Bài viết khảo lược về sự tình phát ngôn nói chung và làm rõ một số đặc trưng của kiểu sự tình này. Đây là cơ sở bước đầu để có thể tiến hành những nghiên cứu đối chiếu về sự tình phát ngôn trong tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt.
96 NG6NNGC&BOIS6NG s l 12 (242)-2015 VE SV" TINH PHAT N G N VA D A C TRITNG CUA SV" TINH PHAT N G N TIENG ANH ENGLISH U I T E R A N C E ' S STATE OF AFFAIRS AND ITS FEATURES NGUYfiN THANH MINH (ThS-NCS; Hgc vifn Khoa hgc X i hfi) Abstract: Tfae paper auns to clarify theories of EngUsh processes m Unguists' points of view and speciaUze m utterance's stiitc of affairs hi English Especudly, the paper also mvestigates to define the specific features of utterance's state of affairs in English Key words: process; utterance's state of affairs; sayer, target; receipient; verbiage Djt vin de process), gui trinh hanh vi (behavoiral process), Trong ttil gidi vit chit m i ching ta dang S"^ "i"* dnh didn (mental process), qui trinh sing, cd rit nfailu cic svr vit hiSn tugng dugc quan hf (relational process), qui trinh tin tqi thl gidi khich quan phin infa vio ngdn (existenliafprocess) v i qud trinh phil ngdn (verbal process) (tatmg bil niy, chftng tdi sS ding thuit ngft thdng qua thl gidi kinh nghiSm hay qua ngft s\t tinh phit ngdn) nhin thftc cfta ngudi Cic tic gii ggi tin cic svr vigc dd bing cic tSn ggi khic nhau: MAK Halliday (1989) ggi l i qui trtnh (process), S.C Dik (1981) ggi Ii Stt linh (State of Affairs - SoA), cdn Didp Quang Ban (2012) goiddli^trtAe' Trong trio Iuu ngft phip cfaftc ning, svr tinfa cung nfau svr tinfa phit ngdn di dugc nhilu nhi ngdn ngft hgc quan tim nghiSn cftu Svi tlnh phdt ngdn tieng Anh ~ "saying" xuit hiSn vdi tin xuat cao cic lo^i dien ngdn V i cung di cd nhftng nghiSn cftu vl nhftng (Nguin M.A.K Halliday (2014,216)) vin dl HSn quan den ddng tft ndi ning K I thfta quan dilm cfta M.A.K Halliday vi svr tlnh pfait ngdn, nfaung vin chua dugc nghiSn cftu mgt cicfa chuySn biSt, cd hS tiling M.LM Matdiiessen (2004) vl cich phin chia Bii vilt cua chftng tdi li cd ging dl khio lugc cic kilu qui blnh (processes) tilng Anfa, vl svr tlnh phit ngdn ndi chung v i lim rd mdt Hoing Vin Vin di luin giii vl cic kiiu qui s l die trung cfta kilu s\r tlnh niy Diy l i co sd trinh (types of processes) tilng Anh budc diu dl cd till tiln hinh nhftng nghiSn Theo Hoing Vin Vin, qud trinh vdt chit tfivic cftu dli chilu vl SVI tinfa phit ngdn (STPN) cfalt li cic qui tirlnhfainhddng, li qui trinh bilu thj cho nhihig kinh nghiSm bSn ngoii, tilng Anh v i ticng ViSt V l kilu svr tinh phit ngfin theo quan xiy xung quanh ta, dd "svr v$t xiy ra, ngudi hay nhfing hinfa thl khic, divrc MSn dilm cfta ngft phip chftc ning hinh dgng, hay lim cho chftng xiy ra" Qud Zl Khii quit vis^ dnh Dudi gdc nhin cua ngft phip chftc ning qui Irinh tinh thdn l i cic qui ti-htti bilu tiij cim tiMi v i II thuylt ngit phip chftc ning hS giic nfau l i suy nghT (thinking), yiu (love), ttiong, MA.K Halliday (2014) cfing di phin muon (want), hi vong (hope), li bilu tiij cho cfaia cic svr tinfa tfai gidi tfainfa ba miln cfainh: nhftng kuih nghiSm bSn bong, "gfai l;i nd, till gidi vit chit, till gidi tinh tfiin v i till gidi pfain ftng l«i nd, phin inh Ifi nd, v i mdt phin cic mli quan h | trftu tugng Tuong ftng vdi nd li ^ thftc riSng biSt cfta tr^g thii tin tfi cfta li siu kieu qui trinh: qui trinh vit chdt (material chftng ta" Qud Irbih quan h$ dugc xic djnh li s l 12 (242)-2015 NG6N NGC & Ddl S6NG qui trinh ton tfi, sd.hfhl v i djnh vj, "chftng ta hgc dl khii quit hda - dl llSn hS ming niy vdi ming cfta thl gidi kinh nghilm", li "kilu qui trlnh phin lofl vi ding nhit" Qud trinh hinh vi li qui trinfa till faiSn hinh vi tim shtti Ii, nhu Ii khic, than, rin, cudi, Ihd, Qud trinh tdn tgi l i qui trinfa giii thich die dilm chuyin tic cfta svrfaiSnfaflufaaybiln mit, nd l i qui trlnh thl hlSn kinh nghidm bing cich thfta lihin ring mgt vit hay mdt tfavrc tl nio dd tin tfl hay xiy dugc thl falSn d dfng tinfa Qud Irinh phdt ngdn li qui trlidi thl hiSn bing Idi ndi, rihu li ndi, bdo, khuyen, phdt bieu, tdm str, Theo Halliday, cic qui trinfa niy tfO thinh mdt vdng tidn khdp kin bilu thj md hlnh kinh nghiSm 97 hinh d$ng iftl ndi sau thudc vl nhflng gl mi Halliday ggi l i Sg ttoh phit ngSn: Aakfliail IW Deny fphinhtol (trt Stammer (ndi %) Explain (glii Mcb) (goi Reply IM) Ciy DMc) Oa, I Plead (call Claim (dii hii) Promise (hlla) Continue (ti^ (Iha) Murmur bim) Whisper thim) Ii»Ply(n8»*) Tell Olt, bto) "TiET Repoit(tu6ng (thl COng tiieo Beverly (2012), cd dil k chftng xem dgng tft dd ed tiiudc nfadm dgng tft ndi ning (pfait ngdn) hay khdng bing cich xem xdt xem ddng tft dd cd di kdm vdi nhflng 2.2 yi stf tinh phdt ngdn Nhu di ti-hdi biy ta^n, "qui trinh phit tft nhu "tfiar, whetiiet", hoic Ii "what" nhu ngdn li qui trlnh tfaifaignliing ldi ndi, nfau l i bong cic vl dvi sau (2012,30): She prdmised thai she would come back ndi, bio, khuySn, phit bilu, tim sir, " Ngoii She claimed that it was a plot ra, qui trlnh phit ngdn cdn bao glm cic kilu She explaked what had beat troublmg her trao dli ^ nghTa tugng tnmg khic nfau She asked whether she could go home chi, hl$u, nhiy, \it Halliday di chl rd, Tuy nhiSn, dng cung chl svr kfaic biSt vl qui trlnh phit ngdn, cic mli quan fa| svr thtti cfta nhftng d$ng tft chl hinh d$ng ndi tugng tnmg dugc thilt lip ^ thftfc cfta ngudi v i dugc thl hiSn dudifalnfatiiftc ning trSn dvra vio ngft cinh cfta ldi ndi ngdn ngft, nhu l i svr phit ngdn v i thl hiSn j "context", nhu eic vl dvi sau: 'He screamed Ihat he was hungry': thudc nghia Khdng giong nhu qui trinfa tinh thin v i qui vl SVT tlnh phit ngdn (saying verb - saymg process trlnh hinh vi, qui trinfa pfait ngdn khdng ySu 'The baby didn't stop screaming': thudc v l ciu tiiam till dift nhit Phdt ngdn the (scorer) phii li ngudi haytiivrcthl cd :^ thftc Theo ngft svr tlnh vit cliit hay svr tlnh hinh vi verb-process of phip kmh ngfaiSm cfta MA.K Halliday, dli (action/behavioural vdi cic kilu qui tiinh bong tilng Anh dil gic material/befaaviour)) Mdt quy dinh nfta dd l i xem xdt dgng tft Idi cfta svr tinfa phit ngdn phii li phit ngdn, tfte "saymg", chft khdng phii tiiuit ngft phit ngfin niy cd ngttdi tiip nhdn (receiver) hay khdng ndi chung (verbal); phdt ngdn (saying) dugc Vidvi: She promised Aim ; She explained to djK tuong duong vS eip dd vdi dnh cim her mother ; She a^ed the teticher, deling), suy nght (thinking), tupng trung hda Theo Graham Lock (1996, 1I6),1 svr tinh (symbolizing),- Svrtinhphit ngfin cd tfil dugc phit ngdn dugc diln dft bdi nfaitaig hinh ddng hilu li hoft ddng ndi ning, faoft d$ng phit ndi ning nfau '.say, ask, tell, reply, suggest ldi ndi dl thl hifn i nghla, dl hao dli tfidng Tfaeo Rivka Shemesh (2012) tatmg bii vilt tin gifta ngufti vdi ngudi "About "Speaking" that is not "saying": a Theo Beverly Derewianka (2012, 29) tfd Survey ofyerbs of speech productiorT, dd "Svt "nhOng Irdi nghifm khdng chi dupc diin dgt tinh ndi ning (phit ngdn) li nhftng svr tinh cd mdl cdch trtic dip mi cdn dupc diln dgt qua chfta hinh ddng ndi "saying", dd l i fainh ddng fcjiiA ding Idi nil" Ong cflng list kS nhftng truyln nfii dung cfta ldi ndi bing IditiJrphia 98 NGdN N G C & B I S N G ngufri n6i tdi ngii6i ng^e mpt hofit d$ng giSo ti^p S^ tlnh ndi nfing bao ghm m$t so y^u t6 nhu: phiit ngon the (the addresser), tilp ngdn thl (the addr^see) Ngon ngO' n6i vk m$t s6 d$c dilm v l chu c&rih khdc nhu myc dfch cua h^nh d$ng n6i nfing, tr^ng thfii cCa giao tiep mfi hfinh d$ng n6i nfing d6 dup'c thl hi^n Tit nhOng trinh bfiy nhu trfin, thl s\r tinh phfit ngdn (STPN) phfii du^c hilu lfi ho^t d$ne ndi nfing ho^t phfit ldi n6i cOa ngu6i w bilu hi$n y n^Ta, de trao doi thdng tin Dd !fi Sayer Kfv uncle Sayer hofit ddng bfing ngdn ngtt cua ngu6i giao tiep E>$c t n m g cua s y tlnh phfit ngdn Theo Graham Lock (1996, 116): Sv tinh phfit ngdn (STPN) phfii cd d^c trung nhu: thudng phfii cd m$t Iham t h l , ngudi ndi (the sayer - Phfit ngdn Ifai), vfi hiu hit cfic tnrdng h(7p cd thfim s\r thl hi$n cia cfii dupc ndi (the saying - Ngdn thl), Thfim vfio dd, nhilu m$nh d l cua sv tlnh phfit ngdn cd m$t tham thl mfi Idi ndi hudng tdi, dupc gpi Ifi tilp ngfin thl (the addressee) Vf dy: sayioHPro Saying Pftilosopkers ofscience Sa^r have lately been explaining sayinf! pro told Saying Pro S 12 (242)-201S Saying that science is about cmrelating phenomena SayuiR Me Addressee saying to bring the table back? Sayer saying Graham Lock (1996, I Q dfi dua md hlnh v l cdi ducrc ndi (the saying) vd tiip ngdn thi (the addressee) s\r tinh phfit ngdn nhu sau: Say tell talk ask reply rec uest persuade wam Saying Quote •1 V V V (•") < Reported statement (rAor clause) Repotted question (iPwIt clause) Reported offer or directive (to + V clause) Repotted offer or directive itital clause -t- modal) Addressee Object •1 Prepositioaal Object V < V •1 ^' V •1 •1' V V' 'J •f V •1 V V V V V V V V •1 ^ •1 V V V V (10) Say can report both offers and directives, for She said Ihat she would It (offer) She said that I had to leave, (directive) Again, tdi can report both offers and directives, for She told us that she would U She told me that I had lo leave The Addressee ts normally an obligatory participant except whenlheSeg^ is a label, for example: He alweiys tells wonderfid stories, (mtndafid stories is a label) Only when combined with a label, for example: He told the same story to both of us For example, sentences like: He asked that we should not say anything about It These are less common Ihan to+ V clause reported directives, such as: He asked us not lo say anything about il Only when combined with a label, for example: He asked a question to the whole class Very restricted Note that sentences like: She requested whether It would be possible to extend the deadline Could also be interpreted as directives (asking fapermissiot0 Normally an obligatory partlc^xoit in all conUnt (Ngu^: Graham Lode (1996,116)) s l 12 (242)-201S NG6N NGff&BOl S6NG Vidy: Tfaeo Graham LocktiUmdt STPN ngdn cd He said loudly die tnmg CO bin, dd Ii phii cd bin tham thl VTPN CSiucinh Bin chdl cia cdc tndi quan h4 khdc PNT cua cdc Iham the STPNTA theo MA.K They told Me so HaUidm (1994)tiivrcchit li vl|c tic gii khii PNT VTPN DNT Chu lugc vl cic fliam till taxing STPN nhu Phdt cdnh ngon the (PNT - Sayer), Tiip ngdn the (TNT - She stioke French tome recipient), Dich ngdn thd (DNT - target) vi PNT VTPN DNT TNT Sgdn thi (NT - verbiage) Dong dinh vi chit chS vdi chu cdnh: vdn de li ndi dung cii dugc He two ordei^ ndi hinh ddng phit ngdn Nd cd thl li beers PNT VTPN NT dl tid, li chft dl cfta NT cftng cd dil li ndi dung cfta NT (Hoing Vin Vin, 1999,35) Trong nhftng vl dy ti*n, khdng phii tit ci Vidy: cic thinh tl diu xultfai^ntrong ciu, cic thinh to stay at John told She tl khic cd till khdng xult hidn hoic dugc thdi home Chu cfinh: QT: phfit TNT lugc Vi?ctinfalugc cic thinh tl hoin PNT vdndl ngdn toin chlpb nhin dugc nlu nd dugc ngft cinh (1994,133) cho phip vi dipftngduan kind" Oien dung cfla NTtaongSTPN cd till dl cip din lit So 12 (242)-2015 N G N N G f & Btfl ca cdc lo^i hlnh s\r tinh kh&c thl gidi kinh nghidm Hay ndi cdch khdc, d STPN, cii d\Kfc phdng chiiu, "cdi dupc ndi ra" c6 th^ thu^c cdc mien khdc Vf d^: - "And theyVe already selected your wile," Tracy guessed C^& hp da IgB ch(^ du^c vp cua b^n", Tracy dvr doin) (If Tomorrow comes, 8) (NT thu$c sv tlnh v^ chit, tAc hinh d^)g) - Jncy said "I love it" (Tracy nfii, "tfli yftu nfi^ (NT thuflc spflnhtinh tii&n) - She wildly hlnrted ou^ "Giaries, Fm pregnant" (Ntog (tt thAt ien, "Charles, em