PUF Pratt, I e , K Hoiltieter and M D Reisig 2010 Rouime online activity and internet fraud targetingextending the generality of routine activity theory, Journal of Research m Crime and Delinquency 47(3): 267-296, Farrell, G., K Clark, D Ellingworlh K Pease 2005 Of target and supertargets: a routine activity theory of \dg\\crim.etsits,lniernei Journal of Criminology, 1-25, Bii Ki£u Minh Triet 2014 Vdn di an ninh irgi nr Ipi khu v^ Ldng Dpi hpc Thu Due Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh hifn nay- Thtrc Irgng vd nhiing Idc dpng den sinh vien Lii|n vin Cu nhin Xi h$i hgc Tnrinig D?i hgc Mii TP H& Chl Minh