V^ mat ngdn ngiJ, tia'ng Viet, tia'ng Trung va tieng Han thupe cie loai hinh va ngQ ha khac nhau (tieng Trung - tupng hinh; tieng Han - ciu tao cac phu am tupng hinh cac eo quan phat a[r]
(1)VAI N H A N X E T Vi SU TUONG DONG TRONG PHAT AM • •
GlCTA TI^NG VI§T Vdl TIENG TRUNG VA TIENG HAN •
DoThiHdo
Khoa Tieng Viet vd Van hod Viet Nam cho ngudi nude ngodi Trudng DH KHXH&NV, DHQG Ha Noi
1 DA nudre Vi^t Nam ta dang pbdt tri^n manh ve mpi mat, dae biet la tif gia nb^p WTO Vi the mit ciia ban be cac nu6c, Viet Nam dang va se 1^ m6t nhihig nuofc eo t6'e d6 phat trid'n kinb te nhanh nhSft thd' gi6i Di^u li giai tai cang eo nhieu ngucfi mu6'n hpc tid'ng Vi6t Do la nhung sinh vien, nb^n vien cong ty, nhihig ngudi kinb doanb tu mu6n tim hi^u thi trudng Viet Nam v.v Trung Qu6'c va Han Quoc la hai nu6c c6 nhu c^u hpc tieng Vidt kha cao
Khi noi d6'n qua trinh hpc tieng Viet ciia blit cii m6t sinh vi6n nude ngoai nao, dieu quan trpng hang ddu lu6n la: phai hpc phat am cho tot Vi do, kha nang nghe, noi va tiep nhin kien tbiic se dS dang hem rat nhieu Nbimg qua thuc, hpc phat am tieng Viet khong phai la dL Ngupc lai, c6 le la nhiem vu kbo khan nhat ciia m6i sinh vien suot qua trinh hpc Tuy nhien nhung nguofi lam cong tac giang day tieng Vi6t cho ngucfi nude ngoai thucmg c6 mot nhan xet r^ng: m6t b6 pb^n 16n sinh vien Trung Quoc hpc nhanh bofn cac sinh vi6n nu6c khac Ben canh do, giua tieng Vi6t vod tieng Trung, tieng Han CO nhung su tucfng d6ng nhA djnh w6 phat ^m, dii ft hay nhieu Bai viS't nho xin dupe din m6t vai vi du ve v^n de tren
(2)da chiu anh buong ciia Trung Qu6c ve nhieu mat, dac bidt nbSCt la van boa va ngon ngu Den nay, d^u in ciia su anh buong d6 vin s^u dim va c6 th^ dl dang nhin Con doi vcri Han Quoc, mai dft cuoi nam 1992 bai nu6c mdri thuc su chinh tbiic thiet lip quan hd ngoai giao Tuy nhien di^m dang noi day la tieng Han cung chiu anh huong Icrn tir tieng Trung Tuy sau nay, cung gi6'ng nhu din t6c Vift Nam (sang tao he thong chu" cho rieng minh), ngu&i Han da tao n ngon ngu rieng - be thong ebu cai Hangul ri't doc dao, nhimg nhflng anh huong v5n khong mi't di
He thong chu" Hangul tbu6c m6t loai hinh ng6n ngu* khac v6i tieng Trung va cung boan toan khac vdi tieng Viet - la ng6n ngO diing he chu cai Latinh Nhung ciing chiu anh huong ciia tieng Trung n^n cho den nay, ba ngon ngQ: tieng Viet, tieng Trung va tieng Han vinci nhung diem tucfng dong phat am
2.L Truoc het, giua tieng Viet va tieng Trung, nhung net tuong d6ng v^ phat im la pb6 bid'n va dl nhin thi'y, dac biet vdi nhung tir la tft Han Viet Ma ht thong tij vung tieng Viet, mot bo phin khdng nho lai la tu Han Viet Diy la ket qua eua hang ngbin nam chju anh huong cua chu Han Hon nua da c6 nhung giai doan ngudi Viet sir dung chu Han lam van tu chinh Vi the su giong phat Am cua cac tu Han Viet la dd hiiu
Ben canh do, du tieng Viet la ngon ngir da didu, g6m (di^u lam cho sinh vien nude ngoai vat va nhat) thi tieng Trung cung CO dieu, dij khong nhieu va khong hoan toan gid'ng v5i tieng Viet Do la cac thanh: J v , ,.}
Thanh 1:- (doc keo dai) ' '^^>'= '-^f Thanh 2: / (dpc tuong tu dau sic) '" ;' ' Thanh 3: v (dpc tuong tu dau hoi)
Thanh 4: \ (dpc nhanh, dut khoat)
Thanh 5: giong khong tieng V i a (dpc ludt)
(3)' vdi ti^ng me de, ndn hp cung khdng phai trai qua nhi6u kbo khan, bd ' ngd nhu sinh vi6n cac nude khac
Dudi day chung t6i xin ISfy m6t s6 vi du di th^y dupe nhihig di^m gi6ng
T&ti£fng Viat
Hi vpng Tbdng minh van hod Tra Phat tri^n Xu^t khiu Sir dung Lao ddng Cao
nay:
Ti^ng Trung (phi^n am) Xi wang Cong mung3 Wenl bia Cha Fa zhan Chu kou3 Shi3 ydng Lao dong Gaol
Tfifti^ngViat
Cam cm Lich sir Ki^mtra Kinhte C6ng nhan PhuniJ Bdocdo Phu san Cam
Tieng Trung (phien am) Gan xie Li shie3 Jian cha Jungl ji Gongl ren Funii3 Bao gao
Fij kanl
Ganl
Cha thich: Vi ki hi6u dieu kbo ntn chung tdi ghi bang so,
tucfng ihig vdi cac dieu da neu b tren
Nhin bang vi du nay, n^'u hi^u dupe phi^n am tieng Trung, chang ban nhu: "g" se phat am giong "c" tieng Viet, "sh" - giong "s" thi phat am, chung ta se tha'y chiing kha giong
Vi du: "Tbdng minh" se phat am la "chung minh", tucfng tu mot s6' tir nhu: "lich sijr" se la "li sijf", 'Tra" se la "U-a", "sii dung" se la "sii dung" v.v
Dac bi6t se cd m6t s6' tir ma phat am giiJa hai ngon ngu la boan toan gid'ng nhu "cao" hay "cam"
(4)phat am gin giong Theo tinh chit bic ciu thi tir dd ma nhung ij Han - Han va nhung tir Han - Viet cd the phat am tucmg tu Tren thuc te da cho tha'y dung nhu vay Nhieu tir nhi^u tir Han - Viet kh6nf lam cho sinh vien Han Quoc gap khd khan viec phat am va nho nghia cua nd Cai khd hem la d nhihig tir thuin Viet va he tbd'ng dieu pbiic tap Trong tieng Han khong cd dieu nen sinh vien Han Quoc luon bdi rdi trudc bien tupng rit nhieu t^ chi khac dieu ma each dpc va nghia boan toan khac Do dd da cd nhi^u sinh vien hpc luon yeu ciu giao vien dua tit ca cac kha nangkft bpp vdi cac dieu cua cung mot dcm vi tir Hp mudn dat chung mot he thong nham phan biet cac diu va cd th^ hpc cung m6l iuc tit ca cac tir Nhu the se tranh dupe su nhim lin va nhd mdt tt cd ihi nhd dupe cac tir lai nhdm Nhung cung c6 mdt dieu dang luu y la neu da la sinh vien nam thur 2, tbir roi ma phat 4m sai thi rit khd sua Liic viec sua phat am cue ki vit va va doi hoi su ki6n tri, quyet tarn cua sinh v'ltn dd
Trd lai nhutig d'lim tucmg dong phat am nbi6u tir Han • Vidt, chung ta cd Ihd Ihay dupe qua mot so vi du dudi day:
Tieng Via Chinh dang Khdng gian Y tudng Cdn trung Da so
Ke hoach boa Cong nghiep Nong thon Quiin li Phd bien Xa hoi Don Tieng Han (phicn am) Jung dang Gong gan Yi sang Gon chung Da so
(5)1
, Nhu vay, nhin vio mdt sd vi du tran, mdt ngudi dii khdng biet I ti^fng Hin cung cd th^ nhan ring nhihig tir Han Viet phat am
kha gin vdi nhOng tfir ciing nghia ti^ng Han Miic dp gid'ng , tir It d^n nhi6u Cd nhihig ttr phat am rit gid'ng, dac biet la nhung tir cd
] ngang ti^ng Viat Vi du cac tijf: "ndng" "nong
nghiap" "cdng" "cdng nghiap", "boa" "ke hoach boa", ttr "gan" Cung tiir day, chiing ta thiy dupe dac di^m khdng dieu ti^ng Han Tit ca cac tir cd diau ciia tieng Viet deu tucmg img vdi nhOtig tir khdng diau ciia ti^ng Han Ching ban nhu:
Hoa, hoa, hoa, hoa, hoa n^u la tir Han Viet va cd nhimg tir Han
Han tuong ducmg thi ngudi Han Qud'c d^u se dpc la "hoa" Neu tim
hiiu mdt each cd tbdng qua nhilu vi du hem, chung ta se thiy rd v^
dac di^m niy
Vi nhiitig di^u niy mi cac bu6i hpc ciia sinh vien Han Qud'c, cd mdt di^u thu vi la na'u gap mdt tir mdi la tir Han Viet, giao vian cd ihi cho sinh vian tu doin nghia dupe Va kha nang chinh xac li khdng nhd
Ngay nay, Viat Nam va Han Qud'c deu da cd ngdn ngiJ rieng cho dan tde minh, in cbtia dd nhihig dac di^m ve van boa, tu ciia ngudi mdi dan tde ChiJ Qud'c ngG cua Viet Nam va he tbdng chi? Hangul ciia Han Qud'c deu la su sang tao tuyet vdi tir viec cd ging thoat khoi loai chii' viat pbiic tap la chi? Han Cd the, so vdi chir Hangul thi tia'ng Viat hoan thian hem Nhung ciing phai thira nhan he tbdng chir Hangul (do vua Sejong sang tao nam 1446) la mot cdng to Idn Nd da th^ bien ve dep tri tue ngudi ket hop vdi nbihig quan dia'm tria't hpc phucmg Ddng
(6)Tdm lai, ciing chiu anh hudng sau dam cua Phat giao, Nhc giao va cung anh hudng Idn ciia tieng Han nen dii da trai qua nhiduthe ki, den nay, van boa ciing nhu ngdn ngii' ba nude Viet - Trung - Har vin cd nhieu diem tucmg ddng Mac dii the, mdi nan van hoa cd nhung net dac sic va gia tri rieng, mdi he tbdng ngdn ngiJ deu la mdt su sing tao dpc dao, mang ban sic dan tde minh Hpc mot ngdn ngi? chinh la hpc them mdt nen van boa va tim hia'u tri tue, each tu va nhihig net dep tam hdn ngudi thupe ve n^n van hoa dd
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1 Kim Seong Beom- Dao Vu Vu (2006), "'Hudn dan chinh anf'vii bang chu cai cua dan toe Han, Tap chi Ngdn ngiJ" va Ddi s6ng, So 10
2% Trinh Cim Lan (2006), Ciu? viet Hangul bi'rc tranh chQviii khu vuc Tap chi Ngon ngQ va Ddi song So 10
3 Dd Tien Thing- Lee Kye Sun (2006), He thong chil Hangul vd .,ji tinh uu viet cua no Tap chi Ngdn ngO va Ddi song So 10
4 Pham Phii Ty (2006), May y kien ve viec day phdt am tieng Viit , • cho sinh vien Han Quoc, Ki ya'u bdi thao khoa hpc: Viat Nam
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