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Bài viết đưa ra những cơ sở lý luận chung về bản sắc văn hóa Châu Âu, phân tích một vài nét cơ bản về những giá trị của bản sắc văn hóa Châu Âu và từ đó đưa ra những bài học kinh nghiệm mà các nước Hiệp hội các quốc gia Đông Nam Á (ASEAN) có thể học tập.
LICH S i ; - VAN HOA - XA HOI CHAU AU / MOT Vfll N6T V€ NH&NG Gifl TRj BAN SflC VAN HOfl CHflU flU Ths Vu Thanh Ha Vien Nghien cim Chau Au Tdm tat: Bdn sdc vdn hda chdu Au cSng nhu nhirng vdn de lien quan din bdn sdc chdu Au hiin khdng chi dugc gi&i hgc gid quan tdm md cdc nhd lanh dgo cUa Lien minh Chdu Au cQng nhu lanh dgo nhieu nu&c tren thi gi&i cUng dgc bi?t chu y Bdi viet ndy dua nhirng ca s& ly ludn chung ve bdn sdc vdn hda chdu Au, phdn tich mgt vdi net ca bdn vi nhirng gid tr\ cua bdn sdc vdn hda chdu Au vd tir dua nhirng bdi hgc kinh nghiem md cdc nu&c Hi?p hgi cdc qudc gia Ddng Nam A (ASEAN) cd thi hgc tgp Tir khda: bdn sdc, vdn hda, da dgng chdu Au ASEAN, EU Q u a trinh hinh va phat trien ciia giii gin tinh da dgng cua cac nen van hda Lifin minh Chau Au la mgt tien trinh hgi chau Au vdn hinh mgt nfin nh|.p khu vgc bat dau tir kinh tfi, chinh tii rdi van hoa chung chau Au vd md rfng phgm vi den van hda - xa hgi Di qua chang dudng anh hudng cua van hda chau Au cac quflc phat trifin ban mia the ky qua Lien minh gia vd khu vgc khac trfin thfi gidi Chau Au dugc xem nhu lien minh cflng nhit Heh su loai ngudi ma phdn Mft so van d l ly lufn ve ban sac van hoa chdu Au ldn nhd vao nhiing ket qua noi bat dugc nhac "Bdn sac, nhin chung, la mft khai nipm nhifiu trfin cac ITnh vgc kinh tfi, chinh tri Bfin chi each thuc ma mfli ca nhdn tg nhgn biet canh do, chiing ta khdng thfi khflng nhdc tdi minh mdi lien hf vdi ngudi khac nhiing qua cua van hda - xa hpi da Trong sg nhgn biet ndy, ca nhan thudng tg so dugc gay dung tii nfin tdng ljch su vd mdt sdnh va dfli chilu minh vdi ngudi khac, doi phan chfnh siic hap dan cua nfin van hda tren ca sd cd nhan, ddi trfin ca sd chau Au noi tifing Ddu vay, hifin cfng dong Ndi mft each khae, ban sac ca lifin minh dang phai ddi mat vdi nhiing nhan giflng nhu nhiing gi Mach ndi, la thach thirc ldn phai kl nhu: gidi quylt cau trd ldi cho cau hoi: "Toi Id mdi khung hodng ng cdng, xay dgng mgt chinh ^Hn hi v&i ngu&i khac?" va ban sdc cfng sach dfli ngi doi ngoai chung, hay nhu vifc ^ong la cdu tra ldi cho cdu bfli: "Chiing ta Id MM odi net oe nhihig gid 57 tri mdi liin he v&i nhirng nhdm ngu&i phong tuc tap qudn, ldi sdng vd lao dgng" khdc?"^ Trong quan he quflc tfi, ban sac van hda dan Cho den da ed rdt nhifiu dinh nghia tfc dugc xem nhu "the can cudc", la cflt ve van hoa dugc dua nhung tiec rang van each cua mfli ddn tge thfi hifin tren mgi chua cd dinh nghia thdng nhat ve khdi nipm phuong difin quan he ngogi giao ve kinh te, O day cd thfi sir dung dinh ngbia vfi van chinh tri, van hda va xa hfi Vfi ban chit, ban hda ca bdn nhdt cua UNESCO da dugc sac van hda dan tflc the hifin tinh than, linh thdng qua nam 1982 tai Mexico, sau duge hon, cdt each, ban ITnh ciia mgt dan tdc Day su dung lgi Tuyfin bfl vl Da dang van dugc coi la "dau hipu khac biet vfi chat" giiia hfla (2001): "Hiiu theo nghia rgng nhdt, vdn dan tfc vdi dan tdc khac Trong qua hda ngdy cd the dinh nghia Id mot tap trinh tfln tgi va phat trien, ban sac van hoa la hgp cdc net khu bi$t, cdc dgc diim khde bigt yfiu tfl mang sire mgnh tinh than dan tdc, vi tinh thdn vd vgt chdt tri thirc, tinh cdm giup dan tpc vugt qua nhiing thu thach ciia dgc tnmg cho mgt xa hdi hay mgt nhdm xd ljch sii, bdi vi ban sac van hda dan tpc la cflt hgi"^ Khai nipm ban sdc van hoa da dugc UNESCO dl xudng khudn kho cufc ddu tianh trfin Imh vgc vdn hoa diln tgi cdc dien ddn da phuang nhiing nam 60 va 70 the ky 20, dugc quflc tfi tb^a nhan nhu loi cua van hda dan tfc Nd vira la myc tifiu, vira la dgng lgc de phat trien van hda dan tfc Chinh vi vgy, vipc giu: gin va phat huy bdn sac van hoa dan tgc da va dang dugc nhilu quflc gia dan tflc coi trgng va cd nhimg giai phap cy thfi qua trinh phat tiien mft quan niem chfnh thdng ve van hoa mang Cd rat nhifiu each phan logi ban sac: nfi dung tich cyc Tgi Hfi nghi Hen chinh NIU phan chia theo ITnh vyc, ta cd: ban sac phd vl Cdc chinh sach vdn hda d Venise, van hda, ban sac nghe thuat, ban sac tfln F.Mayor - nguyen Tong giam dflc UNESCO, giao ; Nfiu phan chia theo quy mfl, ta cd: dd dua mft dinh nghTa khai nifim van hda ban sdc dan tgc, ban sic quflc gia, ban sac trfin CO sd nhan mgnh tinh dde thii eua ban khu vgc Dfli chung ta bat gap nhung sle van hod ddn tge, dd la: "Vdn hod bao khdi nifim ed chung mot y nghTa va dugc su gdm tdt cd nhUng gi ldm cho ddn tdc ndy dyng lan Ifn nhu ban sac dan tde, ban sac khde vai ddn tgc khde, tic nhirng sdn phdm qudc gia Trong phgm vi bai vifit nay, chiing tinh vi hi?n dgi nhdt cho den tin ngu&ng tdi chgn cdeh phan logi khai quat nhat la ban sde ea nhan va ban sde cfng dflng (trong chu yeu nhan manh den ban sac cgng dflng ' Bfli Hai Ding, BUCK ddu tim hiiu khdi ni4m "Bdnchau Au, ban sdc chau Au) sdc c$ng ddng", T§p san Khoa hpc x i hpi & Nhan vfin, s6 37,2006, tr 108 ^ Jean TARDIF, Todn cdu hda va cdc nin vSn hda, tai t^i: http://vndocs.docdat.com/doc5/index-l 1764.html ngiy 10/10/2013 ^ Tir diin Itdch khoa Vift Nam, t^p - NXB Tir dien bich khoa Hi N91.2005, trang 798, 58 NGHIEN CCJrU CHAU AU • EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12 {159].2013 Nhung nam gin day, van de ban sac chau Au cung nhu cac van de Hfin quan dfin ban sac chau Au trd thdnh dfi tdi kha bifin vd dugc nhilu gidi quan tdm, ddc bifit lanh dgo cua Lien minh Chdu Au Trong nfl lgc phat trifin dfi trd thdnh mgt td chiic chinh trj sieu qudc gia, ben canh vific phdt trien kinh tl, ciing cfl dia vi ehinh trj, EU cdn phai xay dyng eho duge bdn sac rifing minh Tuy nhien, EU khflng the xay dung mgt ban sdc hoan toan mdi ma phai su dung nhung chat lieu chung cd san ciia khu vgc dfi tgo dgng sy dflng thugn xa hfi Nhimg chat lieu ay cd thfi tim thay hang loat nhiing gia trj tmyen thdng ciia van hda, van minh phuong Tay va nhan quyen chii nghia ca nhan vd siic manh ciia Iy* Khi tim hieu vfi bdn sac van hda chau Au, ngudi ta thudng tim ve nhung goc rfi mang tinh ljch sii Tren thgc te, khdi niem "chau Au" dan thuan chi Id mgt chau luc Ten ggi chau Au (Europe) theo than thogi Hy Lap la gdi Vua xg Phenixi Than Ddt dem long yeu Europea va hda thdnh mft bd, dfi eho nang cudi trfin lung va lao xuflng bien Tuy nhifin, tgi luc dja chdu Au lai cd tfin gpi thi dfin vin chua cd Idi giai dap thda ddng Cd ngudi cho ring Europe, tiieo tieng Phenixi, cd nghia la "viing ddt nai mat trdi lan", tiic la "viing dit nam d phfa Tay"^ Nhu vay, neu nhin nhan bai chau Au la thgc thfi van hda thi cd thi hilu Towards a European Identity? (Hudng tdi ban sac van hda chau Au la khai nipm chi Elisabeth Bakke (1995) ban sac chau Au?) cho ring: Ban sle, vl mat nhiing gia trj van hda edt loi cua vimg van ehu quan duge tfln tai ti-ong tam tri cua eon hda chdu Au (gan vdi nhirng gid trj tmyen ngudi vdi nhirng y tudng: Chiing ta la va thflng ciia van minh Tay Au), tgo sg khac chung ta thuge vl Mgt khac, vl mat khach biet ca ban sg tuang quan so sanh vdi quan, ban sac dugc xac djnh bdi nhiing cae vimg van hda khac Nhu vay, khai niem ngudi thude cac nhdm nhat djiib Dd la da neu ehi ban sac van hda ndi ehung ciia nhung tifiu chi cho phep cae vien cua mft nen van hda ma nhieu ngudi vdn thudng mdt cflng ddng nhan nhau, thufc vfi ciing gpi la vdn hda van minh Tdy Au mgt cgng dflng"* Trong bdi phdt bifiu cua minh 16 David Gress cho ring, ban sdc van hda thdng nam 2009, Jean-Claude Triehet, Chit chau Au la sg tflng hgp ciia nhiing gia tii dan tjch Ngdn hang ECB tai Frankfurt dd vi: "Toi chii, dac tfnh cua chii nghia tu ban, khoa hgc thdy bdn sdc vdn hoa cua chdu Au nhu mgt logi vdi det chat che Vdi ndy bao gdm tren * Elisabeth Bakke (1995) Towards a European Identity? httD://folk.uio.no/stveb H'oward.'i a European IdentJt i ^ , 10/10/2013 Gress, D (1998), From Planlo lo Nolo: The idea ol the west and its opponents Free Press, New York * Trin Phirong Hoa (2005), Khdi qudt chung vi ijch su vdn hoa vdn minh chdu Au, De tii cip Vi^n, V i ^ Nghien cihi Chau Au Jltbt odi net oi nhSbig gid tri 59 mgt mgt cda mgt sgi dgc keo ddi mgt each danh mgc cac dae dilm chung ciia chau Au cdn than, tuang ung v&i nhiiu nen vdn hoa gom cd: truyfin thdng La Ma, van hda va tu mgnh me cda qudc gia md minh cd bdn sac tudng Thifin Chua giao, nhiing gia tri tu riing vd tim ngudn gde mgt qud khuxa tudng thdi Khai Sang, cflng nghiep hda, xdi, mat khac la sgi ngang, md dgi diin ngfln ngir va mft mdi trudng tu nhien chung cho vdn hda xuyin qudc gia dan xen, Trong dd, Soledad Garcias dua mgt nhirng dnh hu&ng ddi irng qua biin gi&i danh muc cd ddi chut khde bifit vdi dgc trung giira cdc nen van hda vd giira cdc ngdn vdn bda Hy Lgp, gia trj ciia luat phap va thfi ngir Tdi tu&ng tucmg vdn hgc, nghi thugt, chfi La Ma, Thien Chiia giao, nhung gia tri ngdn ngu, vdi van hda chdu Au ndy nhu ve thdi Phue Hung, Khai Sang, chii nghia lang dpp cua nd, thdng nhdt vd dodn kit cua nd man, xa hfi phuc Igi va sy da dang xuyfin tir sd tuyet ddi vd da dgng cua cdc chii chau luc d chau Au Vaclav Havel thi cho di cda nd " rang, nhung gid tri cdt loi cua chau Au ehinh Thuc te cho thay chau Au rat da dgng vfi sac tflc, ton gido va ddc bifit la van hda, nhung ngudi chdu Au da thdnh cong tiong viec tao la mflt cam kfit chung vi mgt chau lyc khflng chia cat, vi tg ea nhan va vi ehu nghTa nhdn van mft ban sle chung eho minh Nhu Jose Rdt khd ed thfi ehi ra, liet kfi mgt each Manuel Barroso, Chii tjch Cgng dflng chung tudng tan gia tij ban sac van hda chau Au Chau Au ndi; "Bdn sdc cua ioi dong gdp cho bao gdm nhimg gia trj gi Tuy nhifin, d tam bdn sac chung vd sic da dgng cua chdu Au." phfl quat nhit nlu cho rdng van hda chau Au Ddy chinh la cdng to ldn ciia chau Au vi chinh la ca sd nfin tang tao nen nhimg gia tri dd tgo nhihig nguyfin tic dan chu, tdn tigng ban sac chau Au, thi theo chiing tdi cd nhiing sy da dgng lam nen tang ddi thogi, xay dyng gid tri nfin tang ciia ban sac van hda chau Au nen hda binh trfin todn bg chau Au Dilu phai dugc nhac tdi la: Gia tri van hda truyen dugc ghi nhgn bang giai Nobel Hda Binh nam thflng Hy Lap - La Ma; Gia tn tu tudng 2012 vi "hon sau thgp nifin ddng gdp cho sy Thifin Chiia giao; Gia tri cua thdi ky giai tien bf cua hda binh va hda giai, dan chii va phdng tu tudng va khoa hpc khdi sy kim kpp nhan quyln tai chdu Au" ciia Nha Thd (Thdi ky Phyc Hung va Khai Mft vdi n£t ve nhirng gid trj ban sdc vdn hda chau Au Vifc xdc djnb nhiing gid trj bdn sic vdn Sang); Gia trj thdi hipn dai 2.1 Gid tri vdn hoa truyen thong Hy Lgp vd La Md hda chdu Au la gi ciing Id mft dfi tdi gdy Van hda Hy Lap va nhiing gia tij vdn tranh cdi gong gidi hgc gia Vdi Wintie, hda dudng nhu thdm dugm mgi hogt ' Jean-Claude Trtchet, Europe - cultural identity cultural diversity, Frankfurt am Main, 16 March 2009 * Biii Hai Ding, EU vd bdn sdc chdu Au Tqp chi Nghien cuu Chdu Au sd V (139), 2010, U- 22-23 60 NGHIEN cCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW U°\2 ddng ddi sdng ciia ngudi dan chdu Au (1!;9).2013 minh La Ma cd dgi Tir chu cdi Hy Lap, Nhiing gia trj vfln dT cd chung mgt ngudi La Ma da sang tao nen he thdng ch& ngudn gflc bit ngudn tir truyen thflng van cdi Latinh Day la hfi thdng chii vifit don gian hda Hy - La Vdi siic manh ciia minh, Hy - va thudn tien nfin eang dugc sii dung La tir thi ky thii V TCN da bdnh tiudng rflng rai d l quflc La Ma vd ddy la khdng chi sang phfa Dflng ma cdn sang cd ngudn gflc ciia nhilu ngdn ngii hifin dai phfa Tay, dfin tan khu vgc ma la Dugc tiep xiic vdi nhung thdnh tuu eua van Phap vd Tay Ban Nha, rfli sang ca cac hdn minh Hy Lap, ngudi La Ma da say mfi va dao hien thugc Anh, Ireland va Na Uy^ Sg tifip thu ehiing Hai chii X va Z trudc day bj banh trudng cua Hy Lap ciing dflng nghTa gat khdi chii eai Latinh vi khflng can dimg vdi sg phd bifin nhting gia trj van hoa Hy din, duge dua vao Nd ciing la nguon Lap dfin eac quflc gia, vung dat ma ngudi Hy gflc ciia nhilu ngdn ngii chau Au hifin dgi Lap dgt chan dfin hay thfln tinh Nhiing gia (Y, Tay Ban Nha, Bfl Dao Nha, Phap ) tri van hda chau Au cd ngufln gflc tii thdi Hy Luc diu, chii Latinh gdm 21 chu cdi, ve sau Lap cho den van cdn nguyfin gia tij ciia diing them Y va Z (till ki I TCN), W (thi ki nd Dd la nhtrng gia tri tgo nfin mgt he thflng XI), J va U (thi ki XVI), hien cd tit ca chu viet chung Hfi thong chii cai Hy Lap da 26 chii eai Vdi he thdng chir viet don gian dat den trinh khai quat cao, vdi khoang va tien lgi, tieng Latinh eang dugc phd hon 20 chir cai, ngudi ta cd thfi difin dgt dugc bien va dugc sir dgng rfng rai d cae nudc mgi y tudng trim tugng bang each ghep cac thufc de ehe La Ma Ngoai ra, ngudi La Ma chu dga theo dm tifit Bang chii cai Hy Lgp cdn de lgi hf thdng ehii sd ma bao gdm h? thdng ehu hoa va chit thudng: ngudi ta van thudng diing va quen ggi la chii sd La Ma Chii Hoa: A, B, F, A, E, Z, H, , , K, A, M, N, S, 0, n , P, S, T, Y, 0), X, "¥, Q Chu Thudng: a, p, y, 5, e, ^, q, 8, i, K, X, g, v, ^, 0,71, p, o (q), T, u, tp, X, v to- That thifiu sdt neu ta khflng nhac den gia tri ciia triet hgc Hy Lap cfl dai - mgt nhiing tuu nfli trfi, cd dnh huong sau sac den mai v l sau Cd thi eoi tiilt hpc Sau Hy Lgp lui tan, nha nudc La Ma da ke thua hau hfit cac tyu cua van hda Hy Lgp cd dai la dinh cao cua van minh Hy Lap vdi cac ddc tiirag ca ban sau: Hy Lap, song xet tren khia egnh nfi tgi, nfin van minh La Ma vdn chira dung hong nd - Triet hgc Hy Lgp cd sg phan chia rfl nhung net rifing dgc sdc eiia minh Chvt vilt rdng giiia cac gdg luu, trudng phai: chii la mpt nhiing tiianh tiiu nfli bat eiia van nghia vgt (trudng phdi Milet, trudng phdi Heraclite, trudng phai Da nguyfin, tiirdng phai Nguyen tii lugn), chu nghTa Tran Phucmg Hoa (2006), Nhin lgi Ifch su chdu Au vd tu tuang vi chdu Au, T^p chi Nghien cuu Chau tdm (tiudng phai Elfie, tiudng phai Duy tam Au,s6 (67), tr 10-16 MM odi net oi nhibtjg gia tri 61 khach quan), chii nghia nhi nguyfin (trifit hgc vao thi ki I d cae tinh phia Dong eiia dl chl Aristote) Todn bd nen triet hgc till gidi sau La Md, dao Cdng giao theo tmyen thuylt ciing dga trfin nhung nin tang ca ban dd Jesus sdng lgp Ong la ngudi Do Thai, - Triet bgc cfl Hy Lgp nhu hoi chudng sinh d Bethleem Kinh cua Cflng thuc tinh giac mf ng thin mufln ddi cua giao bao gflm kinh Cyu ude va Tan ude Liic ngudi dan Hy Lgp, tach vai trd ciia than ddu, ngudi theo dgo chi gdm nfl IS va dan khdi y thuc bf cua ngudi Cdc ngheo tg Sau nay, ti'n dfl cang dflng nha trilt hgc Hy Lap cfl dai da bilt gin bd dao, trd Iue lugng xa hgi quan tipng chat che trifit hgc vdi khoa hpe ty nhifin de Ban dau quan difim cua Kito giao thfi hifin tdng hgp mgi hifiu bifit vfi cac ITnh vgc khac chii yeu ddi sflng dao due - tmh than, nhau, dfi hudng tdi viec xay dyng thfi gidi vl sau nhiing gia tij Kito giao cdn thim quan tflng thi, biln bifit hgc "khoa hgc dugm tu mdng va ddi sflng ciia ngudi ciia eac khoa hgc" va phdn nao tra ldi dugc dan Gia tri tfln giao da trd gia trj dan cau hdi: Con ngudi cd kha nang nhgn thiic tgc vd tir dd tid difim chung cua khu duge thi gidi khflng? vgc, ciia cae quflc gia - dan tgc khu vgc Kito giao quan tipng va gan vdi chau - Ngoai ra, trilt hgc Hy Lgp ciing rat coi Au dfin mue tu "phuang tay" cdn tigng van dfi ngudi Vai trd ciia tg nhifin dugc sii dgng de chi dSc tinh Kito giao va ngudi dugc dfi cap mft each khaeh phuang Tay, xae djnh van minh phuang Tay quan nhdm di din tim hilu ngudi va tg theo hudng la ban chii khflng phai bang cai nhifin tii dau ma cd va di vl ddu tfin ciia mflt dan tflc nao, tfln giao, hoge viing 2.2 Gid ttf tie tir&ng Thiin Chda gido dia ly nao Tren phuang difin ton giao, Kito giao 2.3 Gid tri cua th&i ky gidi phdng tir dugc xem la nen tang tinh thin ciia chau Au tu&ng vd khoa hgc khdi sir klm kep cda va cd y nghTa quan trgng dfli vdi sg phat Nhd Tha (Thai ky Phuc Hung vd Khai trifin cua vdn hda chau Au mdc dii khflng Sdng) phdi la san pham cua chdu lgc ndy''' Liic dau, ngudi La Ma da tilp nhdn toan bf tfln gido ciia ngudi Hy Lap vdi ddy du cac dgc diem eua nd: Tran tyc va thuc tfi; Khflng cd nfi dung thdn vd luan li; Mfli quan hp giita ngudi vd than thdnh thgc chat la moi quan hf cd lgi cho ca hai bfin Ra ddi Sudt thdi ky trung dai, Kito giao bi de nen, nhifin, chinh sg kim hdm da thde day va lam nfin phong trao van hda Phyc Hung vdi tifiu ehf lam phyc sinh nhimg gid tri cua vdn hda Hy - La ma myc tifiu cao cd nhdt la quyen tg ngudi Thdi ky Phgc Hung la cugc tdi sinh cac gia tpi nghp tiiugt, tu tudng, khoa hgc eua thdi ki Co dgi Bill Hii Ding, Ca sd Uch su vd vdn hoa cua bdn sdc vdn hoa, Tfip chi Nghien cuu Chiu Au sl 9(120) 2010, tr 65 NGHIEN CiJrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12 (159).2013 62 The gidi tg nbien sinh ra, khdng vd su sflng lai, phat trifin rue rd ciia nen vdn minh phuang Tay Phong trao Phuc Hung phai Chiia Trdi tao nen; thudng dugc coi bit diu tit khoang the ki 14 Con ngudi la san pham ciia su phat tgi Y va thfi ki 16 tgi Bac Au Nd cung dugc triln tu nhien, chir khflng phai Chiia tgo eoi la danh dau giai doan chuyen tifip eua tii "mdu ddt" hay cai "xuang sudn cut"; chau Au tic thdi ky Trung cfl sang thdi ky Cugc sflng khdng phai la noi day Can dgi Thdi ky Phyc Hung dugc ggi nhu thfi vi quan niem vfi vii try, ve nhdn sinh, tit md la noi ngudi cd the xay hgnh phiic ca chan ly phai tim tap Kinh Thanh dudi tidn thi, khflng phai dgi ngdy mai len Giao hdi La Ma giai thfch va ban bfl Mft y thien dang; tudng, mgt ldi ndi khflng dugc phai Giao hgi Cupc ddi chua dgng vfl van cai dep La Ma thua nhan, chuan y, lap tue bi liet vao ma ngudi la trung tdm cua eai dep, vi thi hang ta thuyet cua ac ma va tinh co ban cua ngudi phai trd thdnh dfli tugng eua nghfi thdi ky la sy hfli sinh cua tinh than thdi thuat ky Cd dgi Tren nfin tang ciia cuflc each mang khoa Thdi ky Phuc Hung gin vdi sy hinh hpc ky thuat lin thii nhat d the ky 17, phong va phat trien ciia chii nghla nhan vdn trao Khai Sang bat dau dien d chau Au tir (TK XVI-XVH) trfin ca sd kl thua va lam the ky 18 vdi muc tieu phd bifin cac tu tudng hfli sinh cac gia tri trilt hpc Hy Lap trudc tien bd dga tren nen tang tri thiic khoa hpc de day Chu nghia nhan van la trdo luu tu tudng vd bien dfli xa hgi, dflng thdi phii nhgn cac gia van boa thdi Phyc Hung d chau Au Day la tri tfln giao va cac giao difiu cd san Co the mgt phong trao chflng Thifin Chua giao nham ndi, ljch sii triet hgc chau Au, chua co dfi cao ngudi, giai phdng ca nhan khdi sy mgt tiao luu tu tuomg nao rgc rd va sdi noi de nen tinh than cua chl phong kiln, nhu trao luu "Khai Sang" khoang giiia chflng chii nghia kinh vien va gido hfi, the ki 18, mft trao luu dac thii ciia tu tudng hudng eon ngudi vao xay dgng cugc sdng Tay Au nhit Id d Anh, Phap va Diic: Tai thgc tai, Ngi dung chinh eua chu nghTa nhan Phap thi ki thii 18 dugc xem la thdi dai ciia van Phyc Hung gdm'^: "dnh sang"; Tgi Anh, Khai Sang duge xem la "chilu sang" hay giac ngg; vd Tgi Diic la "khai sdng" Hong Van, NhQng vdn de ccr bdn vd s\e bieu hi^n Nhung ngon tir "anh sang, chilu sang" cua chu nghia nhan van then dgi Phuc d chdu Au (The ky XIV - XVI) a Chdu Au, tai: hay "khai sdng" thoat tifin ndi len nifim l^c htip://huc.edu.vn/vi/spct/id 161 /tfflUNG-V AN-DECO-BAN-VA-SU-BIEU-HIEN-CUA-CHU-NGHIANHAN-VAN-TRONG-THOI-DAI-PHUC-HUNG-0^ Trin Phucmg Hoa (2010), Vdi net ve diqn mgo, (Hfc CHAU-AU-THE-KY-XIV—XVl-0-CHAU-AU/ tii trung vai tro cua vdn hoa chdu Au, tr 35, dl tii ap 20 thing 12 nam 2013 Bp - Vi^ Khoa hpc Xa hpi Vi^t Nam MM oai net oenhOHg gid Iri quan ndm tiong tu tudng eon ngudi the ki 63 tien bf ve cdng nghfi, phdt trien kinh te va tiiu 18; bdng toi eua huyen bi, giao dieu, mfi thay dfli xa hfi Thdi ky da gdp phan tao tin, lgc hdu, chdm tien, bat cflng, dp biic ngan ca sd tri thitc cho Cdeh mgng My va Cach can budc phdt trifin cua ngudi tren tdt ca mgng Phap, phong tiao dflc lap My Latinh, cde lanh vgc xa hfi, ehinh tri, van hda, tdn va Hifin phap Ba Lan; va dan tdi sg nfli len gido, khoa hpe cua qua kbd bj ddnh tan, ciia chu nghia ty cd dien, dan ehu, va chii nhudng budc cho anh sang ciia ly tri vd tifin nghia tu ban bf Chii nghTa lgc quan di tir su tin tudng toan difin vao nhiing tuu khoa hpc ciia thdi tan tiln va y mudn ap dgng nhiing 2.4 Gid tri ^h&i hiin dgi Thdi ky Khai Sang vdi sy giai phdng tgu ay vdo ddi sflng ngudi chifiu khoa hgc khoi sy kim kep ciia Nha Thd hudng phat trien, tien len Phong tiao Khai vdi nhirng nifim tin tfln giao da md dudng Sang coi vific tuyfin truyfin, bifin cac tu eho sy tien bp vfi khoa hgc, cflng nghe va tudng tien bg, nang eao cae chuin mgc dgo tang trudng kinh tfi vdi nhirng thay dfli to ldn diic va tri thiie khoa hgc (chii khdng phai tdn ve xa hgi Mdt tiong nhung gia trj thdi hien giao, giao dieu ed sin) la nhung phuang tipn dgi phai dugc dfi cap den dd la chii nghTa quan trpng dfi bifin dfli cupc sflng xa hgi, lang mgn Chu nghia lang man khdi phat tir ngudi, lam cho nhan logi tien bd Phong tiao Anh va Due tu khoang nam 1795 Trao luu thuc giyc, kfiu ggi cac nha tu tudng - chinh trj xay dgng lgi quan hp xa hgi tren ca sd binh ding, cdng ly va eac nguyfin tic bat nguon tir quyen lgi ngudi lang man cd mat ddng thdi d hau het ITnh vgc nghfi thuat nhu van hgc, hfi hpa, dieu khac, am nhac Trao luu phd bicn d chau Au sudt niia dau thfi ky 19, mang tinh Thdi ky Khai Sang thudng dugc lien hp chat da dgng va phiic tap (nha van, nghp sT, chdt chfi vdi cufc Cach mgng Khoa hgc nhac si) den ndi cac sir gia khdng dflng y ca hai phong trao deu nhdn manh vao ly tinh, viec dua mgt djnh nghia thdng nhat khoa hpc hay sy hgp ly, phong trdo vfi ehu nghia lang man Ngudi theo cbii Khai Sang edn tim each phat trien hifiu biet nghTa ldng mgn thdng thudng mang cd hfi thflng vfi cdc quy ludt tg nhien va than minh sg ty do, tu tudng giai phdng va sy thdnh NhCmg ngudi di dau phong trao Khai phdn khang Mgt sfl ngudi ban tam den tdn Sang tin ring hg se ddn thfi gidi budc khdi gido va tdi Chiia Trdi, dd, mft sd thdi ky dai eiia sg phi ly, me tfn di doan, va khae thi cd sg quan tam tdi nifim tin Rat khd dfc tai ma hg ggi la Thdi k^ Den tfli (Dark Ages) dl tiln din m tudng eua ly tri va tiln bf Phong ti-ao Khai Sdng d chau Au gan vdi va khdi diu cho cac dft pha ve khoa hpc vifc thau tdm tit ea tinb chat bao ham cac tac phdm cua nhthig nha lang mgn, nhifin vl dgi thi, chung ta cd the nhgn thay net ddc thii lam nfin nhirng thugc tinh, 64 NGHIEN CljrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12 (159).2013 nhung chii de eiia chu nghTa lang mgn la: qud trinh the tgc hda ddi sflng va tu Chu Kham phd cam xiic ca nhan, khdng dinh va nghia hien thgc, chii nghTa thgc chiing, thang hoa cdi tfli Ndi ham thflng difp cua nhiing ngudi theo chii nghTa ldng man la sg tudng tugng ca nhdn se quyet dinh tdi hinh thai, ngi dung cila sg sang tgo ciia cac nghe sT Nhiing ngudi theo chii nghTa ldng mgn nhan mgnh tinh da dang va don nhat: thuyfit Ddc Uyn, chii nghTa Mac vd chii nghia tu do, tu thgc nghiem cang chilm uu thfi, di ngugc lai vdi tu lang man diy mdu sic tdn gido vd sifiu hinh''' Sau nay, chu nghia vgt (tiie ky XIX va XX) xuat hien la phong trao ddi khdng vdi quan difim tdm eho rang khflng phdi y thuc quyfit dinh nhiing net dac trung da lam eho mgt phan vat chat ma that vat ehat quyet dinh y thitc ngudi cd nhiing net khac Kham vd suy nghT ciia ngudi Lich s\x triet hpc pha va bieu 16 chfnh ban than minh, nhiing ghi nhan nhieu giai doan phat trien cila chii ngudi theo chu nghTa Iang mgn da de nghi: nghia vat, my nhifin chii nghia vgt nufli duong ehinh ban than bang nhung gin day nhat mdi that sy mang tfnh khoa hpc tuong tugng, dim chim dm nhac, viet dugc Marx (1818 - 1883) vd Engels (1820 - nen nhiing van tha, vfi nfin nhflng sac mau 1895) xay dyng Cho du chiing ta ed thfch cua cudc sflng, sdng, yfiu va chiu dgng bang hay khflng thich di nua, chii nghla vat chinh each cua minh Trong nhirng ddng md dau cufln sach Thu tgi (The Cofessions) cua that sg cd anh hudng mgnh me den ca nhan logi ti-ong till k y X X ' ^ tac gia Jean Jacques Rouseau, mgt ngudi di Tix nhung gia trj ban sdc vdn hda theo chu nghTa lang mgn, da nhan mgnh den phuvng cham "thdng nhat da nhirng dam me tinh chu quan rang dang" ciia Lien minh Chau Au va kinh la nhirng dgc difim ciia phong trao lang man nghifm hoi nhap vdn hda cua EU co thfi Con dudng dan dfin sy that cua nhiing ngudi van dung cho ASEAN theo chu nghTa lang man dugc diln ty phat Myc tieu "Thdng nhdt sg da dang" tiong cam xiic ciia ngudi ban la tri tup la phuang chdm cua Lien minh Chdu Au, Nhimg ngudi theo chii nghla lang mgn muon dugc coi la mgt nam bilu tugng bieu ngudi phai cam nhan va trai nghiem dl tiung cila EU hien (Cd Chau Au, Ngdy "dam minh tiong ddng chay cudc ddi" theo Chdu Au, Chau Au Ca, Phuang cham Chau nhu Blake Hoge theo nhu Johann Wolfgang Au va Dflng Euro) Khai nifm "Thdng nhat Goethe, mft nha tha vt dgi cua Due, da vifit ti-ong su da dgng" thuc te gdn vdi nhung gia tac phim Faust: "Ly thuyit Id mdu tri, di san van hda, tdn giao vd nhan van cua xdm, cdn cdy dai mdi mdi xanh tuai" '* Tran Phuang Hoa (2010), tldd, tr, 39 Nua sau thi ky 19 chirng kiln sg phat trifin vugt bdc cua khoa hgc, cdng nghifp va '^ Bill Hii Ding (2013), Ban sdc chdu Au tiin trinh hinh thdnh vd phdt trtin cua EU (Luin an tifc " sT Vin h6a hoc) MM odi net oe nhSng gid IrL 65 chdu Au "Thflng nhdt" la muc tifiu ma EU nhung yeu tfl quan trpng gdp phan hinh dang theo dudi nhdm tgo dung "mft van va phat triln ASEAN menh chung" "Da dgng" kfiu gpi cdc dan tgc chau Au phdi ty hdo vfi ban sic qudc gia va lich sir ciia cac nudc vien vdi sg tdn Doan kit va hgp tac dfi cimg tgo "mgt van mfinh chung" la myc tieu ma ca EU trgng ldn nhau, nhan mgnh nhiing gid tri va ASEAN dang nfl lgc hudng tdi Doan ket chung cda cac quflc gia vifin EU, v: ma van tdn tigng sg da dgng Neu khflng cd day ciing la nhung gia tri nfin tang eua EU sg tfln trpng thi khd Idng doan kfit vi mfli Tim kilm sg can bing giiia thflng nhat va da quoc gia dfiu cd ban sac rifing, Igi ich rieng dang la dieu thiet yeu, vi neu thdng nhdt qua Thgc te 46 nam qua da cho thay, chfnh sy se dan den nhung nii ro cua vipc chuan mgc tdn trgng ldn nhau, khong can thiep vao cong hda va vi the cd the phd buy ban sac cua vific nfi bf cua va dflng thuan la qudc gia; da dgng qua cd thfi de dang ngan chgn sg hfi tu va tiong thdi gian dai cd kha nang pha buy cdng cugc tai thifit mgt chau Au thong nhat'* nguyfin tac dam bao sy gan ket giiia cac quflc gia vien ASEAN Qua trinh hinh Lifin minh Chau Qua trinh hon 45 nam lap va phat Au va nhat the hda chau Au da cho thay mdi tiiln, Hipp hgi cac quflc gia Dflng Nam A qudc gia vien can phai tu bfl di mgt (ASEAN) da dgt dugc nhieu tuu ddng phan quyln Ipi rieng ciia minli de hda nhap kl Hiln chuang ASEAN la kit qua ciia mft vao cfng dflng Ddi lai, sy hda nhgp se qua tiinh, thi hifin sg can bang va dung hda mang lgi nhirng Igi ich to ldn ban eho cac quan diem eua eae quflc gia vifin, phu qudc gia vien Quan difim hai hda giiia hgp vdi myc tieu vi lgi fch chung ciia cac quoc gia vien Ciing gidng nhu Lifin minh Chau Au, ngufln gflc sau xa cua sy gdn kit ASEAN chinh Id nhiing nhiing gia tri v5n hda tmyln thdng ciia cdc dan tfc Igi fch quflc gia vdi Igi ich cfng ddng la mot nhiing dgc difim quan trgng nhat ciia hgi nhap chau Au, Day cirng la bai hgc can thifit cd thfi vgn dyng cho hpi nhap ciia tiong khu vgc da dugc hfli sinh sau hang the ASEAN Tham gia vao cdng ddng chung ky b) kim kpp dudi deh thdng trj ciia chii dong thdi tdn trgng nhirng khac biet cila nghia thyc dan, rfli ke thira, tilp thu ed chgn la hudng di dung ddn nhat eho viec hgi lpe nhihig tinh hoa ciia van hda nudc ngoai nhap vdn hda cua ASEAN, dfi tu ITnh vyc dl phdt triln ngang tam thdi dai Cd tiie vdn hda cd thfi hdi nhgp sau hem vfi kinh tfi, khing dinh, vdn hda chinh la mgt chfnh tri, dua ASEAN tid mgt tfl chiic lien ket khu vgc chdt che nhu dd dfi 'Tdm nhin ASEAN 2020", vdi myc tifiu tflng 66 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12 (159).2013 quat Id dua Hifp hgi trd tiianh "mflt nhdm hai boa eae dan tflc Dflng Nam A, gdn bd mft cdng ddng cac xa hfi diim bgc ldn nhau"'''Tdm lgi, ban sdc duge xem la mgt tiln trinh ludn van dfng va bien ddi dfi tfln tgi Cac van de ve ban sac, ban sac van hda chau Au Cling nhu ban sac chau Au trd dfi tai phfl bifin va dugc nhieu gidi quan tam, dac bifit la Ianh dgo cua Lifin minh Chau Au Trong nfl lyc phat trien dfi trd mft to chuc chinh tri sifiu qudc gia, bfin egnh viec phat trien kinh te, cimg cfl dia vi chinh trj, EU mpt mat can phai khang djnh gia tii ban sac van hda, mat khac ciing can phai xay dyng ban sac rieng ma ban sac rifing ay cd thfi tim thay nhirng ldp gia ti^i truyen thflng cila van hda, van minh phuong Tay Tir kinh nghiem van hda tien day cua EU, cac nudc ASEAN cd the hgc tap kinh Tai lifu tham Idido Biii Hdi Ddng, "Mgt sd quan diem vi bdn sdc chdu Au ", Tgp chf Nghien ciiu Chau Au, sfl 6/2007 Bui Hdi Dang, " C c sa lich sir vd vdn hda cua bdn sdc chdu Au ", Tgp chi Nghien cuu Chdu Au, sfl 9/2010 Trdn Phuong Hoa (2005), Tinh thdng nhdt cua Liin minh Chdu Au nhin tir goc vdn hod, Vifn Nghien eiiu Chau Au, Ha Npi, fr 26 - 30 Trin Phuang Hoa (2006), Nhin lgi lich sir chdu Au vd tu tuang ve chdu Au Tap ehf Nghien cuu Chau Au, sfl 1, ti 10-16 Van Ngpc Thanh, Trinh Nam Giang, Tiep XUC vd dnh hu&ng vdn hod giita chdu Au vd Bdc My, 2008 Trdn Ngge Them (2004), Tim vi bdn sdc vdn hoa Viet Nam, NXB Tdng hgp, Thanh phfl Hd Chi Minh nghifim tren hai lugn dilm quan frgng, dd la: Doan kit fren ca sd tdn frgng ldn nhau; va Hai hda lgi ich ea nhan va lgi fch cdng dflng dfi tir mgt mat cac nudc tiong khdi ASEAN cd the khang djnh ban sac van hda rieng cua moi qudc gia, mat khac eimg xay dung ban sac chung ma epng dflng ASEAN dang mufln hudng tdi Declaration on European Identity (Copenhagen, 14 December 1973, tai tgi: http;//www.cvee.eu/content/publication/1999 /l/I/02798dc9-9c69-4b7d-b2c9f03a8db7da32/publishable_en.pdf EHsabeth Bakke, Towards a European Identity? Tdi tai http://folk.uio.no/stvebl/Tovyards a Europe an Idenritv.pdf ngav 10/10/2013 Neil Fligstein (2008), Euroclash: The EU, European Identity, and the Future of Europe, Oxford University Press, USA Hi4p hgi cdc qudc gia Dong Nam A (ASEAN), tai 10 Jeffrey T Checkel, tgi: http://www.chinhphu.vn/Dortal/page/portal/chinhp Katzenstem (2009), European hu/NuocCHXHCNVietNam/ChiTietVeToCfaucOuocT Cambridge University Press e?diplomacvOreId=124 20/12/2013 Peter J Identity,