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Trong hoạt động giao tiếp ngôn ngữ, ta thường phân biệt 3 ‘ngôi’ hay ‘vai giao tiếp’: Ngôi thứ nhất: người nói Ngôi thứ hai: người nghe Ngôi thứ ba: đối tượng được đề cập tới
NG6N NGC 2009 so VE PHAM TRU CHU NGU' HOANG VAN VAN D a n l u a n Chti ngti, mgt khai niem quan trgng dugc sii dung thudng xuyen ca ngii phap truyen tho'ng va ngii phap hien dai, ca mo ta cua tiing ngdn ngii ddn le va viec xac dinh nhiing diem pho' niem giiia cac ng6n ngii (xem Comrie [1]), Tuy nhien, day ciing la mgt nhiing pham tru gay nhieu hoang mang nha't cho gidi nghien citu, dac biet la hgc sinh va sinh vien ngdn ngd hgc, Mgt nhiing If gay sti hoang mang cd le la, qua trinh phat trien cua lich sii nghien cdu ngdn ngii, khai niem Chii ngfl dudng nhii dUdc hieu theo nhiing net nghia khac va da bi trgn lin vdi nhieu khai niem khac nhu "Chti tit" [2], [3]; "Chti de" [4], [5]; "Chu the" [6]; "Tac the" [7]; v,v„ Bai viet dti dinh lam ro hdn pham tril Chit ngti tren ba phUdng dien: (1) lich sii ciia pham tru Chit ngii; (2) cac tieu chi ngti nghia (dinh nghia) va cac tieu chi ngQ phap (hinh thiic) de nhan dien Chti ngii; va (3) tinh niem ciia pham trii Chit ngti cac ngon ngii, De cd the xii K dugc nhiing van de dat ra, chiing tdi dat ba ciiu hdi sau day: (1) "Khai niem Chit ngii ditgc hinh va phat trien nhU the nao?", (2) "Chti ngii diJdc dinh nghia va nhan dien nhit the nao cau/ cii?", va (3) "Chii ngii cd phai la mgt pham tru niem cho mgi ngon ngii hay khdng?" Lich sii ciia p h a m t r u Chii ngu Theo HaUiday [8], [9], [10]; Chafe [4]; Hasan & Fries [11], khai niem Chu ngU hinh nhU la sti dich nham tit khai niem ban dau ctia cac hgc gia thdi cd Hy - La sang cac ngon ngti An - Au dd cd tie'ng Anh va cd le tii tie'ng Phap nd lai bi dich nhlm sang tie'ng Viet (xem them Cao Xuan Hao [12]), Theo HaUiday [13], Robins [14], khai niem Chu ngti cd nguon go'c tit hai each tie'p can ngdn ngii khac tii' thdi cd dai: each tie'p can tii binh dien tu tii va each tie'p can tit binh dien 16 gich ma dai dien tUdng img cua hai each tie'p can chinh la cac nha quy bien (the sophists) va Aristdt, Cac nha quy bien quan tam den tu tit, de'n ban chat cua lap luan, va dd hg quan tam de'n ca'u triic ctia ngon ban Nhiing gi chiing ta cd duoc ve hg cho chimg ta biet rang hg da hoan toan quen vdi cac pham trit ngii phap sd dting Ngon ngii sd nam 2QQ9 nhu gid'ng, so', each cac ngon ngii An - Au, Chting ta khdng bie't hg phan tich ciiu sau va chi tie't de'n dau, nhUng theo nhiing tii lieu lai thi dudng nhu mgt nhitng tiiu phan tich ngdn ngii hgc cd gia tri nha't cita cac nha quy bien la mgt ngon ban dugc chia hai phan 6i'0|.ia va piifia Day la each phan tich mot dtin vi ngon ban ditdc xem xet nhif la mgt cai gi dd cd the bi tranh cai, dUdc khang djnh lai, bi phii dinh, hoac bi ngd vtic, v,v, Xd khong phai lit each phan tich theo ca'u triic Id gich bdi vi nd khdng ndi bat ki dieu gi liCn quan de'n gia tri chan thilc, Vay y nghia ciia hai phan ouoLitt va piTf,ia theo quan diem ciia cac nha quy bien lit gi? Dudi day lit each ma Plato, mgt triet gia Hy Lap cd dai gidi thieu hai thuiit ngti quan diem ctia cac nha quy bien thong qua Idi ndi ctia mgt ngitdi cd ten lit NgUUi la (Stranger) (din theo HaUiday [13, 35]): "Cd hai each dien dat ve sit vat ton tai am thanh,., Dd la each dion dat hanh dgng dUdc ggi la pr||.ta Tin hieu am chi nhiing ngUdi thUc hien hanh dgng dUdc ggi la 6i)0|aa Va sau dd, "neu chiing ta ket hdp p\\iiaxa vdi duojaaxa, thi chiing ta khdng nhiing ggi ten ma chiing ta cdn hanh dgng mgt cai gi dd" Va cuoi cimg "Ngon ban (Aoyoc;) phai noi ve mgt cai gi d6; no khong the khdng ndi ve mgt cai gi d6", NgUdi la dUa mgt thi du: "Tdi se trinh bay mgt ngdn ban de cac ban ro, dd mgt siJ vat va mdt hanh dgng dUdc ke't hdp vdi bang hai phan duoua va pi^i-ia; cac ban hay cho toi biet ngdn ban Theaetatus is sitting (Theaetatus dang ngoi) n6i ve ai? Theaetatus tra ldi, "Da thua, ngon ban ndi ve tdi, Nd noi ve toi" Cting tii nhiing tit lieu cdn lai ciia hg, cd the tha'y cac nhit quy bien da tien hanh ba bitdc cd ban de hinh nen quan diem cita hg ve ngdn ngu, va tit ba bifdc nay, ngUdi ta cd the hieu dvfdc hg tra ldi cau hdi "Chti ngii lii gi?" nhif the' nao Trudc hot, hg xdc dinh cdc ldp ngii phdp diia udo y nghla phgm trir dgng tit dien dat hanh dgng, danh tit dien dat hanh the hay k-j gay hanh dgng; hai phan kdt hdp lai vdi hinh non mgt ddn vi ma hg ggi la ngdn biin (Aoyos), O day dgng tit va danh tit la ten ggi cua cac Id]) tit nhUng chiing lai dUd: dinh nghia thong qua cae chdc nang ciia chung sit the hien ngon ngxt ciia cac hanh dgng va su! kien mit ngon ngii hoc chitc nang hien dai ggi la chdc nang chuyen tdc Trong md'i quan he giQa dgng tQ vdi danh tQ thi dgng tQ difdc xtic djnh trudc, danh lu dugc cho la phcii sinh tQ dgng tQ, ThQ hai, ngon bdn plidi ndi ve mgt cdi gi dd Thoc quan diem ciia cac nha quy bien, danh tQ cung dong chQc nang nhu la "cai ma ngon ban ndi ve", Plato khong dat ten cho chQc nang nay, nhUng theo nhu nhQng gi difdc trinh bay d tren thi khai niem Chit Ve pham tni nga ciia dng khong phai la khai niem Chii ngQ theo net nghia ciia Aristdt ma tQ d6 chung ta c6 each phan tich cau theo chti - vi nhQ thQdng tha'y Day chfnh la khai niem dUdc ggi la De" ngQ (Theme) ng6n ngQ hgc hien dai theo net nghia ciia cac nha ngdn ngQ hgc thugc trQdng phai Praha va trQdng phai Luan Ddn: Mgt ngon bdn phdi cd mgt cdi de vd cdi de dy Id xuat phdt diem cda mgt thong diep ThQ ba, mgt chting ta tao diing mgt ngon ban, bang each ke't hop cac tQ lai vdi cau true, thi chung ta khdng ggi ten ma chung ta hodn thdnh mgt nhiem vu nao do: ngon bdn Id mot phUOng thiic ciia hdnh ddng: bdt ki ndi mot dieu gi thi dong thdi ciing lam mdt viec gi dd Day c6 16 la xua't phat diem quan trgng de hieu Chu ngQ la gi - mgt khai niem ngQ phap chii chdt ma dUdng nhu da bj thdi gian che khuit't, mgt ten ggi nao xuat hien mgt each tii nhien" (xem them Robins [14, 42]), Ve ban chat, ten ggi khdng n6i nen dieu gi, TQ khai niem Adyog trUdc vdi y nghia la "ldi ndi co lien he vdi nhau" hay "ngon ban", thi de'n day ngUdi ta tha'y xuat hien khai niem cau; va tUdng tu, khai niem cung co y nghia theo quy Udc, Theo Aristdt, cau dUdc hinh tQ cac phin, moi phan c6 y nghia rieng cua nd, nhUng chi chung ke't hop lai vdi thi chiing mdi hinh nen mgt phan doan hay mgt menh de de ngitdi ta CO the khang dinh xem nd dung hay sai, Trong quan diem ciia Aristo't, cau dUdc xem la chQa dQng gia tri chan thtic vit dd menh de la moi quan tam chi'nh ye'u ciia ong, Cac kieu cau khac nhu ldi cau nguyen, ong cong nhan la cd nghia nhUng lai cho rang bdi vi chting thieu giit trj chan thiic, cho nen chiing thugc vito binh dien tu tQ hay thi ca, Vdi Aristo't, quan niem ve Chti ngQ CO nhQng khac biet dang ke Aristo't trQdc he't la mgt nha 16 gich hgc, Trong cugc tranh luan ve tinh vd doan ciia ngon ngQ thong qua cau hdi: "Mdi quan he giQa ngdn ngQ vdi the gidi kinh nghiem hign thtic la tit nhien hay theo quy Udc?", Protagoras (nha triet hgc thugc phai quy bien) xem ngon ngQ nhu la ki hieu (symbol) tQ nhien, Plat6 (hgc trd ctia Socrates) cho phep ca hai kha nang, cdn Aristdt (hgc trd cua Plato) lai dQt khoat cho ring "ngon ngQ la theo quy Qdc", bdi vi "khong Nhu vay, quan diem cua Aristo't, dvo\ia va pqua trd hai p h i n ctia menh de; va menh de' sau dUdc xac dinh lai bao gom Chu ngii {Subject) va Vi ngU {Predicate) nhu la hai cliQc nang cliinh yeu cua mgt tieu tien de NhUng, nhu tren da ndi, Chu ngQ va Vi ngQ la hai khai niem 16 gich; chting phai dugc phan biet vdi cac phan ngon ngQ hgc tham gia vao cac md'i quan he 16 gich nay, Ke't qua la, cac phan ngon ngQ hgc chi dugc giai thich thuan theo cac ldp tQ - nhu la mgt danh mue cac Ngon ngiit so' nam 2009 ddn vi ngon ngQ, Ndi each khac, bdi vi cac chQc nang ngon nga hgc dQdc dd'i xii tQ gdc 16 gich, cho nen viec phan tich ngdn ngQ (nghia la, ngQ phap) trd phan tich hinh thUc, mgt cai gi d6 dugc xac dinh theo ldp (hinh thQc) chQ kh6ng theo chQc nang (y nghia) Dieu giai thich tai hinh anh ngon ngQ trdng nhan quan ciia Aristdt la mgt tap hdp cac quy tac ca'u true cua cac td chQ khong phai la mgt nguon tao nghia nhu quan diem cua cac nha quy bien ma sau dUdc cac nha ngdn ngQ hgc chQc nang tiep thu va phat trien Ngay nay, hgc ngQ phap nha trUdng nguon go'c ciia nhieu khai niem cd ban CO khai niem Chu ngQ dQdng nhu bj mat hut, ngUdi hgc chi hieu khai niem mgt each Id md th6ng qua nhQng bai tap phan tich cau va cha'p nhan chung nhU nhQng khai niem ban d i u hay nhu nhQng tien de khong can phai kiem tra lai No giai thich tai nhieu ngQdi lai bi hoang mang trQdc nhQng khai niem ma hg thUdng xuyen sQ dung treng c6 khai niem Chu ngQ, Chii ngOf t r o n g n g o n ngiJ hoc chiifc n a n g De CO the thao luan ve khai niem Chti ngQ ng6n ngQ hgc chQc nang, chung tdi tha'y can thie't phai thao luan chi tiet hdn ve hai each nhin ngon ngQ da trinh bay Mue NhQ tren da ndi, viec xem ngon ngQ la mgt ngudn iQc, mgt phUdng thQc ciia hanh ddng hay mgt tap hop cac quy tic, mgt phUdng thQc cua sti xet doan phu thudc each nhin ngdn ngQ cua ca nhan cac nha ngon ngQ hgc, Ne'u hg cho r i n g ngon ngQ chi thuan la mgt tam gQdng phan anh thQc te cd sin, thi hg cd xu hudng gan mgt vi the khac dac an cho nhQng pham trQ tUdng Qng vdi cai ma hg xem la thtic te, Trong quan diem nay, khai niem "y nghia" dUdc gidi han vad sti tUdng Qng ctia y nghia vdi thiic te' c6 san: cac pham tru ngen ngQ, dUdng nhu dQdc dQa vao mgt thQc te' nao doc lap vdi ngon ngQ, dugc xem la phan anh cac pham trQ ciia til nhien, Cach tie'p can phu nhan kha nang tao nghia cita ngdn ngQ vii dUdc ggi la dQdng hitdng "tUdng Qng" ngon ngQ hgc TQ mgt binh dien khac, ne'u ngUdi ta cho rang ngon ngQ khong phat la mgt phUdng tien phan chie'u ma la met tiem nang de tae ingt hien thttc tin hieu hgc nam mo'i quan he co he th6'ng vdi hign thtic vat chat ma khong phai thtic sti phan anh n6, thi ng5n ngQ trd ngudn Ittc de giiii thich y nghia, va khai niem y nghla theo each hieu vUdt khdi nhQng gidi han ciia sti tai hien lai; n6 dUdc md rgng de chQa tat ca cac y nghia tu tudng, lien nhan va ngon ban (xem HaUiday [15]), Cach tie'p can nity dUdc ggi la dudng hudng "kie'n tao" ngdn ngQ hgc, Dudng hudng cdng nhan vi the binh d i n g ctia ta't ca cac phQOng tien hinh thQc, ke Ve pham trii ca nhQng phUdng tien qua d6 cai ggi la cac y nghia "phi sd bieu" dUdc giai thich Can phai nhan manh d day r i n g cac y nghia "phi sd bieu" y nghia lien nhan va y nghia ng6n ban - thiic sii c6 lien quan deh cac khia canh quan trgng ctia hien thiic, Trong thtic te, cac nha ngon ngQ hgc chQc nang da k h l n g dinh rang trat tti hien thiic hen quan de'n nhQng hien tUdng dac thu cua ngUdi; la, tinh lien chu the khong dQa vao bT.n nang ma vao sii tUdng tac xa hgi, va nhQng phUdng thuc tUdng tiic xa hgi khung diia vao nhQng phQOng tien giao tie'p dugc lap trinh san ma vao mgt he tho'ng trao d6i y nghia hQu ngon nhay cam ve mat xa hgi Do dd, hien thiic ma cac y nghia lien nhan va ngon ban cd lien he vdi nhQng ngitdi thQc sii, mac du nd khong phai la thiic tai vat chat Ngon ngQ hgc chQc nang chap nhan quan diem kie'n tao Khac vdi hau he't cac m6 hinh ngQ phap khac, m6 hinh ngQ phap chQc nang, pham tru Chii ngQ dUdc dat vao binh dien lien nhan HaUiday [15] lap luan de ting hg cho quan diem th6ng qua viec tim hieu vai trd trgng tam ciia Chu ngQ hgi thoai Lap luan cua ong dQdc xay diing theo mgt quy trinh gdm ba bude Bude thQ nha't lien quan de'n viec xac lap cac chQc nang ldi ndi cd ban Theo Halhday {ibid.), hanh dgng ndi nang ngUdi ndi thUdng nhan cho minh mgt vai diin cu the va ddng thdi giao cho ngudi nghe mgt vai dien tUdng Qng ma hg muo'n ngudi nghe phai nhan Thi du, hdi, ngUdi noi d6ng vai cua ngUdi tim kiem thong tin va yeu cau ngUdi nghe phai la ngUdi cung cap thong tin Halliday cho rang suy cho cung giao tie'p tUdng tac bat Id ngUdi giao tie'p nao cung deu phai thtic hien hai chQc nang ldi ndi cd ban nhat: (i) cho va (ii) yeu cau Vdi hai chQc nang cd b„n ngUdi giao tie'p cd the (i) cho thong tin hay "khang dinh" nhu Toi la giao vien, (ii) cho hang hoa va dich vu hay "mdi" nhu Anh cd diing them mgt chiit cd phe nUa khon^?, (iii) yeu cau thdng tin hay "hdi" nhu Anh cd phdi Id giao vien ng? va (iv) yeu cau hang hoa va iich vu hay "ra lenh" nhu Cho toi xin mgt li cd phii Bon chQc nan{ ldi ndi dat giao tiej cd the dUdc ke tie'p vdi nhQng pli in Qng (khang dinh heac phti din : thi du, khdng dinh: cong nhdn hoac phdn dot; mdi: chdp nhgn hoac phii nhgn; linh: thiic hien menh lenh hoac ta chdi menh lenh; va hoi: trd ldi hoac phdn bdc Halliday chi ro rang bon kieu chQc nang ldi ndi d tren, chi cd yeu cau thong tin mdi can phan Qng hQu ngon, cdn nhQng phan Qng lai cac chQc nang ldi noi khac khong nha't thie't phai la hQu ngon Budc thQ hai lap luan dat Chti ngQ vao binh dien lien nhan lien quan de'n viec thie't lap phan ma Halliday {ibid.) ggi la "ThQc" (Mood) cu tieng Anh, Theo Halliday, ndi r i n g Chu Ngon ngtif so nam 2009 ngQ thugc binh dien lien nhan tQc la khang dinh rang no phai c6 vai trd giao tiep tUdng tac, Thi du (1) dudi day la mgt phan cua doan thoai thQ hai, trich tQ trang (1) 155 ban dich cud'n Ddn ludn ngU phdp chUc ndng (An introduction to functional grammar) ctia Halliday [16] Nha xua't ban Dai hgc Qud'c gia Ha Ngi in lin thQ hai, nam 2004: The duke's given away that Ngai c6ng tQdc dd vOt chiec dm trd di, cd p/idi khdng teapot, hasn't he? n/il? - Oh, has he? - 6, the'd? - yes, he has • If, dung rdi - No, he hasn't! - Khong, khdng phai the! Hgi thoai tren cho tha'y r i n g dUdc dQng de giao tie'p c6 mgt phan cua cu luon xua't hien nhu he hasCnt)/ has he va phan dUdc dUa di va day lai nhQng trao doi hdi dap; tac dung cua phan la dUa hgi thoai ve phia trudc va de tri hgi thoai, NhQng phan cdn lai nhu given away that teapot thudng bi bd rdi hay khong can thie't phai cd mat hgi thoai P h i n ludn c6 mat hgi thoai dUdc ggi la Thdc {Mood), nhQng phan khdng cin thie't phai c6 mat hgi thoai dUdc ggi la phan Du {Residue) Budc thQ ba lien quan de'n viec xac dinh cac phan ctia ThQc va cac phan trcng phan Du Theo Halliday, tie'ng Anh, ThQc bao gdm Chii nga va p h i n HUu dinh; phan Du bao gdm Vi ngu Bo nga va Phu ngU Thi du (1) cting chi ring chQc nang lien nhan Chii ngQ c6 vai trd dac biet quan trgng; n6 la mgt p h i n ma "qua quy chie'u ciia n6 menh de co the dQdc khang dinh hay phu dinh" [14, 76], la "diem ttia ctia lap luan" [17], va cung vdi phin HQu djnh n6 hinh nen ThQc cua phan doan co chQc nang gi6'ng nhu cai ban le de canh cUa giao tie'p dUdc dUa di hay day lai qua trinh tUdng tac, Trong ThQc, moi phan c6 nhQng chQc nang khu biet, Thi du, cu The duke's given away that teapot, hasn't he?, phan HQu dinh has CO chQc nang cu the hoa cQc cua phan doan: cQc k h l n g dinh va chi thdi gian hien tai, phan Chu ngQ The duke (Ngai cong tudc) cu the hoa thtic the lien quan de'n no nhan dinh dUdc k h l n g dinh la CO gia tri N6i each khac, chinh The duke la phan dQdc cho la chiu trach nhiem cho chQc nang cua cu nhQ la mgt sii kien tUdng tac NgUdi n6i diia vao cai "ldi tUdng tac" [18] The duke + has di yeu cau ngQdi nghe phai c6ng nhan hay phu Ve pham tru., nhan, hdi lai hay im lang TQ goc Itinh thQc hay ngQ phap - tQ vting, nhQng trUdng hdp dien hinh, cu khang dinh tie'ng Anh cd trat tti Chu ngU + HUu dinh, cu nghi van cd trat tti HUu dinh + Chu nga, va cu ciu khie'n thQdng vang mat Chii ngQ ' TQ nhQng gi dUdc trinh bay d tren, cd the khang dinh rang ngQ phap chQc nang da cd nhQng ddng gdp ldn viec tim hieu va xac djnh ban chat ciia khai niem Chti ngQ Ddng gdp ldn the hien d chd nd da bdc tach dUdc chQc nang Chii ngQ khdi nhQng chQc nang thugc cac binh dien khac ctia cu nhu Hanh the, De ngQ, xe'p Chu ngQ vilo binh dien lien nhan, minh hoa mgt each thuye't phuc vai trd trgng tam ma Chu ngQ cd trao doi hgi thoai, va d6 khong bi trgn lan hay nham lan vdi hai chQc nang ma Chu ngQ dUdc giao cho theo net nghia cua Platd va Aristo't nhu da trinh bay Mue d tren Quan trgng hdn nQa, ngQ phap chQc nang da thie't lap dUdc ca tieu chi dinh nghia (ngQ nghia) va tieu chi hinh thQc (ngQ phap - tQ vting) cd ban de nhan dien mgt each kha rd rang phan Chu ngQ cu Tinh niem ciia pham t r u C h u ngii Bay gid chung t6i chuyen sang tra ldi cau hdi: "Chu ngQ c6 phai la mgt pham trQ phd niem cho mgi ngon ngQ hay kh6ng?", Trong ngon ngQ hgc hien dai, ngQdi ta thUdng phan biet hai kieu pham trQ: pham trQ sieu li thuye't va pham tru m6 ta [19], [11], Pham tru sieu K thuye't la nhQng pham tru dUdc trQu tUdng hoa cao, c6 the dugc ap dung cho mgi ngon ngQ, Theo net nghia nay, cac pham tru nhu "true ngQ doan" (syntagmatic axis), "true dot •vi" (paradigmatic axis), "sd chi" (referent), "bieu vat" (denotation), "bieu niem" (connotation), "sieu chQc nang" (metafunction), "ngon canh tinh huong" (context of situation), "ngon canh van hoa" (context of culture), v.v,, CO the dugc xem la nhQng pham tru sieu li thuyet va cd the quat cho mgi ngdn ngQ NgUdc lai, pham tru mo ta la nhQng pham trQ dUdc trQu tudng hoa tha'p hdn, dUdc thiet lap de me ta cac ng6n ngQ cu the Thee net nghia nay, Hanh the, Chu ngQ, Dd ngQ, HQu dinh, thi, the, thQc, thai, v.v., la nhQng pham tru mo ta, Tuy nhien, "lieu mgt pham tru mo ta co tinh ph6 niem hay khong van la van de tien nghiem" [19, 60], va "chQng minh cho nhiin dinh lieu mgt pham tru mo ta cd tfnh phd niem hay khong la mgt viec lam mat nhieu cong sQc, ddi hdi tfnh ki thuat va ctic ki phQc tap" [20, 134], Chfnh vi vay, khoang thdi gian va khdng gian cho phep cua bai vie't nay, cdng viec chung tdi du dinh lam la so sanh Chu ngQ tie'ng Anh va tieng Viet tren hai binh dien dinh nghla (ngQ nghia) va nhgn dien (ngQ phap - tQ vting) de xem hai mau thQc cd cung mgt ten ggi dUdc the hien hai Ngon ngiir so nSm 2009 Tinh thai/ Bie'n thai, HQu dinh, Vi ngQ, Bd ngQ, v.v,, (dong 2), Sau chiing toi dich ngQ nghia cac thi du tie'ng Anh sang tie'ng Viet va in dQng phan tildng Qng vdi Chti ngQ tie'ng Anh (ddng 3) TrQdc b i t dau viec so sanh chi tie't, chung tdi tha'y can thie't phai nhan manh mdt diem; dd lit, nhQng thi dti dUa de so sanh chung toi chi liet ke cac tieu chi nhan dien pham tru Chu ngQ tie'ng Anh, cac tieu chi dinh nghia cho pham tru da dUdc trinh bay Mue va se dQcc quy chie'u de so sanh vdi tie'ng Viet cin thie't, h ' vgng each lam na • se lam sang td them mdt s6' van de lien quan den tinh ph6 niem ciia pham tru C'nu ngQ n6i rieng va cua nhQng pham tru mo ta khac noi chung ngdn ngQ nhQ the nao, Trong bat ki sti so sanh nao, ngQdi ta cung cin phai cd mgt khung li thuye't va mgt xua't phat die'm, day chung tdi lay ngdn ngQ hgc chQc nang he tho'ng lam khung K thuye't, va trao dac an cho tie'ng Anh, lay n6 lam ng6n ngQ nen va lay tie'ng Viet lam ngon ngQ so sanh Li la vi, tie'ng Anh cac pham tru ngQ phap, dac biet la pham tru Chti ngQ da dUdc nghien cQu sau rgng hdn mu hinh ng6n ngQ hgc chQc nang he thdng Quy trinh so sanh se la, chdng toi dQa 11 thi dti tie'ng Ann thd hien nhu g dac diem cd ban nnat cita ph ; m tru Chu ngu Lrong ng6n ngQ na • dd phan cd chQc nan,'' Chii ngQ dugi in dam (ddng 1); phan tfch cac nanh p h i n cua ci - ng d binh die! lien nhan theo Ch' ngQ, The boy Chu ngQ (2) has HQu dinh come Vi ngQ Thang be (da) de'n (3) The boy hit Chii ngQ HQu dinh the dog Vi ngQ B6 ngQ Thang be ddnh chd (4) Did the boy HQu dinh hit the dog? Chti ngQ Vi ngQ Cd phdi thang be ddnh chd khdng? (5) The boy's arrival Chu ngU made Vi ngQ everyone Bo ngQ happy B6 ngil Viec thang be de'n ldm cho mgi ngudi phdn khdi Vg pham tru (6) The dog Chu ngQ was hit HQu dinh Vi ngQ Con cho bi ddnh (7) The boy hit the dog didn't Chti ngQ Vl ngQ Bo ngQ HQu dinh he? Chii ngQ Thang be ddnh chd, co phdi khong? The dog was hit wasn't 11? Chu ngQ HQu dinh Vi ngQ HQu din'i Chu ngQ 8) Con ch6 bi ddnh, cd phdi khong ihi? (9) The boy couldn't hit the dog Chu ngQ HQu dinh Vi ngQ Bo ngQ Thang be khong the ddnh dUdc chd (10) The boy Chu ngQ usually hits the dog Bie'n thai Vi ngQ B6 ngQ Thing be hay ddnh chd (11) He sometimes asked Chu ngQ Bie^n thai Vi ngQ himself Anh ta thUdng tU hoi minh (12) The boys are asking the way Chu ngU HQu dinh Vi ngQ Bo ngQ Bgn tre dang hoi dUdng TQ nhQng thf du tren, c6 the liet ke dQdc dac diem de nhan dien phan Chii ngQ tie'ng Anh: (i) Chii ngQ tieng Anh dUdc hien thQc hoa bang mgt cum danh tQ hay mgt ngQ doan dUdc danh hoa; 10 (ii) Chu ngQ dQgc tien gia dinh hdi chi bdi dai tQ phan ThQc dinh kem d cuoi cu; ne'u no xua't hien; trUdng hdp dai tQ se c6 mdi quan he ddng sd chi vdi Chu ngQ nhQ he vdi TTie boy (7), va it vdi The dog (8); (iii) Chu ngQ tie'ng Anh xua't hien ben canh phan Huu dinh nhu has vdi The boy (2), va was vdi The boy (6); (iv) Chu ngu tie'ng Anh thudng xuat hien canh dgng tQ tinh thai nhu could(n't) vdi T/ie boy (9); ne'u co phan nao xua't hien giQa Chti ngQ va HQu djnh, thi no thUdng dien hinh la mgt phu ngQ bie'n thai (modulation) nhu usually (10), va sometimes (11); (v) Khi Chii ngQ dUdc hien thiic hda bang mgt dai tQ, mgt s6' trUdng hdp dai tQ ay dUdc danh da'u bing danh each nhu He d6i lap vdi himself (11); (vi) Trong nhQng dieu kien nha't djnh, Chu ngQ la danh tQ the hien sQ tUdng hdp ve ngoi va each vdi thi chfnh yeu (primary tense); nghia la, vdi phan HQu dinh nhU has (ngdi thQ ba s6' it, thi hien tai hoan thanh) vdi The boy (2), hits (ngoi thQ ba soft, thi hien tai ddn) vdi The boy (10), va are (ngoi thQ ba sd nhieu, thi hien tai ddn) vdi The boys (12); (vii) Trong cu khlng djnh, Chu ngQ dQng trUdc phan HQu djnh nhu The dog va was (6) va (8); ngUdc lai, cu nghi van phan cQc (polar interrogative), Chii Ngdn ngiif sd" nam 2009 ngQ dQng sau phan HQu dinh nhQ Did vdi the boy (4), NhQng thf du tren va cac phien ban dich cua chung tie'ng Viet cho tha'y The boy "tUdng Qng"'v6i Thdng be (2), (3), (4), (7), (9), (10); Vice thdng be de'n vdi Tlie boy's arrival (5); Con chd vdi The dog (6) va (8); Anh ta vdi He (11); va Bgn tre vdi The boys (12), Cau hdi tiep theo dUdc dat la: "Lieu cd pham trQ nao tieng Viet cd ta't ca dac diem nhan dien cua pham tru Chii ngQ tie'ng Anh khdng? C6 the nhan tha'y r i n g trQ sti gi6'ng ve loi tQ vting dUdc tri nhan ve mat triic cam (thi du, boy: thdng be; tlie arrival of the boy: viec thdng be de'n; dog: chd), hai dac diem gi5'ng nha't cua Chu ngQ tie'ng Anh vdi phan tUdng Qng tieng Vigt la diic diem (i) va (iv): Chit ngQ dugc hien thiic hoa bing met cum danh tQ hay mgt ngQ doan dUdc danh hoa va Chii ngQ xua't hien canh phan thudng dUdc ggi la dgng tQ tinh thai nhU The boy couldn't va Thdng be khdng the (9), Tuy nhien, can phai nhan manh rang dac diem (i) kh6ng phai la tieu chi de khu biet phan Chu ngQ ca tie'ng Anh Chiing toi diing "titang dng" thay cho "tuang duang" bai vi chitng minh cho hai ye'u to hai ngon ngii titong duang udi ve nghla Id mgt vdn de phitc tap (Chi tie't xin xem Hoang Vdn Van [22]) Ve pham trii 11 va tie'ng Viet, Mgt cum danh tQ hay mgt ngQ doan dQdc danh hoa kh6ng nha't thie't chi c6 chQc nang Chu ngQ, Cac dac diem (ii), (v), (vi), va (vii) la nhQng dac diem ma Chii ngQ tie'ng Anh dudng nhu khac hoan toan vdi phan tUdng Qng dUdc ggi la Chii ngQ tieng Viet, Trong tieng Viet khong CO phan nao Qng vdi phan HQu dinh tieng Anh va Chu ngQ khong dUdc tien gia dinh hdi chi bdi dai tQ phan ThQc dinh kem d cuoi cu nhu didn't he (7) va wasn't it (8); hdi de ngUdi nghe khang dinh lai mgt nhan dinh nao d6, tieng Viet khdng c6 cu dinh kem ma lai the hien b i n g td hdp nghi van cd phdi khdng dat cu6'i nhu la mgt phan cua cau hdi, Tudng til, tie'ng Viet kh6ng cc pham trQ each va sd cho nen khong the nhan dien Chii ngQ th6ng qua danh each do! lap vdi doi each va cung khong the nhan dien Chu ngQ thong qua sU tUdng hdp ve ngoi va sd nhu hai tieu chf (v) va (vi) ciia tie'ng Anh, TQ binh dien ngQ nghia, neu dinh nghia Chti ngQ nhu la "diem tiia cua lap luan" va xem n6 la mgt phan cQng vdi p h i n HQu dinh lam nen "ldi tUdng tac" (13) - Thdng be Chii ngQ • Ddnh chUa? • Ddnh rdi Ddu dd ddnh Ddnh rdi md hay "ban le cua canh cQa giao tiep" va bat bugc phai xua't hien cu tie'ng Anh, thi phai cong nhan rang p h i n tUdng Qng dUdc ggi la Chii ngQ tieng Viet khdng tham gia vao chQc nang va cai ban le cua canh cQa giao tie'p tieng Viet tuyet nhien khong can sti cd mat ciia Chu ngQ trQ cu khlng dinh khdi xudng hgi thoai nhu Ngdi cdng tudc (1) d trim, Va nhu Thai Minh DQc [21] da chQng minh mgt each kha thuyet phuc, giao tiep tUdng tac, tie'ng Viet sQ dting phan ma ong ggi la Dam phdn {Negotiator) (tUdng dUdng ve chQc nang vdi phan ThQc tie'ng Anh), Thanh phan bao gdm dgng tQ va cac tieu tQ nghi van phan cQc nhU phdi khong, co phdi /ihong, sao/hay sao, chit; cac trang tQ hay dai tQ nghi van nhu ndo, tgi sao, ai, a ddu: cac tieu tQ cau khien nhu hay, di, nghe, nhe; va cac tieu tQ chi the nhU dd, dang, rdi, chUa, de dUa hgi thoai ve phfa trUdc; cac phin khac nhu Chu ngQ, Bo ngQ vit Phu ngQ thudng kh6ng bat bugc phai xua't hien vit, dd, trd thhnh phdn Dii gidng nhu cac phan Vi ngQ, Bd ngQ vit Phu ngQ cu tieng Anh, Doan thoai dudi day minh hoa cho nhan dinh d tren: danh chd d ngodi sdn Vi ngQ Bo ngQ Phu ngQ Ke't l u a n Nhu da chi Mue 1, mue dich chfnh cua bai viet la tim hieu them ve khai niem Chu ngQ, mgt khai niem rat quen thugc nhUng kh6ng de nam bat, Lan theo ljch 12 sil phat trien ciia khai niem, chung tdi da co' gang phan biet sQ khac giQa hai kieu Chu ngU, mgt dugc nhin dQdi g6c 16 gich - Chii ngQ 16 gich va mgt dugc nhin dUdi gdc ke't ca'u ngon ban - De ngQ, Ban chat ciia ng6n ngQ la giao tie'p tUdng tac, Di theo lap luan nay, chiing toi da khao sat khai niem Chu ngQ ngdn ngQ hgc chQc nang hien dai, nhin nd dudi gdc tUdng tac lien nhan, Sau dd, lay Chii ngQ tieng Anh lam xua't phat diem chung tdi so sanh vdi phan tUdng Qng tie'ng Viet tren hai binh dien ngQ nghia va ngQ phap - tQ vUng Phan so sanh cua chung toi da cho tha'y r i n g Chu ngQ tie'ng Anh c6 nhQng dac diem ngQ nghia va ngQ phap rat khac vdi phan tUdng Qng tieng Viet, Dieu the hien d chd mac dQ phan Dam phan ctia tieng Viet c6 cung chQc nang vdi phin ThQc tie'ng Anh, nhUng phan ThQc tieng Anh chQa Chu ngQ thi phan Dam phan tie'ng Viet lai khdng, Tuy nhien, cQng co nhQng d^c diem ngQ nghia va ngQ phap de k h l n g dinh ve tfnh phd niem cua pham tru Chu ngQ hai ngon ngQ; thf du, hgi thoai Chu ngQ tieng Viet thudng xua't hien bit bugc (trQ cu cau khie'n) trcng cu khdi xUdng, ldi tQ viing cua phan Chu ngQ c6 the tri nhan dugc hai ngon ngQ, va hai dac diem (i) va (iv) nhu da trinh bay d Myc 4, TQ day cho phep khang djnh r i n g cac pham tru md ta c6 the' c6 tfnh phd niem cho cac ngon ngQ, Tuy nhien, can phai nhan m^nh r i n g se khong bao gid cd sii gidng tuyet ddi giQa mgt pham Ngon ngiif so nam 2009 tru c6 cung mgt ten ggi hai ngon ngQ, Khi quye't dinh ggi cung mgt ten cho mgt cap mau thQc hinh thQc dQdc xac dinh la "gid'ng nhau" hai ngdn ngQ, ngUdi ta phai c6 mgt sQ thoa hiep nao do, bdi -vi mdi ngdn ngQ cd each the hien mgt y nghia hay mdt chQc nang theo each khac va, dd, chQng minh cho viec mgt phttm trQ nao dd cd tfnh phd niem hay khdng la mgt \iec lam vo cung phQc tap Bin viet (iia cluing t6i da phan nao chi d'ldc sit ijhQc tap cua khai mem Chii ngQ lich sQ de lai va phan nao da l.'im sang td Ll.em ban cha't cua pham trQ ngQ |)hap quan trgng nha't troi.g mgi ngT.n ngQ va tinh ph6 niem ctia n6 ch6ng qua mgt trudng hdp so sai.h cti the - Chu ngQ cie'ng Ai;h va tie'ng Viet, T A ' L I E U T K \ M KHAO 1, Comrie B., Lang ;ge universals and typology, Second e>''tion, Oxford, Blackwell, 1989 2, Trdn Trgng Kim, et, aL, Viet Nam Van - Pham, In ldn thU bdy, Nxb Sd'ng mdi, Sdi Gon, 1940 3, Le Vdn Ly, Sd thao ngQ phap Viet Nam, In ldn thU nhUt, Bg giao due, Trung tdm hgc lieu xudt bdn, 1968 4, Chafe W., Givetmess, Contrastiveness, Definiteness, Subjects and Topics, {In) Subject and Topic, Li C, & Thompson S., (Eds.), 1976, 27-55 5, Cao Xuan Hao, Tilng Viet: So thao ngii phap chirc nang, Nxb GD, Tp Hd Chi Minh, 2004 6, Diep Quang Ban, Cau ddn tie'ng Viet, Nxb GD, H., 1987 Ve p h a m tni , 13 7, Quirk R et al., A comprehensive grammar of English, Longman, London, 1985 8, Halliday M A K., Notes on transitivity a n d t h e m e in English, part 1, J o u r n a l of Linguistics, A^o 2, 1967a, 37-81 Halliday M A K., Notes on transitivity and t h e m e in English, part 2, J o u r n a l of Linguistics, A^o 3, 1967b, 199-244 10 HaUiday M A K., Notes on transitivity and theme in English, part 3, J o u r n a l of Linguistics, A^o 3, 1968, 179-215 n Hasan R & Fries, P H Reflections on subject and theme, (In) On Subject and theme: A Discourse functional perspective, Hasan, R & P H Fries (Eds.), Amsterdam/ Phila-delphia, John Benjamins, 1995 12, Cao Xuan Hao, Tie'ng Viet Van Viet NgUdi Viet, Nxb Tre, Tp Ho Chi Minh, 2001 13, Halliday M A K, language, (In) Applied association of /Yustralia papers number 1: Aims and in Linguistics, 1977, 32 - Idotis about linguistics Occasional Perspectives 55 14, Robins R H., Luge sii ngon ngfl hoc, Hoang Van Vdn dich, Nxb DHQG, H., 2003 15, Halliday M A K, An intixxiuction to functional grammar, London, Arnold, 1998 16, Halliday M A K., D i n luan ngQ phap chQc nang, Hoang Vdn Vdn dich In ldn thU hai, Nxb DHQG, H., 2004 17, Halliday M A K., Spoken and wiitten language, Gcelong, Victoria, Deakin University Press, 1985 18, Eggins S., An introduction to systemic linguistics, Fruncis Painter, London, 1998 19, Maithiessen C, Lexjcc^-ammatical cartography: English systems, International language science publishers, Tokyo, 1995 20, Hoang Vdn Vdn, NgQ phap kinh nghiem ciia cu tie'ng Viet: Mo ta theo quan diem chQc nan;v ho tho'ng, Nxb KHXH, H, 2005 21, Thai Minh Dite, McUifunctional pro Ue of the gi-ammar of Victnaine.^c, (In) Larguago T>'pology: A functional pL'rjpecti\e, Caffaivl A, & Martin J R., 'Eds.), AjnstcrdamI Philadelphia, John Benjamins, 2004 22, Hoang Vdn Vdn, Nghien cdu dich t h u a t , Nxb KHXH, H, 2005 ... Plat6 (hgc trd ctia Socrates) cho phep ca hai kha nang, cdn Aristdt (hgc trd cua Plato) lai dQt khoat cho ring "ngon ngQ la theo quy Qdc", bdi vi "khong Nhu vay, quan diem cua Aristo't, dvoia... viec lam mat nhieu cong sQc, ddi hdi tfnh ki thuat va ctic ki phQc tap" [20, 134], Chfnh vi vay, khoang thdi gian va khdng gian cho phep cua bai vie't nay, cdng viec chung tdi du dinh lam la so