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assessment tools, such as environmental risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis, need be used to ensure that the. appropriate environmental outcomes can.[r]

(1)

Environmental Technology

Assessment

PGS TS Nguyen Thi Ha

FES- HUS

(2)

Objectives Objectives

– Understand the principles of economically viable and environmentally sound waste collection;

recycling; and treatment

– Evaluate the environmental impacts of process technologies, especially those related to waste collection; recycling; and treatment;

– Be capable of applying the methodology described in the Environmental Technology

(3)

Goals of EnTA

– describe the proposed technology, available alternatives, their

requirement and operating environment;

(4)

Goals of EnTA

– characterise the environmental

impacts (on the human health and safety, on the natural environment, including non-renewable resources, on the community) these pressures may cause, and

(5)

EnTA characteristics

– EnTA is a qualitative tool that minimises the need for detailed technical data;

– EnTA is designed to facilitate

multi-stakeholder dialogue leading to consensus decision making;

– EnTA is intended to be used to prevent

(6)

– EnTA is multidisciplinary – technical,

economic and environmental conditions and processes can often be complex;

therefore many different skills are required in assembling, combining, interpreting,

(7)

EnTA characteristics – EnTA involves simplifying both the

relationship between the technology and its environment, and the consequences of those interactions; and

– EnTA examines the environmental effects of the entire technological system including the resources used and the waste

(8)

Three core values of

environmental technology

assessment

i) environmental sustainability, by building in environmental safeguards;

ii) integrity, by having the assessments conform to agreed standards; and

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Business benefits from EnTA

Business benefits from EnTA • avoiding pollution, regulatory problems, legal

and clean up costs;

• improving the environmental profile of the

company within the community and the marketplace;

• reducing maintenance costs and

• improving overall performance; lowering

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Government benefits from EnTA

• reducing health care costs from industrial

accidents and emissions;

• avoiding high costs for pollutant spills; planning ahead and

• better managing the environment;

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General public benefits from EnTA

General public benefits from EnTA • obtaining higher quality of life, fewer work

related illnesses and injuries;

• reducing life risk from industrial pollutants;

• maintaining social and cultural values;

ensuring protection of the environment;

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EnTA involves

Assembling, combining, interpreting and communicating existing knowledge from diverse sciences, technology and policy related disciplines for ultimate use by

(13)

The role of environmental The role of environmental technology assessment in technology assessment in environmental improvement environmental improvement

i) recognizing that the “environment” is wider than ecosystems and living resources, for it includes economic, social, aesthetic and cultural conditions and amenity values;

ii) adopting proactive management

approaches that emphazise problem

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The role of environmental The role of environmental technology assessment in technology assessment in environmental improvement environmental improvement

iii) adopting an adaptive management approach due to uncertainties in initial identification of potentially adverse

environmental impacts;

iv) considering the wider technological

system, rather than the technology itself, in isolation; and

(15)

The relationship between EIA and EnTA

• The EIA is obligatory while EnTA is

voluntary

• EnTA can best be used to prevent the

enterprise from reaching the stage of doing an EIA on an unfeasible technology or

other proposal

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Challenge for EnTA

• In its present form it does not give rise to a

framework for developing a strategy for improving the environmental outcomes associated with the activities of the

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Challenge for EnTA

• The field trip was considered to be an

excellent opportunity to evaluate a real

world activity, rather than engage in EnTA on a theoretical basis

• EnTA is considered to be useful at the

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EnTA as an Environmental Management Tool

• EnTA is viewed as a “scoping tool”, to be

used at the “idea stage”, rather than after development of a formal or full project

proposal

• EnTA is largely qualitative This has

advantages in that it identifies the data

required to complete the assessment and is more likely to be used than are assessment methods that require large amounts of

(19)

• EnTA is an instrument that encourages a

(20)

• EnTA is an appropriate, proactive

environmental management tool that facilitates a multidisciplinary and

multiEnvironmental sector approach to environmental management While it is useful in simplifying the environmental management issues and options of

(21)

• EnTA also fosters a comprehensive and

integrated approach, especially with regard to the implications of the technology

system

• EnTA identifies if more sophisticated

assessment tools, such as environmental risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis, need be used to ensure that the

(22)

• EnTA is not a “recipe” that has to be

followed on a rigorous basis – rather the procedures can be modified and

supplemented, and they should evolve in response to the process itself, and

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• EnTA is a useful and appropriate tool to

facilitate dialogue between multiple

stakeholders and to gain a comprehensive appreciation of a situation; it is very good at enhancing understanding and raising

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• EnTA can aid in the identification and

understanding of the issues, as a

prerequisite to an effective multistakeholder dialogue, with the aim of bringing all

stakeholders to a common level of understanding

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• Most assessments end up as (subjective) judgements even if they endeavour to be

objective; but there may be value in weighting some of the categories so that there is more benefit from aggregation of the impacts;

• The subjective character of EnTA is elevated by its position as a tool in a multi-stakeholder

process, with a focus on education and a

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• EnTA is subjective, and there is a need to either clarify the meaning of such categories as “high, medium and low”, or relate the terms to an

agreed base line;

• As a tool for informing, generating discussion

and advising multiple stakeholders, the subjectivity of EnTA is not a problem;

• A key to the success of EnTA is harmonizing

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• There are different roles for EnTA, depending on a country’s level of development and the status of environmental management in that country;

• EnTA can also be used within a company, or at

national level to facilitate a dialogue by raising awareness and identifying key issues;

• NGOs and regulators saw EnTA as an excellent

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In the ideal application of EnTA, one would need all the lifecycle costs reflected in prices (i.e

internalized) and all decisions could then be

made on the basis of a cost-benefit analysis; but there are departures from the ideal:

i) all costs are not internalised;

ii) currently most technology systems are

based on not all costs being internalised – to so would make many of the present systems

uneconomic and redundant and;

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• EnTA demonstrated how it can be used to

change a viewpoint from seeing something as a waste to viewing it as a product;

• Should EnTA be compulsory/binding or

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• EIA is not working in many Asian countries and where it is working, it is a specialized tool in the hands of a few regulators and consultants –

while EIA may allow industry to meet its

regulatory requirements, only EnTA can ensure inputs from all stakeholders, and only EnTA

requires all options to be considered; and

• A key concern is to identify what is wrong with

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The Methods and Practices of EnTA

• The start of any EnTA requires the

evaluation team to establish the assessment framework, goals,

commitment, and resources available

• In this phase the tasks, responsibilities,

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Step 1

• Describing the proposed technology

by defining the technology

• Being considered, identifying the goals

the technology is intended to satisfy,

• Identifying the stakeholders and by

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Step 2

• Identifying the raw materials, land, energy, labour, infrastructure and supporting

technologies required for the technology to operate, and the wastes and hazardous

products produced by the technology

• Characterizing the potential environmental and related impacts associated with each of these components

• Considering the inputs and outputs over the

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Step 3

• Leading to an overall assessment of the

environmental risks

• Identifying information gaps and uncertainties

• Contributing to the decision as to whether

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Step 4

• An important part of EnTA is consideration

of alternative technologies that may also achieve the same goals as the proposed technology

• Other technologies are considered in, in

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Step

Step 55

• The fifth step is to combine all of the

previously acquired information in order to reach a consensus as to the suitability of the proposed technology, and any

alternatives

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Follow-up activities

• reporting the findings and

recommendations to the interested parties

• monitoring of the use of the findings and identifying where subsequent

assessments might be strengthened

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Notes

• In many instances the various steps in the technology evaluation can be undertaken simultaneously or in a different order,

depending upon the timeframe and resources available to the assessment team

• EnTA can be an incremental and circular

process (as Figure), continually incorporating new information, understanding and

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Aspects of action plans

• EnTA will be further evaluated and applied

in the domestic situation, with different applications and approaches – e.g

treatments, adaptation, innovation;

• Multi-sector training and consultation will

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Aspects of action plans

• The policy environment for the

implementation of EnTA will be developed in the home country; and

• The tool will be refined (e.g improve

(43)

Preparation of Personal Action Plans

• Actions that can be undertaken without assistance in addition to that already available in the course of current

employment; and

• Actions that can be undertaken only if