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Bài viết nghiên cứu về hai nhân vật lịch sử Phạm Đình Trọng và Nguyễn Hữu Cầu xuất hiện trong cuộc giao tranh giữa nông dân và phong kiến điển hình của giai đoạn lịch sử giữa thế kỷ 18.
PiiAM eiivsi Tiioi\G \6i siJ T ] \ V O I \ G CUA ^' TRIEU DirVII LE-TRII\II GIIJA TIDE KY TIHJ XVIII /v" VAN TAO' D anh nhan Pham Dinh Trgng dUdc Khdm dinh Viet sd thong giam CUcfng muc - vie't tat la C M (Qud'c sU quan trieu Nguyen bien soan, tap II, Nxb Giao due, 1998, tr 544-545) ghi rd: Pham Dinh Trgng ngUdi xa Khinh Dao, huyen Giap Sdn (sau thuge huyen Kinh Mdn, Hai Dudng) dd Tie'n si khoa Ky Mui (1739) nam Vinh Huu, trieu Le Y Tdng Ong xua't than va nhap the d xa hdi Dai Viet vao giUa the' ky XVIII, mau thuan giiia ndng dan va phong kien phat trien len mdt dinh cao, bieu hien mdt eao trao ndng dan khdi nghia ma tieu bieu la cude khdi nghla Nguyen Hiiu Ciu Chinh liic sii ton vong cua trieu dinh Le-Trinh trUdc cao trdo khdi nghla nong ddn lgi dugc bdo ddm bdng tdi ndng ciia danh tiidng Phgm Dinh Trgng De danh gia dung sU that ve Pham Dinh Trgng can hieu biet sau ve dd'i thu khdng dgi trdi chung cua dng la Nguyen Hiiu Cau - ngudi danh thang nhieu tUdng tai eua Le - Trinh ma chi thua cd Pham Dinh Trgng Hai nhan vat lich sd xua't hien eugc giao tranh giiia ndng dan va phong kien cd the coi la dien hinh cua giai doan lich sU giiia the ky XVIII Nhin rgng lich sd the' gidi, the ky XVIII dUdc coi la the ky cua khdi nghla • GS Vien Sd hoc ndng dan d nhieu nUdc phUdng Ddng Day la thdi ky che phong kien da lam vao khung hoang Kinh te hang hda va giao thdng, thudng mai dang phat trien Chii nghia tu ban, tien de eua each mang tU san dang phat sinh Rieng d Dai Viet, xa hdi phong kien dan suy tan, khdi nghia ndng dan ndi len la mgt tat yeu lich sd Tuy chUa manh dUdc de'n mUc lat dd dUde ngai vang phong kien, lap nen xa hgi mdi theo hUdng dan chu tU san, thi cCing la mdt each "phan dng" bang vii bude trieu dinh phong kien phai cai each, cai td de cdu van sU diet vong Ddi sdng ndng dan tam thdi dUde cai thien Mat khac, vi ehUa di tdi dUde each mang tU san dan chu ma van cd ye'u cau quan ly da't nUdc, giii gin cho ky dudc ddc lap dan tdc trUdc cac ke thu xam ludc Ddng, Tay dang nhdm ngd, nen lich sd ddi hdi phai cd mdt nha nude dan tdc du manh de chd'ng ngoai xam Vi vay ma trieu dinh Le-Trinh tdn tai cdn la can thiet, cdn la hdp ly va cin cd ngUdi bad ve Cd nha trie't hge tam cd the gidi da ndi "Cai gi tdn tai la hdp ly", tdc den nd khdng tdn tai nd mdi la bat hdp ly Pham Dinh Trgng da ddng dUdc vai trd bao ve "tinh hdp ly" dd chd den cud'i the ky XVIII, khdi nghia ndng dan Tay Sdn Rghien cmi Lich si so 11.2009 20 manh nd'i len khien trieu dinh LeTrinh thUe sU hi cham ddt Thiic te lich sii da cho t h a y : Td the ky thd XVII, kinh te hang hoa va giao thdng, thUdng mai qud'c gia va qud'c te' cua Dai Viet da phat trien hdn trUde, bieu hien d sU phdn vinh eua Kinh ky, phd' Hien Day cUng la luc vua chua phong kien an chdi xa xi, tang cUdng bdn rut thue ma eua nhan dan; tri thuy, thuy ldi hi bd tre, thien tai han, lut ldi lien tiep xay ra, ddi sd'ng ndng dan vd eung cUc khd' Nha't la ke tu chua Trinh Giang trd di, xa hdi Dai Viet lam vao khung hoang tram trgng Mau thuan ndi tai cua xa hdi phong kien LeTrinh bdc Id tren nhieu mat: Ve kinh te, td the ky XVI-XVII, kinh te hang hoa da mdt thdi phdn vinh lai bi cd che td' chdc - xa hdi phong kien thdi Trinh Giang lai kim ham Ve chinh tri, cai manh thdi Le - Trinh la cd dUde saeh lUdc ngoai giao mem deo tranh dUdc nan ngoai xam phUdng Bic, giii dUdc dgc lap dan tgc va toan ven lanh thd' (nhd ngoai giao ma gianh lai dUde khu md ddng Tu Long) NhUng ve ndi tri thi cd ehe song trung lanh dao Le-Trinh, cdng vdi sU suy thoai, ye'u kem cua vua Le va sU an chdi, truy lac, sa dga cua chua Trinh khien thue khoa nang ne, thien tai, dich benh xay nhUng khdng kh6'ng che' dUdc Ddi sd'ng cile khd' cua ndng dan di ddi vdi sU chia re, be canh hoang tgc va vUdng phu, khien cung dinh rdi loan, xa hdi lam vao khung hoang toan dien Khdi nghia ndng dan nd'i len mgt cao trao ma tieu bieu la khdi nghla cua quan He - Nguyin Hiiu Cau Dd nhu met su phdn dng bang vii lue vdi trieu dinh Le - Trinh Tuy ehUa lat dc dUde thi cung la eanh bao ve sU diet vong cua nd ne'u khdng cai to', cai each Ne'u cai each tai chinh cua Trinh CUdng da tam thdi cdu van dUde tinh the, thi de'n nam 1729 Trinh CUdng qua ddi, ca la Trinh Giang - ngUdi ma dai t h i n Nguyin Cong Hang da nhan xet la "NgUdi u toi, Udn hen" (CM, tr 472), da tU dgng len no'i ngoi va tU tien phong lam Dai nguyen soai, thUdng su, Uy vUdng (CM, tr 487) Trinh Giang trf dgng bd vua nay, lap vua khac, giet hai cdng than nhu Nguyen Cdng Hang (488) TrUdng NhUng (CM, tr 496) Khdng chi la'n quyen mdi ngdy mgt qua, ma cdn dam due chdi bdi, cung quan chua chien xay dung ke tie'p Dung chua He Thien, bit dan cac huyen Giap Sdn, Thuy Dudng, Ddng Trieu, Kim Thanh va dan xd Thanh Hoa lam cdng viec TCf dUdng, phu de d eae lang ngoai thich nhu Til Dudng va Mi Thii xay dUng cue ky nguy nga dep de Bay tdi hau cung toa bd'n phUdng bat la'y vat lieu, vi bgn de hiep khie, nen ngUdi lam rudng, ngUdi di budn ma't he't nghe nghiep Nhan dan di dan den cho khdng the chiu nd'i (CM, tr 495) Vi vay, kinh te suy thoai, cua cai mgt hao mdn Chda lai phai ban quan mua tUdc, lenh: "Quan va dan neu nop tien se dUdc thang chUe, hoae bd lam quan, cac quan vien trieu ban td luc pham trd xud'ng, nop 600 quan tien se dUde thang chdc mdt bac; nhan dan nop 2.800 quan dUdc bd' thu tri phu; nop 1.800 quan dUdc bd' thu tri huyen") Trinh Giang dd an chdi trac tang nen cang td'i tam me muoi, xep dat cdng viec l i n Ion, sai lam" (CM, 499) sau mie ehdng benh tam than bat dinh, hoang hd't khdng thUdng (CM, tr 508) Chinh sU bao ngUde, thue khda nang ne" (CM, 509) Dan tinh cUc kho Khdi nghia nd'i len d nhieu ndi Su phdn Ung bdng vd liic ay da tac dgng manh me tdi cung dinh VUdng trieu Pham Binh Trong voi sir fdn vong Trinh Thai phi la Vu Thi ddng d i u phai cai td, dUa Trinh Doanh la em Trinh Giang len thay de trU hoan nan eung phu Nhd VEly ma tam thdi cdu van dudc trieu dinh Le-Trinh Trinh Doanh la ngUdi sang sud't, qua quyet, cd tai van vd "dUa 15 dieu cd tinh cai each" (CM, tr 513-514), lai thi hanh chinh saeh khoan hdng gdm dieu nen quy tu dugc q u i n tuan, tam thdi d'n dinh dUde trieu chinh Dac biet ve van hca-xa hdi, trieu dinh Le-Trinh da cd' gang phat huy truyen thd'ng khoa cd, dao tao nhan tai qua khoa bang, nang cao Uu the van hoa, van minh cua dan tdc, tranh dUde nan ngoai xam Cd the ndi chUa bao gid cac danh nhan van hoa cd tam cd lai xua't hien nhieu nhu dudi thdi Le-Trinh Va chinh hg da tri dao quan t h i n gdp p h i n cdu van vUdng trieu Le-Trinh cham di tdi chd diet vong Pham Dinh Trgng la mdt dien hinh "van v6 song toan" ciing xua't hien tinh hinh dd Ong la ngUdi ed tai can tri mUu, sau thi dd tie'n si, len tham dU vao cd mUu viec binh, cam quan tdng thd'ng lanh quan cac dao, di de'n dau, dep dUde rd'i loan d day Nhd ed cdng danh dep nen tU chdc hieu thao (chanh tha't pham) thang len chdc thi lang (chanh tam pham), rdi lam ThUdng thu Bg Binh, Hai quan c6ng, sung lam Doc xua't xU Nghe An Cdn dd'i thu cua dng la quan He Nguyen Hiiu Ciu, tdng la dd dang cua Nguyin Cd, tu tap chiem cU Dd Sdn Trinh Bang dd'c lanh thuy quan tie'n danh, nhung hi Nguyin HQu Cau gia vd chay trd'n roi ldi dung thuy trieu va gid manh tap kich b i t dude Trinh Bang giet che't Thanh the HUu Cau lly Idng, tU xUng la Dong dgo tdng quoc bdo ddn dgi tUdng 21 quan, chiem cd Dd Sdn, Van Ddn Ong lai ed sU ho trd cua cac eugc khdi nghia ndng dan nd'i len k h i p ndi Mat Ddng cd Hoang Cdng Chat, mat Tay cd Nguyin Danh PhUdng, mat Nam cd Le Duy Mat Nguyin Danh PhUdng nd'i day d Sdn Tay Hg Mac ve danh chiem Thai Nguyen, vay Cao Bing Hoang Cdng Cha't nd'i day b Khoai Chau So vdi Hoang Cdng Cha't, Nguyin Danh PhUdng, Le Duy Mat ngUdi nao ciing n i m vai ba van quan, thi HUu Ciu Id Met hiet hdn cd Hiiu Cau la ngUdi manh khoe, nhanh nhen, chien dau hang, tri mUu quyen bie'n tram dUdng, nhieu lin bi ma'y vdng vay, chi mdt minh mdt ngUa vUdt vay xdng ra, rdi mdt vai hdm sau lai cd quan chung hang van Bdi vi dng tdng danh cUdp khe thdc cua chinh quyen dia phUdng, la'y eua nha giau chia eho dan ngheo, nen keu ggi dng nghla thi "nha't hd bach dng" Khi tran, mdt minh cUdi ngUa, elm sieu dao, di lai nhu bay, quan si khdng la khong sd hai chay dat, de'n nhieu tUdng eua Le-Trinh ciing phai tranh uy phong cua Ciu Trcng eugc chien keo dai giUa Pham Dinh Trgng va Nguyen HUu Ciu hai ngUdi deu trd' he't tai nang (1) NhUng eu6'i cung phin thing da thudc ve trieu dinh LeTrinh ma edng lao xuat sac da dUde ghi ve Pham Dinh Trgng Nam Tan Mui (1751), thang Gieng, mua xuan, Pham Dinh Trgng bat dUde Hiiu Cau d Nghe An, dude thang chdc Ta Thi lang Bg Cdng (CM, tr 551) Trinh Doanh tang dng chii "Van v6 toan tai", ban cho bien ngach khac chii "Ddng hUu cdng thin" (NgUdi cdng than dUde cung nude cung hudng phuc lanh), phong cho thai ap vai nghin hd SI phu khdng la khdng tudng men nghi phong, thai (CM, tr 624) cua dng Ong mat sdm chi tho 40 tud'i Bi kich ve cai che't yeu cua dng ciing 22 lai la he qua tieu cUc cua trieu dinh LeTrinh di xud'ng, d i u dng dUde truy tang ham Thai bao Nhin ehung lai, xa hgi Dai Viet thdi Le Trinh giiia the' ky XVIII lam vao khung hoang t r i m trgng nhUng chUa den cham ddt dUde che dg phong kien, vi chUa cd lUc lUdng san xuat mdi, dai dien che phUdng thUe san xua't tu ban ehu nghla ddi Khdi nghia ndng dan d i u sau rgng de'n dau ciing ehUa thoat khdi dUde he tU tudng phdng kien ma quy md lai mdi chi bd hep d vung ddng b i n g Bac Bg, chua cd t i m vdc toan qud'c nhu khdi nghla Tay Sdn sau Cho nen thang ldi cua trieu dinh phong kien Le-Trinh trudc khdi nghla ndng dan la quyet dinh khach quan cua lich sd, ma ngUdi gdp phan quye't dinh vao t h i n g ldi dd la Pham Dinh Trgng Rghien cmi Lich sJr sd 11.2009 Ngay ke't hdp quan diem dan tgc vdi quan diem giai cap chu nghia vat lich sd, sd hge van can tdn vinh hai nhan vat lich sd cung thdi diem nay: Nguyen Hiiu Cdu dai dien cho lUc lUdng ndng dan doi lap vdi phong kie'n mang tinh cha't phan dng xa hgi do'i vdi chu trUdng va chinh saeh cua trieu dinh Le-Trinh, buge trieu dinh neu mudn tdn tai, phai tien hanh cai each, cai td, tri sdc sd'ng cua dan, tiep tuc phat trien kinh te, van hda xa hgi, tie'p tuc bao ve dUde dgc lap dan tgc Phgm Dinh Trgng dai dien cho lUc lUdng phong kie'n dang cdn tdn tai, cd tai "van vd kiem toan" nhu sd da ghi, gdp phan dac lUc vao sU tdn vong cua Dai Viet lich su dan tdc va tren trUdng qud'c te' chUa ed lUc lUdng san xuat mdi, dai dien eho phUdng thdc san xua't mdi - phUdng thilc san xua't tU ban chu nghla len thay the CHU THICH (1) Tham khao tu lieu ve qua trinh giao chien gifla hai ddi thu: Pham Dinh Trong va Nguyin Hflu Ciu mdi tha'y rd dUdc tai nang cua ca hai ngudi ma lich sU eung ghi la "kiet hiet" Hii bat diu nd'i len, Nguyen Hflu Cau dem quan cUdp huyen Thanh Ha vay ham Hoang Cdng Ky hang tuin Hoang Ngu Phuc dem quan de'n cflu vien (CM, tr 567-568) Nguyin Hflu Ciu ehuyen Do Sdn Hoang Ngu Phuc vay ham Hflu Ciu d Do Sdn, Hflu Ciu danh lai giet che't U tudng la Trinh Ba Kliam tai tran, pha vay di gap len Kinh Bic danh chiem dude tran thanh, tung liia dot doanh trai Dinh Cam Dd'c dong Vu PhUdng De bd an tin ehay, kinh nhd'n nhao kinh sd De'n thang mua thu Hoang Ngu Phue va TrUdng Kliudng mdi thu phuc lai dUdc Kinh Bic (CM, tr 573574) Hflu Ciu bd ehay Trieu dinh phai dUa ca thay dao quan, ed 10 dai tudng, 64 liet hieu, binh linh hdn 12.700 ngUdi truy dud'i bit (CM, tr 576) TrUdng Khudng cung Hoang Ngu Phiic danh vdi Hflu Ciu bi bai tran Quan bon dao khong phai danh ma tu vd The diia Hflu Cau lai Idn len Dai phong hoa dat d eae dinh nui bao tin nguy cip ve den sdng Nhi Trinh Doanh qud traeh TrUdng Khudng, trieu ve bd' dung Dinh Van Giai lam Thd'ng lanh thUdng tudng quan, kiem dd'c xua't quan dao, cUng boi tung Ngd Dinh Oanh dem quan di danh The lUc Hflu Ciu Iflng lly khien ndng dan h ndi khae cung nlian dd nd'i day lam nao ddng ca nhan dan b bac sdng Cai Trinh Doanh sai hieu ly Nguyin The Khai vao trai Nguyen Hflu Ciu du bao triet bo quan linh di Hflu Ciu khdng nhan menh lenh lai thdng vdi giae ten la Lan 16n lut den Duyen Ha danh up Sdn 23 Pham Binh Trong vdri sir ton vong Nam nhUng khdng t h i n g lai hdp sUc vdi giae cd lai dflng danh C i u vdi TrUdc kia, Hflu C i u nhieu tien quan sat den Son Nam Tran tUdng thay Hflu l i n bi Dinh Trong danh bai ben dao ma me Dinh C i u vo'n sd Dinh Trong nen sai Dinh Trong di Trong quang xud'ng sdng Dinh Trgng khdc Idc to' danh Hflu C i u hi Dinh Trong danh bai d C i m cao vdi Trinh Doanh the quye't chi giet Hflu C i u Giang lai ban vdi dang rang: "Ta mdi bi thua, Doanh rat khen chi Dinh Trong Khi Phi Sang tin thdng trdn dUa vi, tat nhieu a kinh sU khong dem clii du den, Dinh Trong ndi: phdng bi, ta dem quan ddnh up, the ndo cUng thdng dugc" ben dem quan b a n dem di ga'p den ben Bo De thi trdi da sang Trinh Doanh tU lam tudng chd'ng cU d ben sdng phia Nam P h a m Dinh Trong dUde tin, dem he't quan linh dud'i theo, lai danh t h i n g dUdc, Hflu C i u bo trd'n "Nguai Idm tudng d ngoai chien trUdng, co khong chiu menh lenh cua vua Toi vdi HUu Cdu cung khong doi trdi chung, toi dd tiing noi d trUdc chua thuong A^ay ong tu nhdn menh lenh di chieu hdng, toi tu nhdn menh lenh di giet gidc, ne'u gap duac the CO the ddnh duac giae, thi toi cdng khong TU sau t h u a t r a n d Bo De, Hflu C i u hdp lue vi cd ong de'n chieu hdng md ngdn ngai'" ( C M tr vdi Heang Cdng Chat danh pha eae huyen T h i n 588-589) Phi Sang den quan doanh Hflu Ciu, bay Khe, T h a n h Q u a n (Thai Binh) Dinh Van Giai td du chi eiia ehUa Trinh lai dem cau ndi eiia Dinh quan eiing bi Hflu C i u danh bai bi Trinh Doanh Trong bao cho Hflu C i u biet C i u ehuyen ehUa ndi qud traeh, lai cif Ngu Phuc, Dam Xuan Vue, dflt ldi thi Dinh Trong ap de'n danh up, Hflu C i u Nguyen Danh Le vay danh Hflu C i u d doanh trai dai bai phai chay trd'n Thi C i u Nguyin Hflu C i u thua, qua sdng de ehay Sau tran giao chien d cac sdng Ma Nao va len Xudng Giang Ngu Phuc va Pham Dinh Trong Hudng Nhi, Hflu C i u bi t h u a chay vao T h a n h Hda, danh pha dUdc N g u y i n Hflu Cau d t h a n h Xudng roi vao Nghe An nUdng nhd Nguyin Dien Dien Giang Hflu c i u ehay Yen Quang Ong sai dd giup cho binh linh, lUdng thUc Dinh Trong dem dang ten la Huu dem nhieu vang bac dut lot cho dai binh dud'i, quan evia Hflu C i u tan vd C i u chay ngudi quyen t h i n la Dd The Giai va ndi giam la bien gap gid bao, an trd'n nui Hoang Mai, Nguyin PhUdng Dinh xin d i u hang Trinh Doanh Nghe An, bi P h a m Dinh Si, thudc tUdng cua Dinh y cho, ban hieu la N i n h Ddng tudng quan va phong Trong bat dUdc, ddng cui giai ve quan thU Trinh tude Hudng nghia hau, cdn tudng hieu ciia C i u Doanh (CM, tr 608-609) Lue dd Danh PhUdng deu dUdc t h a n g lam quan, lai ban thudng ra't hau eung vfla bi bat Trinh Doanh md tiec Idn d quan roi lenh trieu ve kinh si(, NhUng thUe Hflu thU Xuan Hi de khao tudng si, sai Hflu C i u thd'i C i u khdng cd y d i u hang, thudng la'y cd la bi Dinh sao, Danh PhUdng rdt rUdu, t a m quan vui mUng Trong ngan ddn de to' cao ve trieu Trinh Doanh (CM, tr 610) Hflu C i u lap mUu vUdt nguc, bi Id, sai thiem tri Nguyen Phi Sang dem lenh den phii lien hi dem giet ca cung vdi Danh PhUdng ( C M , tr du va trieu ve, mat khac du bao Dinh Trong hoan 611) ... dng bang vii lue vdi trieu dinh Le - Trinh Tuy ehUa lat dc dUde thi cung la eanh bao ve sU diet vong cua nd ne'u khdng cai to', cai each Ne'u cai each tai chinh cua Trinh CUdng da tam thdi cdu... phdn Ung bdng vd liic ay da tac dgng manh me tdi cung dinh VUdng trieu Pham Binh Trong voi sir fdn vong Trinh Thai phi la Vu Thi ddng d i u phai cai td, dUa Trinh Doanh la em Trinh Giang len thay... chinh hg da tri dao quan t h i n gdp p h i n cdu van vUdng trieu Le-Trinh cham di tdi chd diet vong Pham Dinh Trgng la mdt dien hinh "van v6 song toan" ciing xua't hien tinh hinh dd Ong la ngUdi