Bài viết trình bày quá trình hình thành phong trào đấu tranh du kích ở tỉnh Thái Nguyên giai đoạn 1940-1945 nhằm thấy được một số đặc điểm nổi bật của phong trào đấu tranh du kích.
QUA TRirai iiiwi THAWI PHOMG TRAO DA'U TRAOTI DU KICH d TIIMI TIIAI i^cmfeiv GIAI DOAIV 1940-1945 N G O N G Q C LINH' Vdi vi tri d)a ly d$c bidt, li cia ngd gifla miln n i i phfa Bic vdi miln xufii, Thdi Nguydn trd tbdnb viing d i t cd vi tri chidn \\l(fc vfi cing quan Khfing nhiJng vdy, ngfldi ddn viing ndy vdn cd truyin thdng lao dgng cin ci, ydu nudc vd kidn cfldng dd'u tranh di^ng nfldc vd gii nfldc, "B&y Id tken ckdt cia tdt cd cdc dUdng thugng du" , dugc coi nhu Id chiic chia khoa md cia ngd tkugng du "Trdi qua nhiiu thiky, tinh ndy trd thdnh ving dim ngdn ngia nUdc Tdu khoi de dga, x&m lUgc An Nam vdo nhitng tinh pkia Nam cia Bac Kyvd Trung Ily~il) Nhdn thflc d^i(fc tlm quan cia ving d i t niy ddi vdi cudc ddu tranh giinh ddc Idp dfln tdc, t i mdi ddi, Dang ta da c i nhilu cdn bd ddn ddy tuydn truydn, giic ngfi qudn ching, xdy di^g cdc CO sd cdch mgng Sxf ddi cua cO sd Dang diu tidn ciia tinh Thdi Nguydn d xa La Bing (huydn Dgi Ti) vio cufii ndm 1936 da ddnh dd'u bfldc trfldng thinh quan cia phong trio cIch mgng tinh Thdi Nguydn, T i nim 1939 ddn ndm 1941, trfldc nhing diln bidn pbflc tgp cua tinh binh t b l gidi vd nfldc, Dang ta da kip thdi chi dgo chuyin hfldng chidn Ifl^c cdch mgng Qui trinh chuydn hfldng chi dao chidn Iflijc niy dflfle thi^c hidn qua Hdi ngh) Un thfl 6, 7, c i a Ban Chljp hinh Trung fldng Dang, Chfnh nhflng chi trfldng, quylt sflch dflpc dfla t i nhflng hdi ngh) niy da gdp phin tfch cflc, quydt d)nh din sijt binh t h i n h vd phdt triln cua phong trdo cIch mang c i a quIn ching ndi chung vd phong trio d i u tranh du kfch d tinh Thdi Nguyfin nfii ridng Hgi ngh) Un t h i cua Ban Chip hdnh Trung Udng Dang dfl(?e tridu tdp tgi Bd Dilm - Hdc Mdn - Gia D)nh t i ngdy miing din ngiy 8-11-1939 da khing dinh: "Bude dudng sinh tin cia edc d&n tdc Bdng Buong khdng cbn dUdng ndo khdc hdn Id dudng dank dddiqudc Phdp chdng tdt ca dck ngogi x&m S^t boc lit tdn dc cua di qude Phdp d Bdng DiAtng di cung cdp cho chiin trank si Idm cko ddn Bdng Duong ngdy cdng cdck m^nk koa Cudc cdck minh ddnh dddiqu^ Phdp ciia nk&n d&n Bdng BUdng nkdt dink si ndbing" (2), Hdi ngh) Un t h i eua Ban ChfTp hdnh Trung fldng diSn t i ngiy ddn ngdy 911-1940 tgi ling Dinh Bang - T i Sdn - Bac Ninh d$c bidt nhtfn mgnh tfii nhidm vy: "Phdi Itfix chgn ngUdi cdc dodn thi ' ThS Trudng Dgi bpc Khoa hoc - Dgi hpc Thdi Nguyin Qufl Mnh hfaih thflnh phong frno ddng md rdng cdc d^i tU vi Trong gid tranh ddu quyit Hit ndy phdi trUe tiip vo trang cho d&n ching cing Bdng td chic nh&n d&n cdch minh qu&n, trUc tiip tham gia diiu khiin bgo ddng" (3) Ci^ t h i hdn, Hdi ngh) ndu ro hogt d^ng cua d^i du kfch Id diing hinh t h i e vu trang cfing tdc, eIn thi chiln dd'u chdng dich khiing bd dl bao vd tfnh mgng v i t i i san c i a nhfln dfin, phdt triln th^t sflu rfing cdc ed sd cdch mang dd xdy di^ng, rad rdng cdn c i du kfch Hdi nghi Un thfl c i a Ban ChfTp binh Trung fldng Dang hop t i ngdy 10 ddn 19-51941 tai Pac Bd, Cao Bing dd r i t nhln mgnh nhidm vi^ giai phdng dfin tdc v i ehi ro: "Chudn bi khdi ngkla Id nhiSm vif trung tdm cia Bdng ta vd d&n ta giai dogn kiin tgf Ve vlh d l xdy dflng lflc Iflpng vii trang, Hdi nghi quydt dinh cin "phdi co nhitng td chic tiiu td du kick, du kick chink thie vd tdchic binh linh diqudc" (4) vd di "Biiu le cia Viit Nam Tiiu td du kick quoc" dfi cd quy dinh nhieu vd'n dl nhfl: Phfldng phdp td chic, dilu Id kdt ngp dfii vifin, trdch nhidm, tdp luydn, vu khf, ky thudt, Hfii nghi quyet dinh liy viing n i i rCftig Vidt Bflc de xay dflng cdn cfl dia vu trang, md Cao Bing vd Bdc Sdn - Vo Nhai Id hai dilm d trung tfim v i lim bdn dgp phdt dfing diu tranh vii trang, thie diy phong trdo each mgng ca nfldc phdt triln Tdm lai, Hfii ngh) Idn thfl cua Ban chd'p hanh Trung fldng Dang ed mfit f ngbia vfi cing quan trgng, nfi da bodn chinh sfl chuydn hudng chi dgo chiln Ifldc each mgng dflpc vgch t i Hpi nghi Un thfl (thang 11 ndm 1939) Vdn dung c b i trfldng, dfldng loi eua Dang, ngdy 27-9-1940, khdi nghia Bdc Sdn biing nd Cufie khdi nghia da dgt dflpc mot 80 thing Ipi ban d i u nhflng mpt sd hgn chd nhH dpih, cudc khdi nghia B^e Sdn da khdng gidnh dfldc thing ldi cudi ciing Tuy nbifin, qua cupc khdi nghia, ddi du kfeb Bic Sdn da ddi vd dflpc rdn luydn (gdm cfi mdt sd du kfch qudn l i ngfldi Thfii Nguydn), khu du kfch Bic Sdn cflng dd hinh thinh Dfi Id cd ad thudn ldi, Id dilu kidn tidn quylt dfla ddn sfl ddi cua cdn cfl dia Bic Sdn - Vo Nhai v i sfl ddi cia trung ddi Ciu qude qudn L Tgi Hfii nghi Trung fldng (thdng 11-1940), Dang ta quylt dinh ddi du kich Bic Sdn eIn phai dflpc tri vd phdt triln, 1dm lflc Iflpng nfing cdt tidn tdi xfiy dflng cdn cfl dia Bic Sdn - Vd Nhai, Trung fldng Dang cung vgch rfi phfldng hfldng hogt ddng cia ddi du kfch l i vu trang cfing tdc, eIn thi chdng dich khiing bd, xfiy dflng, md rfing edn efl dia each mgng Thflc hidn chi trfldng cia Dang, xud't phfit tfl sfl phdt triln cia lflc Ifldng du kich qudn, ngiy 1-5-1941 ll thdnh Idp Trung ddi Cflu qude qudn I dflpc to chflc trpng thd d Khudi Noi (xa Vu Ll, chfiu Bic Sdn) Nhfl vdy, tfl sau Hfii nghi Trung fldng (thfing 11-1940) den gifla nam 1941, cufie diu tranh eua quan vd dan Bac Sdn, Vo Nhai da danh diu mfit thdi ky quan thdi ky hinh tbdnb, phat trien cac lflc Iflpng vu trang cfich mgng diu tidn cua Dang, chuIn bi nhing dieu kidn cin thidt sdn sdng diu tranh vu trang chdng dich khing bd giai dogn sau Trdn ed sd phong trdo each mgng dfldc gifl vflng vd md rdng, ngiy 15-9-1941, tai ring Khufin Manh, ling Ngpc My, xa Tring Xd, huydn Vd Nhai, tinh Thfii Nguydn, Trung dfii Ciu qude qudn II dflpc thdnh Up, Sau thinh Idp, Trung dfii Ciu qude qufin II da cfi nhilu hogt dfing tfch cflc, trdn t i t ca cfic mdt: md rpng dia bin boat ddng, hufi'n luydn chfnh tri, qufin sfl vd chdng dich khing bd trdn cdn c i d)a Ble Sdn - Vfi Nhai Trong tam thdng diu tranh khfing mdt moi (ti thdng 7-1941 din thang 2-1942), cac chiln sy trung ddi Ciu Rghien cihi L|eh a i stf 4.2012 qude qufin II dfl phdi hpp vdi quIn ching nhdn dfln chiln dfl'u nhing dilu kiln vfi cing khfi khin, gian khi, tidu hao nhilu sinh life d)ch, bio vd v i phdt triln li^c lupng cdch mgng: "S{t tin tgi cia Citu qude qu&n cd y ngkla quan trgng, thi hi$n vai trd lank dgo cua Bdng, sic mgnh dodn kit qudn, d&n vd tinh thdn cdch mgng eua ddng bdo cde d&n t^c " (6), Mdt khfic, cflng thdi gian niy, nhdn thd'y d P h i Binh, Phd Yin phong trdo cflch mgng dang ldn, cO sd Dang vi M$t t r | n Vidt Minh diing vflng, cd vj tri thudn Ipi, dl ding lidn lgc vfii cfic ndi, Trung fldng Dang da quylt dinh li^a chpn vflng tilp gifip eua ving: Hidp Hda (Ble Giang), P h i Binh, Phd Ydn (Thfii Nguydn) dd xdy diing khu vi^c tfldng dfii an todn gpi l i ATK2 Vide xfiy dflng ATK l i nhim tgo ndn mpt chd ding chfin tfldng dfii dn djnh eho cdc td chic cdch mgng ATK2 Id ndi d$t cdc cd quan cua Trung fldng vd Xfl uy nhU: cd sd in tdi li^u, Bdo "Cd gidi phong" (d chia Mai Sdn), ndi cd't gifl tdi li^u (chia Kha Sdn Hg); Id diu mdi giao thfing lidn lgc t i Trung fldng, X i uy toa di cac dia phfldng; li nOi ddn, dfla can bfi tfl cfic tinh miln xufii ldn cdn c i dia Vigt Ble v i ngUdc lgi; Id ndi bd tri ndi dn, nghi v i bao vd edc ddng chf phi^ trdch phong trio cde dja phfldng vl bao cdo vdi Trung fldng v i Xfl uy; ddn tidp cac ddng chf bj dd qufic giam gifl cflc nhd lao trdn thoat vl vdi Dang, vfii dfln; Id ndi Trung fldng, Xfl uy md nhilu Idp h u l n luydn ehfnh trj, qufin sM cho cfln b? cfic tinh ding bing Ble Bd Dl ATK2 hoin thinh nhidm vy n$ng n l v i r i t quan trpng nfii trdn, Trung Udng quydt djnh thinh Up Ban can afl ATK, ddng chf Ngd Thd Son - X i uy vidn X i uy Ble Ky, 1dm Trfldng ban "Ti ngdy dUpc chgn lim ndi xfly dyng ATK2, hai huydn P h i Binh vd Phd Yin d i to Xing dang vdi si^ tin cdy cia Trung fldng v i cua Xfl uy, gii ^ n an toin cho cd quan Unh dgo cao nhdt cua Dkng cho ddn ngiy Cflch mgng Thing Tfim nflm 1945 thinh cfing" (6) Phong trio cflch mgng phfit triln, li^ Iflpng qudn du kfch tdng nhanh vd sd Iflpng, ddi hdi C i u qude qufln phai dupe td chic, quIn ly ch^t chfl hdn Dupc si^ chi dgo cia Trung Udng Dang, ngdy 15-2-1944, ll thinh U P Dd tam trung ddi Ciu qude qufin d i dflpc td chic trpng thd tgi ritng Khudi K)ch (Sdn Dfldng - Tuydn Quang) T i mdt trung ddi vdi 47 cdn bd, chidn sy hogt ddng trin mdt dja bin nho bgp ciia huydn Vfi Nhai (Thfii Nguydn), Ciu qude qufin da phdt triln thinh hai trung ddi vii hdng trflm ddi vidn, hogt ddng trdn dja bdn rdng ldn thudc cdc huydn: V6 Nhai, £Hnh Ca, Dgi TH, Djnh Hfia, P h i Lfldng (Thfii NguySn) Bic Son Bhih Gia, Trdng Djnh G-ang Son), Ydn Thi, Hflu Limg (Ble Giang), Sdn Dfldng, C^dm Hda (Tuydn Quan^ v i Chp Ddn (Bic Kgn) SM trfldng thinh nhanh chdng cCUig nhflng thing Ipi to lfin m i Ciu qude qufln d i giinh dflpc chi!tng td r i n g dfldng loi cdch mgng vi 81^ chi dgo xfly dflng li^c Iflpng vii trang cung nhfl dd'u tranh vfl trang cia Dang li hoin toin ding din Qua vide tlm hilu phong trio diu tranh du kfch d tinh Thfii Nguydn (giai dogn 1940-1945) ching ta da thefydflpciruJf sd dde diim ndi b&t cua phong trio dlii tranh du kfch ndi dfiy Trfldc bdt, phong trio dd'u tranh du kfch d tinh Thfii NguySn dflpc hbih thinh dUa trin nking ca sd nkihtg diiu kiin tU nhiin vd xa h^i thudn lgi Vj tri dja ly, dilu kidn tfl nhiln phong p h i nhung rfl't phic tgp cdng vdi truyin thdng dl'u tranh di^ng nfldc v i giii nfldc ciia nhfln dfln dja phUdng tao dilu kidn tdt v i th\(c su la cd sd viing chflc cbo vide hinh t h i n h mpt phong trio diu tranh du kfch rdng khIp Qu& trlnh hinh thinh phong h-io Phong trio dd'u tranh du kfch tinh dilm quan trpng nfla li: Bdn cgnh lUc Thdi Nguydn Id phong trdo ddu tranh du Iflpng nfing cit l i cdc trung ddi Cflu qude kich ddu tiin diin trin m&t phgm vi qufin I, II, i n tbl nking lUc lUdng vu trang rang, cd hi^u qua ldn vd dugc Trung uang kkdc cia qudn ching dd dUgc hinh thdnk Bdng trUc tiip chi dgo, lank dgo Th.^fc ti, vd dd cing Id nhitng lUc lUgng quan trgng, tfl trfldc t h i n h Up ein efl dja Bic tham gia tr^ic tiip vdo phong trdo ddu Sdn - Vfi Nhai, Trung fldng Dang ta da cd tranh du kick nhiJng ebi dgo vl e h i trfldng, xfic djnh rfi Ddn cudi nim 1944, cl hlu hit cfic xa dudng hfldng phfit triln c i a cfic dpi du kfch thudc dja bin boat ddng cia Ciu qude cung nhfl cia phong trdo dfi'u tranh ndy qufin ddu dd td chic dfldc cfic trung d^i tfl Mdt khfic, t i kbi phong trio mdi b i t vd, tidu dpi ti^ vd- Lflc Ifldng ty vd niy dupe diu nhen nhdm hinh thdnh vd ddc bidt li Ciu qude qufin huln luydn vl chfnh trj vd nbflng lie phong trdo suy thodi, Trung quan si^ dl 1dm giao thfing lidn lgc, bao vd fldng Dang v i Xfl uy Ble ky ddu kjp thdi cd sd v i edn bfi cdch mgng, tuydn truyen dua nhflng ehi dgo chidn lUpc, sfich Iflpc cfich mgng, tring trj bpn tay sai phan nhim vijtc ddy, phdt triln phong trdo, Si^ ddng, td chic quIn chung vio cfic Hpi Ciiu chi dao c i a Trung fldng Dang tbl bipn ro qude Dfiy Id ngudn bl aung lflc Iflpng rfing nhd't qua nhiJng nghi quydt tai cdc Hdi lfin cia Ciu qude quan (7), nghj cua Ban Chd'p h i n h Trung fldng Un Tfim lgi, dfldi sU lanh dao cia Trung thfl 6, 7, Nhieu cfin bd Trung fldng v i Xfl fldng Dang va X i i y Ble Ky, qudn v i ddn i y da dflde c i ldn cbi dgo, ho trp, thfim chf tinh Thai Nguydn, md lflc lupng Cvhi qude cbi huy tnJc tidp phong trio nhfl: ddng ehi qufin l i ndng cdt da tiin bdnb eufic dfi'u Trin Ding Ninh, Hoang Vdn Thu Hodng tranh du kich chdng dich khung bd hit sflc Qude Vidt, Dao Vdn Trfldng, Ngd Thd Sdn, oanh lidt vd adi ndi trdn cdn c i dia cfich ' Trin Minh Chfiu Nhd sfl ehi dgo sat aao mgng cia minh Cudc ddu tranh diln vd dd mi phong trdo diu tranh du kfch di§n cflng kbdc li^t gian nan bdi thflc dfin Phap trdn dia bdn tinh Thdi Nguyen ludn di kidn quydt thflc hidn cho ky dflpc nhOng ding hfldng, cd dfldc nhilu thdng ldi dm mflu, thu dean t i n khdc eua ching Nhiing lflc Ifldng du kfch d tinh Thdi nhflng kdt qua cuoi eung thing Ipi vin Nguyen (Ciiu qufic qufln I, II, III) la li^c thufic vd phfa chfnh nghia, vd phfa cdch Iflpng du kfch, lflc Iflpng vu trang diu tidn mgng Danh gid vl phong trdo dd'u tranh hinh thdnh d Vidt Nam dfi l i mfit du kfch v i vl Cflu quoc qudn cl Thdi nhing nhflng dpi qufin tidn thfin eua Qufln Nguydn ndi ridng, trdn dja bdn Vidt Bic, dpi Nhfin dan Vipt Nam Thflc tiSn cdch ndi chung, cd Tdng Bi thfl Ld Duin da vidt: mgng Vidt Nam thdi ky ndy cbo tbd'y: ddy "Sink vd ldn ddn lin phong trdo ehfnh Id nhiing lflc Iflpng vu trang diu tiSn cdck mgng rgng ldn cia qudn ching, cdc dflpc hinh thdnh, tri vd phdt triln dfldi d0i qu&n Ciu qude vd gidi phong md su chi dgo trflc tidp ciia Trung fldng Ding tki vUdt xa so qu&n cdng nkU quy md va X i uy Bfie Ky nkitng tr&n chiin ddu eua nd, dd gop phdn •Rm hidu vd phong trdo dl'u tranh du rdt quan trgng tgo cao trdo citu nude cia kfch d tinh Thai Nguydn (giai dogn 1940- qudn eking ti 1941 din 1945" (8) (Xem tiip trang 64) 1945) ching ta edn nhdn thdy mdt d^c ... mpt phong trio diu tranh du kfch rdng khIp Qu& trlnh hinh thinh phong h-io Phong trio dd'u tranh du kfch tinh dilm quan trpng nfla li: Bdn cgnh lUc Thdi Nguydn Id phong trdo ddu tranh du Iflpng... dd'u tranh vfl trang cia Dang li hoin toin ding din Qua vide tlm hilu phong trio diu tranh du kfch d tinh Thfii Nguydn (giai dogn 1940-1945) ching ta da thefydflpciruJf sd dde diim ndi b&t cua phong. .. thefydflpciruJf sd dde diim ndi b&t cua phong trio dlii tranh du kfch ndi dfiy Trfldc bdt, phong trio dd'u tranh du kfch d tinh Thfii NguySn dflpc hbih thinh dUa trin nking ca sd nkihtg diiu kiin tU nhiin