Meaning transference of prepositions of place in, on and at in english and the vietnamese equivalents

1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS MEANING TRANSFERENCE OF PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE “IN, ON AND AT” IN ENGLISH AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS TA THI THU HIEN Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Hanoi, 11/ 2020 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS MEANING TRANSFERENCE OF PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE “IN, ON AND AT” IN ENGLISH AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (Sự chuyển nghĩa giới từ nơi chốn “in, on at” Tiếng Anh tương đương Tiếng Việt) TA THI THU HIEN Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor:Assoc.Prof.Dr Le Van Thanh Hanoi, 11/ 2020 i CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY The undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled “Meaning transference of prepositions of place “in, at and on” in English and Vietnamese equivalents” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Ha Noi, November, 2020 Ta Thi Thu Hien SUPERVISOR Approved by Assoc.Prof.Dr.Le Van Thanh ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research has, in many senses, been accomplished with the help and encouragement of many people Therefore, I hereby would like to express my appreciation to all of them First of all, I would like to acknowledge my depth of gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc.Prof.Dr Le Van Thanh, who has not only encouraged me to this study but also given invaluable ideas and enormously helpful guidance My sincere thanks also go to all staffs of the Faculty of English and Hanoi Open University for their valuable lessons and precious help Thanks to them, I could overcome enormous obstacles when doing this research Last but not least, I also owe the deepest gratitude to my parents and my colleagues, my friends for their constant support and thorough understanding Their great encouragement and love have helped me to overcome the difficulties during my study iii Certificate of originality Acknowledgements Table of contents Abstract List of abbreviations i ii iii vi vii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Methods of the study 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Structure of the study Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1Overview of research 2.1.1 Research overview: 2.1.2 Studies on the semantics of place prepositions according to the traditional approach 2.1.3 Foreign research situation 2.1.4 Research situation in the country: 2.2 Theoretical basis 2.2.1 Semantics 2.2.2 Cognitive linguistics 6 7 2.2.3 Perception 2.2.4 Prepositions in English 2.2.4.1 Definition of prepositions 2.2.4.2 The role and position of prepositions in sentences 2.2.4.3 Classification of prepositions in English 2.2.4.4 Prepositional phrase 2.2.5 Prepositions in Vietnamese 2.2.5.1 The views of Vietnamese linguists about prepositions in Vietnamese 9 10 10 12 12 iv 2.2.6 Approach some basic concepts of cognitive linguistics to explain 14 the meaning of prepositions from the place "in, at and on" 2.2.6.1 Meaning and semantic change according to the approach of 14 cognitive linguistics 15 2.3.6.2 The concept of body roots (embodiment) 2.3.6.3 The polymorphism of the preposition explained in terms of 15 perceptual semantics 2.2.7 Summary 16 17 Chapter 3: MEANING TRANSFERENCE OF PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE “IN, ON AND AT” IN ENGLISH AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS 3.1 Semantics of the place prepositions “in, at and on” in English 17 (According to the approach of perceptual linguistics) 3.1.1 Semantics of the preposition "in” 17 3.1.1.1 The root meaning and the derivative meanings of the 17 preposition of place“in” 20 3.1.1.2 Semantic variation of preposition of place "in" 3.1.2 Semantics of the preposition "at” 24 3.1.2.1 The root meaning and the derivative meanings of the 24 preposition of place "at” 3.1.2.2 Semantic variation of preposition of place "at" 26 3.1.3 Semantics of the preposition “on” 28 3.1.3.1 The root meaning and the derivative meanings of the 28 preposition of place “on” 3.1.3.2 Semantic variation of preposition of place "on" 28 3.2 The semantics of the equivalent expressions “vào, tại, trên” 30 in VietNamese (According to the approach of perceptual linguistics) 30 3.2.1 Semantics of the equivalent expression "vào” 3.2.1.1 Original meaning and derivative meanings of the equivalent 30 expression "vào” v 3.2.1.2 The semantic change of the equivalent expression "vào” 31 3.2.2 Semantics of the equivalent expression “trên” 36 3.2.2.1 Original meaning and derivative meanings of the equivalent 36 expression "trên” 3.2.2.2 The semantic change of the equivalent expression “trên” 37 3.2.3 Semantics of the equivalent expression "ở, tại" 38 3.2.3.1 Original meaning and derivative meanings of the equivalent 38 expression "ở, tại” 3.2.3.2 The semantic change of the equivalent expression "ở, tại” 38 3.3 Compare the semantic change of prepositions of place “in, at 39 and on” in English with equivalent expressions “vào, trên” in VietNamese 3.3.1 Compare the semantic development of the preposition "in, at 36 and on" with equivalent meaning in Vietnamese 40 3.3.1.1 "In, at and on" compares to "vào" 41 3.3.1.2 "In" compared with "vào" 44 3.3.1.3 "In", "on" compare with “trên”, “trong” 50 3.4 Summary 53 Chapter 4: CONCLUSION 4.1 Recapitulation 53 4.2 Concluding remarks 55 4.3 Limitation of the research 55 4.4 Suggestion for further studies 55 vi ABSTRACT The thesis is based on the theory of empirical experience to analyze the meaning transferences of place prepositions “in, at and on” in English and equivalents in Vietnamese To make a comparision between meaning transferences of prepositional of place “in, at and on” in English and in VietNamese or between those of English and their VietNamese equivalents Thesis research is equivalent to the original meaning and the transformation is based on empirical rather than equivalent type words From here, the thesis draws some conclusions about location orientation, location awareness of British and Vietnamese people through the use of prepositions The sources of English language research materials are built on reference to bilingual dictionaries and monolingual dictionaries Along with that is a reference to the official dictionary lookup pages of famous publishers All English examples in this source are translated into Vietnamese based on dictionaries The Vietnamese research language resource is built on the reference of monolingual and bilingual dictionaries The thesis also uses linguistic materials collected on the internet During the thesis implementation, I use some specific research methods: Method of analyzing the elemental meaning, Descriptive Method, Comparative method The thesis will be one of the intensive researches on semantics and semantic change of some prepositions in English and equivalent expressions in Vietnamese from the perspective of cognitive linguistics Based on the recent studies of cognitive linguistics, the thesis will add a significant amount of valuable information about the theoretical issues related to prepositions such as: personal experience and prepositions from place of view from the perspective of personal experience, the semantic change of place prepositions creates ray categories, the thesis will be a useful reference for those who are interested to the semantic theory of place prepositions viewed from the perspective of cognitive linguistics vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TR: (Trajector / positional object), LM (Landmark/landmark) Chapter I: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale There have been many works that are considered exemplary, classic in the application of the perception perspective to the study of diverse and rich linguistic phenomena that previous linguistic trends have not yet resolved convincingly, especially in the realm of place-related expressions and expand meaning based on place-only relations The prepositions of place under the approach of cognitive linguistics are an extremely interesting and interesting research content for researchers specializing in the field of cognitive linguistics It is an important contribution of cognitive linguistics into general linguistic theory Investigate the characteristics of local experiences as a basic human experience and how the conceptualization of local relationships reflects in human linguistics and thinking, in particular, to study the problem of how location ideas are systematically set up and developed to create nonlocation meanings through the use of prepositions of place Studying place orientations, place perception through prepositions of place from a linguistic perspective means studying how place orientation, objective perceptions of place is reflected or perceived sense in the human brain and expressed through prepositions of place, thereby understanding the way in which objects connect to each other in places It is through this process that location relationships are established based on a system of notions before appropriate, relevant words are used The thesis “Meaning transference of prepositions of place “in at and on” in English and the Vietnamese equivalents” based on the theory of empirical experience to study on the semantic problem of some prepositions of place including "in, at and on" in English and equivalents in Vietnamese, because place prepositions represent the most basic and arguably most complex relationship between entities through location experience and are reflect through the language and thinking of indigenous people The results obtained by the thesis will help clarify 45 following examples: Cái chăn đầu (khi ta nằm) The blanket is over your head Mọi người lên phía đầu tầu hỏa Everybody goes to the first car(s) (the head) of the train The computer is on the table Cái máy tính bàn Bà nội chơi nhà My grandmother is at my uncle’s house Birds are flying in the sky Chim bay trời In the typical examples of the word "in" in the meaning of an English dictionary, when translated into Vietnamese, the positioning position is shown by the word "trên", it is the sentence “She was lying in bed” (Cô ta nằm giường) In the examples where the position in the space is "on" in Vietnamese, when translated into English, it is also "trên", which is the case of sentences like “Chim bay trời” (Birds are flying in the sky) Next to the meaning of "trên", when it comes to the preposition "in" we often associate immediately with the meaning "trong" This is the contain or containment relationship between LM and TR Semantically, the “trong” in Vietnamese is also used to describe the relation that contains or contains In all of the above examples the word "in" is translated into Vietnamese as “trong” The main meaning of the word "in" translated into Vietnamese is “trong” With this original meaning, this basic meaning, there is not much difference between English and Vietnamese But because perceptions of the space between Vietnamese and British people are different, cultures are different, and experience is not the same, from this original English word, the British may use the word "in" to describe the new semantic case, no location, surprising Vietnamese people learning English Or vice versa, in Vietnamese we can all say “trên hồ bơi” or “trong hồ bơi” but when translated into English dùng “in”: “in the swimming pool” We can make a different comparison between Vietnamese and British / American The Vietnamese said: “Cô ngủ giường với gái”, the British said "She was sleeping in the / her bed with her daughter" And "in bed", British / American people consider a closed space, while the combination of “trên giường” of Vietnamese both has a literal meaning of space and implicit meaning, which is the case when Vietnamese people say “những câu chuyện giường” When 46 translated into English, this case is translated as "the stories in the bed" In this case the Vietnamese don't say “những câu chuyện giường” The bed with the Vietnamese is a flat surface, not a container or container space as the concept of "in” in English From the above examples we can see that the perception and concept of place through the preposition "in" between Vietnamese and British / American, the similarity is little but the difference is quite large Also equivalent to the word "trên" in Vietnamese, in addition to the word "in", in English, the word "on" In English, when using "on" means to have a contact surface, with a specific locator, ie TR has surface contact with LM Meanwhile the word "trên" in Vietnamese does not necessarily have access to such a surface, for example, the Vietnamese say “Chim bay trời” The following are examples of "on" in English with TR surface contact with LM: on the table: bàn; The fan is on the ceiling: Cái quạt trần; The plane is flying on the sky Máy bay bay trời; Try lying on your back Thử nằm ngửa xem… But if we speak Vietnamese, we say “Ông bố nằm sấp (úp sấp) Thằng bé cưỡi lưng ông bố” has the same word "trên" but has a different meaning The word "trên" in Vietnamese has only the concept of place and not the concept of time And the word "on" in English can indicate the time and when translated into Vietnamese it can mean “trong” hay “vào” Example sentence: “An toàn lao động hết” The word "trên" in this sentence does not translate as "on", the word "trên" here is only priority, first Or another example: “Sau gieo lúa xuống đất phủ lớp rạ lên trên” In this case the meaning of "trên" is the same as cover in English The English meaning must be changed, while Vietnamese is still the word "trên" We continue to compare two sentences in English and Vietnamese as follows: in English: The cat was lying on the kitchen floor In Vietnamese, we can say: “Con mèo nằm sàn nhà bếp” or “Con mèo nằm sàn nhà bếp” and these two sentences mean the same thing Interestingly, in Vietnamese, the above uses, in addition to the apparent presence of TR and LM, can implicitly have a reference to the speaker's location By saying “Con mèo nằm sàn nhà”, by using the preposition "dưới", there is a reference to the position of the speaker 47 (higher than the position of the floor where the cat is located) Meanwhile, it should be noted that with this sentence in English only uses a preposition "on", we cannot say "The cat was lying under the kitchen floor" because in English, if you say under the kitchen floor, it will alter the meaning and positioning of the cat Through this example we want to talk about the difference in the use of the Vietnamese spatial coordinate system The Vietnamese will choose from their observation position to be the "starting point" that is compared with the position of the observed / positioned object to choose the appropriate preposition Let us now consider the use of Vietnamese words when describing reality, in the expression of the concept of place "trên": For example, two villages are adjacent to each other, temporarily called village A and Lang B, which are given by Vietnamese people those are two independent spaces When going from village A to village B, Vietnamese people use the word "sang", regardless of the height and low correlation of the location of the starting point and the destination position of the movement Another example would be, in the case of our house and the neighbor's house, no matter which side the neighbor's house is, the house is big or the house is small, the house is tall or short When moving to the neighbor, it will be written as: “Tôi “sang” nhà hàng xóm” Clearly, Vietnamese people not distinguish "trên dưới" in this case, Vietnamese people not distinguish "cao thấp" spatial relations (in the same coordinate) We consider again the use of Vietnamese words in the same place, one space For example, in the same house, Vietnamese people use the word "up" in the living room for example: “Mời bác lên phòng khách” Next, we consider the Vietnamese concept of space when using the word "trong" with words indicating "vào" In my opinion, this relation can be seen as a narrow-broad relationship of spatial perception For example we say “ra phòng khách” but we also say “lên phòng khách” If we take the house as LM or the origin of a spatial comparison system in broad and narrow order, we will have a diagram that Ly Toan Thang (2005) has outlined as follows: từ nhà→sân→vườn→ngõ/ hẻm→đường→đồng (ruộng)→đê→ bãi (sông) We will have the following ways to express that state: 48 từ nhà→ sân→ vườn→ra ngõ/ hẻm Từ ngõ/hẻm→ra đường Từ đồng (ruộng)→ra đê→ bãi (sơng) nhà→ngồi sân→ ngồi vườn→ ngồi ngõ/ hẻm→ ngồi đường→ngồi đồng (ruộng)→ ngồi đê→ ngồi bãi (sơng) Moving on to another case, we have the English phrase: "The house is on the lake" Students translate this sentence into sentences as follows: Question 1: Ngôi nhà bên bờ hồ Question 2: Ngôi nhà hồ Question 3: Nhà Question 4: Ngôi nhà cạnh bờ hồ Question 5: Căn nhà hồ We have the next sentence "The house is by the lake" Students translate: Question 1: Ngôi nhà cạnh hồ Question 2: Ngôi nhà kề hồ Question 3: Ngôi nhà gần hồ We see there are many variations for the two sentences with different prepositions "on" and "by" With this English phrase "The house is on the lake", author Ly Toan Thang has translated it as “Ngôi nhà bên/ ven/ cạnh/ bên cạnh hồ” [49, 82] Here we want to add more In fact, we will depend on the context to be able to understand the exact meaning of the word "on" here We can also understand that in the middle of the lake there is a small island and the house on it and we can still translate “Ngôi nhà hồ”, or “Ngôi nhà “trên” hồ" (aquatic form) But if we take the common sense of the majority, we will temporarily find that the meanings of the two sentences "The house is on the lake" and "The house is by the lake" are the same I talked to three American teachers, they said that "on the lake" means that the house is on a piece of land and that land must have direct contact with the water And the sentence "The house is by the lake "Is a house located by the lake or by the lake, but it can be 100 or 200 meters from the lake However, in this case it could also be a house located very close to the lake and then" by the lake "could mean" on the lake” In comparison, Americans generally find these two sentences as synonymous, but in the case of a house floating on the water, it is imperative to use" The house / floating house is on the lake "and in the field This combination "by" cannot replace "on" This difference between English and Vietnamese may be due to geographic and cultural factors, resulting in different perceptions and experiences of space When we exchanged and asked questions about the 49 floating house, or the floating house, the British, the Americans said this type of house was not popular with them, so in their "idea" system This type of house is not common, or can be said to be unusual But in our culture, especially in areas with many rivers and canals, especially in the south, houses floating on the river is normal, because we “sống chung với lũ” so we have “chợ nổi” "floating market" is not available in BritishAmerican culture We see in the sentences “Ngôi nhà hồ”, “Ngôi nhà ven hồ”, Ngôi nhà hồ”, the words “trên, giữu, ven” about the function of the type in Vietnamese are all prepositions We see in the above sentences, the words “trên, giữu, ven” will determine the position of the house (TR) relative to the lake (LM) or it can be said that the three words “trên, giữu, ven” are likely decide the definition of the whole sentence through the image schema showing the relationship between TR and LM In English, too, there are cases when adding a preposition, the meaning of a sentence changes, or a verb requires a preposition For example: “to know a suitable candidate”: Biết ứng viên thích hợp; “to know of a suitable candidate”: Có nghe nói ứng viên thích hợp Hay “I knew where he was hiding”: Tơi biết trốn đâu; “I know of her, but we’ve never actually met her”: Tôi có nghe thơng tin ấy, chúng tơi chưa thực gặp mặt cô 3.1.3.4 "at" compared with “ở, tại” We compare the word "at" to “ở, tại” The English word "at" has the basic meaning translated into Vietnamese as “ở, tại” Example: “I met her at the university” (Tôi gặp cô ở/tại trường đại học); “He’s been at the bank longer than anyone else.”(Anh làm việc ngân hàng lâu tất người) But there are also many sentences with the word "at" but not translated as “ở, tại” For example“I think Mr Harris is at luch” (Tôi nghĩ ông Harris ăn trưa) Hay “The garden’s at its most beautiful in June”.(Khu vườn vào độ đẹp (của nó) tháng 6) But in Vietnamese, the word “ở” sometimes translated into English is equivalent to "to be in" Example: Mùa thu năm ngối tơi Hanoi (Last autumn I was in Hanoi) Hai người nhà Two people live in the same house I’ll be at home all morning Tôi nhà buổi sáng The garden’s at its most 50 beautiful in June Khu vườn vào độ đẹp tháng In Vietnamese we see that Vietnamese people use words chosen according to the process of observing things, based on the actual existence of things, using suitable words and preferring the opposite style “trêndưới”; “vào-ra”; “trong -ngoài” to express what is meant to be said, giving the impression of symmetrical structures such as: “Con chim trời, cá sông” or like: “Cả đời lăn lộn ngược xuôi, vào Nam Bắc đến 50 tuổi đời ông thấm hiểu câu ‘ngũ thập chi thiên mệnh” Or like: “Ông già nhiều nơi rồi…, nước Nam nước đế, ơng bảo: ‘người Việt trọng tình” In Vietnamese, although it is a physical place, the positioning of place is influenced, influenced by socio-cultural psychology So here we want to conclude that prepositions in English are more numerous than Vietnamese prepositions and that the role of English prepositions is very important in sentences However, saying so does not deny the number of prepositions in Vietnamese as well as its certain role It should be emphasized that the difference in the use of prepositions between British and Vietnamese is reflected in the way of thinking, in the system of spatial perception mechanisms The way of speaking English is very direct and concise, different from the expression in Vietnamese, often expresses not directly, not in short Therefore, Vietnamese does little thinking like the following sentences in English: The band are on in ten minutes (Ban nhạc trình diễn 10 phút tới); I’m sorry we can’t come – we’ve got a lot on (Tôi tiếc chúng tơi khơng thể – chúng tơi có nhiều việc phải làm) (Tơi thích cát ướt thủy triều rút) Obviously, when translating the above sentences into Vietnamese, we often have to add phrases to explain or clarify the meaning of the word "on" in the sentence Meanwhile, English just need to say "on" 3.4 Summary Prepositions are always a problem that always causes difficulties and trouble for learners, but using many prepositions is a prominent feature in English In particular, learners often have difficulty using the wrong preposition Among English prepositions, the most common ones are prepositions meaning "in, at, on" place My thesis tries to describe 51 semantics, the development of semantics in English, and compare them with Vietnamese I have investigated the development of semantics, going from place-to-place meaning, of the prepositions "in, at, on" In English, compare with equivalent in Vietnamese To describe the semantics of prepositions, I choose the familiar semantic approach, but to explain the semantic development of prepositions, we advocate the approach of cognitive linguistics We think that cognitive linguistics can help us to have a more thorough and thorough understanding of prepositions in English and Vietnamese In particular, the approach of cognitive linguistics can help us to systematically explain the meaning change of place prepositions in English and Vietnamese The thesis has surveyed the semantics of "in, at, on" compared with Vietnamese After having descriptions of the semantic approach to the prepositions "in, at, on", the thesis applied the approach of cognitive linguistics to explain the semantic development of the gender this word The thesis has explained the spread of meaning of words, namely the semantics of the prepositions "in, at, on" there has been pervasive development, going from the sense of location to meaning without location The concept of radial categories (radial categories) is the basis to explain the polysemy of words in general and prepositions "in, at, on" in particular From the central meaning of the word, derivative meanings will gradually be formed and structured in relation to a composite prototype The study of the thesis shows that, while the word "at" has no conversion, "on" has two different functions; the transition of "in" took place more, The thesis has compared each specific word or group of words, in order to see the similarities and differences in their semantic development According to the dissertation, the difference in the use of prepositions between English and Vietnamese is due to the way of thinking, because the system of place perception mechanisms expressed in two languages is different Through the expressions expressed with the preposition "in, at, on" compared with the equivalent in Vietnamese, the thesis assumes that English speaking is direct and concise, different from 52 the expression in Vietnamese often in a roundabout way, long speaking, far-fetched Also according to the thesis, the different perception of conceptual system, culture and physical experience has made language learners face many difficulties especially often make negative transfer errors in terms of semantics and grammar when translating from source language to target language Based on the approach of cognitive linguistics 53 Chapter IV: CONCLUSION In this final chapter, a summary of the analytical results as well as the findings of the study are presented The thesis based on the theory of empirical experience to study on the semantic problem of some prepositions of place including "in, at and on" in English and equivalents in Vietnamese, because place prepositions represent the most basic and arguably most complex relationship between entities through location experience and are reflect through the language and thinking of indigenous people The results obtained by the thesis will help clarify more about the above issues Finally, the author points out some limitations of the study and provides some suggestions for further studies 4.1 Recapitulation The semantic scope is represented by the place prepositions that are related to the “in, at and on” translation in English and the equivalents in Vietnamese includes structured semantic systems, with each element in each system connected to other elements by some kind of perceptual relationship or relationship Because each of these systems is structured around a central meaning, and it can be said that this is the essence of the "radiant category", that is, the meanings differences are represented by the English place prepositions "in, at and on" and the equivalents in Vietnamese as a complex sequence radiating from a single point Observations of this type help us to build perception maps of English speakers and Vietnamese speakers as the first language, the native language From that it can be seen that these linguistic associations also exist in different languages, and it can be affirmed that they represent natural human cognitive associations Natural human perceptual associations and experiences in material space together with geographical, cultural and social features are the basis for the semantic change of geomagnetic prepositions the general point and the place prepositions "in, at and on" in English and the equivalents in Vietnamese in particular, forming a radiant category with a network of many ideas related to each other From there, meanings encoded in language are related to human conceptual system and reflect human concept system Natural perceptual associations are not arbitrary, but they have basis in the process of experiencing in the physical space of the objective world around people with geographical and cultural features, social and human relationship 54 with the human psychological space And so, the similarities and differences between the British and the Vietnamese in spatial orientation, in the expression of situations involving spatial prepositions, in the way of expressing related situations refers to the place prepositions in general and the place words "in, at and on" in English and "vào, ở, trên" in Vietnamese in particular are related to three relationships, including: the relationship between people with the physical space of the objective world around the person, the relationship between people and the socio-cultural space, and the relationship between people and the human psychological space The first is about the relationship between people and the physical space of the objective world around people: When perceiving the physical space of the surrounding objective world, people in general, British and Vietnamese in particular, using its own characteristic coordinate system whose origin is the vertical posture of man in space, so there appear similarities in denoting situations related to words place This sensory coordinate system is reflected in place-oriented wording like "in, at and on" in English and "vào, trên"in Vietnamese The second is the relationship between people and socio-cultural space: When experiencing in a socio-cultural space, the British and Vietnamese both rely on social relations to make discoveries Language matches, so similarities appear in denoting situations with respect to the place words The third is about the relationship between people and human psychological space: When experiencing in a space of "psychological", "spirit" ("psychological" space, "spirit" in This is the result of experiencing a geographic, socio-cultural space), Vietnamese people rely on psychological closeness to make appropriate statements and British people not rely on this direction, so the shows differences in denoting situations involving place words Based on similar physical experiences, the British and the indigenous Vietnamese have many similarities in the way of perceiving places, in the way of expressing situations related to the words "in, at and on" But besides that, there are also many differences And as we all know, the characteristics of geography, culture, society, lifestyle, customs, style, outlook, of the British have many differences compared to the Vietnamese, such as: The native English is always outgoing, the style is always open, natural, relaxed, free, 55 unlike the introverted Vietnamese, the style is reserved, shy in contact, and therefore, of course there are many differences 4.2 Concluding remarks With the above specific analysis results, it is possible to partly help learners of English and Vietnamese as a foreign language to understand and understand correctly each statement, each situation where the words "in, at and on” expression From here, the thesis has certain applications in teaching and learning English and Vietnamese effectively in general, and in the correct use of the words "in, at and on" in particular In addition, from the above analysis and explanations, we can also apply the results of the thesis to indexing entries in monolingual dictionaries (Vietnamese Dictionary, Prepositions Dictionary Vietnamese, Vietnamese to explain dictionary) and bilingual dictionaries (English-Vietnamese Dictionary, Vietnamese English Dictionary, EnglishVietnamese Prepositions Dictionary, Prepositions Dictionary of Vietnamese English Dictionary) and interpret the meanings in a way correct for words made up with the words "in, at and on" 4.3 Limitation of the research Due to the limited capacity, the thesis only limits the study of semantic change of the three prepositions of place “in, at and on” in English and equivalent expressions are "vào, ở, trên" in Vietnamese on the original meanings This study will not survey all meaning transference of English prepositions 4.4 Suggestion for further studies The semantic problem of the place preposition according to the approach of cognitive linguistics is one of the areas of extremely interesting research for the researchers of cognitive linguistics As we have affirmed throughout the thesis, by constructing the conceptual diagrams (image diagrams) of place relations, showing the root basis of the semantic change of the place, forming the category of radiant, cognitive linguistics has added a way to explain the semantic change that the traditional lexical-semantics has long been interested in This field of research still has many open directions for prepositions other than the prepositions in, at and on in English and prepositions in Vietnamese 56 REFERENCE I English Biber D - Johansson S - Leech G - Conrad S -Finegan E (1999), LongmanGrammar of Spoken and Written English, Peason Education Limited, London 2.Blamires Harry (2000), The Penguin Guide to Plain English, Harmondsworth: Penguin 3.Boers, F, (2000), Enhancing metaphorical awareness in specialized reading, English for Specific Purposes, vol 19, 137 -147 4.Boers, F., & Lindstromberg, S, (2006), “Cognitive linguistics applications insecond or foreign language instruction, rationale, proposals and evaluation”, 5.In G, Kristiansen (eds) et al, Cognitive Linguistics, Current applications andfuture perspectives, Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter 6.Carter Ronald, Mc Carthy Michael, 2006, Cambridge Grammar of English AComprehensive Guide, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 7.Carter, Ronald and David Nunan (eds) 2001 The Cambridge Guide toTeaching English to Speakers of Other Languages, Cambridge: CUP 8.Casasanto, D, (2007), When is a Linguistic Metaphor a Conceptual Metaphor? 9.Celce-Murcia, M (2001), Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language, 3rdedn Boston, MA: Heinle&Heinle 10.Close A, 1990, A Reference Grammar for Students of English, Longman 11.Cole Tom, (2006), The Preposition Book: Practice Towards Mastering EnglishPrepositions, Michigan 12.Cook, G (1989), Discourse Oxford: Oxford University the basis of foreign language knowledge, discourse analysis can draw attention to Press 13.Cowie, A, P, (1998), Phraseology, Theory, Analysis and Applications, Oxford, Oxford University Press 14.Dirven, R., &Verspoor, M, (2004), Cognitive Explorations of Language andLinguistics, Amsterdam, John Benjamins 57 15.Eve V Clark (1993), Child Language Research Forum, the Proceedings of the25, 26, and 27 Annual, Stanford 16.Fauconnier and Turner, (2002), Conceptual Blending and the Mind’s Hidden Complexities, Basis Book 17.Feigenbaum, S &Kurzon, D (2002), Preposition in their Syntactic, Semantic and Pragmatic Context, John Benjamins Publishing Co,Amsterdam/Philadelphia 18.Fernando, C, (1997), Idioms and Idiomacity, Hong Kong, Oxford University Press 19 Lyons (1995), Linguistic Semantics, Cambridge, United Kingdom 20 Oxford University Press, 2010 Oxford Advanced Learner dictionary II.Vietnamese 1.Nguyễn Tài Cẩn (1991), “Về việc dung hai động từ “vào” “ra” để di chuyển đến địa điểm phía nam hay phía bắc”, tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Tổng hợp Hà Nội, Số 4/1991 2.Đỗ Hữu Châu (1996), Từ vựng ngữ nghĩa tiếng Việt, Nxb Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội 3.Đỗ Hữu Châu - Bùi Minh Tốn (2001), Đại cương ngơn ngữ học, Nxb Giáo Dục Hà Nội 4.Hoàng Thị Châu (1989), Tiếng Việt miền đất nước, Nxb Khoa học xã hội 5.Mai Ngọc Chừ (1997) Cơ sở ngôn ngữ học tiếng Việt, Nxb Giáo dục, Hà Nội 6.Trần Văn Cơ (2007), Ngôn ngữ học tri nhận (Ghi chép suy nghĩ), Nxb Khoa học xã hội 7.Trần Văn Cơ (2007), “Nhận thức, tri nhận-hai hay (Tìm hiểu thêm ngơn ngữ học tri nhận)”, tạp chí Ngôn ngữ, (7), tr.19-23 8.Trần Văn Cơ (2009), Khảo luận ẩn dụ tri nhận, Nxb Lao động – Xã hội, Hà Nội 9.Nguyễn Đức Dân (1996), Logic tiếngViệt, Nxb Giáo Dục, Hà Nội 10.Nguyễn Công Đức - Nguyễn Hữu Chương (2004), Từ vựng tiếng Việt, Nxb Đại học Quốc gia TP.HCM 11.Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (2008), Giáo trình Ngơn ngữ học, Nxb Đại học Quốc gia, HàNội 58 12.Trần Quang Hải (2001), Nghiên cứu giới từ định vịt heo hướng ngữ dụng, Luận án tiến sỹ ngữ văn, Hà Nội 13.Cao Xuân Hạo (1991), Tiếng Việt sơ thảo ngữ pháp chức năng, Nxb Khoa họcXã hội, Hà Nội 14.Cao Xn Hạo-Hồng Dũng (2005), Từ Điển Thuật Ngữ Ngơn Ngữ Học Đối Chiếu Anh Việt - Việt Anh, Nxb Khoa học xã hội 15.Nguyễn Văn Hiệp (2012), Cơ sở ngữ nghĩa phân tích cú pháp, Nxb Giáo dục, Hà Nội 16.Nguyễn Cảnh Hoa (2001), Nghiên cứu ngữ pháp ngữ nghĩa giới từ tiếng Anh, đối chiếu với tiếng Việt, Luận án tiến sỹ khoa văn học ngôn ngữ, Hà Nội 17.Nguyễn Lai (2001), Ngữ nghĩa nhóm từ hướng vận động tiếng Việt đại, Nxb Khoa học xã hội, Hà Nội 18 John Lyons (2009), Ngữ nghĩa học dẫn luận (Nguyễn Văn Hiệp dịch), Nxb Giáo dục, Hà Nội 19 Vũ Đức Nghiệu - Mai Ngọc Chừ - Hồng Trọng Phiến (2005), Cơ sở ngơn ngữ học tiếng Việt, Nxb.Giáo dục, Hà Nội 20 F de Saussure (1973), Giáo trình ngơn ngữ học đại cương, Nxb Khoa học xã hội, Hà Nội 21 Lý Toàn Thắng (2005), Ngơn ngữ học tri nhận: Từ lí thuyết đại cương đến thực tiễn tiếng Việt, Nxb Khoa học xã hội, Hà Nội 22.Nguyễn Minh Thuyết (chủ biên), Nguyễn Văn Hiệp, (2004), Thành phần câu tiếng Việt, Nxb Giáo dục 23 Nguyễn Đức Tồn (2002), Tìm hiểu đặc trưng văn hóa-dân tộc ngơn ngữ tư người Việt (trong so sánh với dân tộc khác), Nxb.ĐHQG HàNội 24 Nguyễn Như Ý (1999), Đại từ điển tiếng Việt, Nxb Văn hóa- Thơng tin, Hà Nội 25 Nguyễn Anh Quế (1988), Hư từ tiếng Việt đại, Nxb: Khoa Học Xã Hội 26 Đinh Văn Đức (1986) Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt (từ loại) Nxb Đại học THCN 27 Đinh Văn Đức (2001) Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt (từ loại, viết bổ sung) Nxb ĐH Quốc gia Hà Nội 59 28 Vũ Đức Nghiêu-Mai Ngọc Chừ-Hoàng Trọng Phiên (2005) sở ngôn ngữ học Tiếng Việt, Nxb, Giáo dục, Hà Nội 29 Hoàng phê (1992), Từ điển tiếng việt, Vietnam Marines Pubns ... 3: MEANING TRANSFERENCE OF PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE ? ?IN, ON AND AT? ?? IN ENGLISH AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS 3.1 Semantics of the place prepositions ? ?in, at and on? ?? in English 17 (According to the. .. Semantics of the preposition "in" 3.1.1.1 The root meaning and the derivative meanings of the preposition of place? ? ?in? ?? The original meaning and derivative meanings of the preposition of the place "in" ... certain place, a certain time is the semantic basis of the preposition of the place "at" The original meaning related to the translation of the preposition of the place "at" is the meaning of "at" ,