FEATURES OF SET EXPRESSIONS CONTAINING WORDS “RED” AND “BLACK” IN ENGLISH AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ NGÂN FEATURES OF SET EXPRESSIONS CONTAINING WORDS “RED” AND “BLACK” IN ENGLISH AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (ĐẶC ĐIỂM CỦA NHỮNG CỤM TỪ CỐ ĐỊNH CÓ CHỨA TỪ “RED” VÀ “BLACK” TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT) M.A THESIS Field: English Language Code: 8220201 Hanoi, 2018 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ NGÂN FEATURES OF SET EXPRESSIONS CONTAINING WORDS “RED” AND “BLACK” IN ENGLISH AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (ĐẶC ĐIỂM CỦA NHỮNG CỤM TỪ CỐ ĐỊNH CÓ CHỨA TỪ “RED” VÀ“BLACK” TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT) Field: English Language Code: 8220201 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Phan Văn Quế Hanoi, 2018 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled “FEATURES OF SET EXPRESSIONS CONTAINING WORDS “RED” AND “BLACK” IN ENGLISH AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English language Except for the indicated reference, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgment in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2018 Nguyễn Thị Ngân Approve by SUPERVISOR Phan Văn Quế Date: …………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been completed without the help and support from a number of people First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Assoc Prof Dr Phan Van Que, my supervisor, who has patiently and constantly supported me through the stages of the study, and whose stimulating ideas, expertise, and suggestions have inspired me greatly through my growth as an academic researcher A special word of thanks goes to my friends and many others, without whose support and encouragement it would never have been possible for me to have this thesis accomplished Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my family, my husband for the sacrifice they have devoted to the fulfillment of this academic work ii ABSTRACT The title of my thesis is Features of set expressions containing words “RED” and “BLACK” in English and the Vietnamese equivalents The aim of this paper is to show the features of set expressions containing words red and black in English and the Vietnamese equivalents This study helps students be aware of the necessity in using idioms both in English and Vietnamese With the method of describing, comparing, analyzing and contrasting, this paper will give learners crucial information to help them gain knowledge and improve their study After collecting 337 set expressions containing words red and black in English; đỏ and đen in Vietnamese idioms and proverbs dictionaries The study is carried out basing on the quantitative and qualitative approach in order to show some features of English set expressions containing words “Red” and “Black” and their Vietnamese equivalents As a result, some similarities and dissimilarities between English set expressions containing words “Red” and “Black” and Vietnamese ones have gained through finding process Moreover, implications for learning and teaching set expressions containing words red and black are also mentioned in this thesis iii LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Syntactic features of RED set expressions in English 32 Table 4.2: Syntactic features of ĐỎ set expressions in Vietnamese 32 Table 4.3: Syntactic features of BLACK set expressions in English Table4.4: Syntactic features of ĐEN set expressions in Vietnamese Table 4.5: Semantic features of “Red” set expressions in English Table 4.6: Semantic features of “Đỏ” set expressions in Vietnamese 33 34 41 41 Table 4.7: Semantic features of “Black” set expressions in English Table 4.8: Semantic features of “Đen” set expressions in Vietnamese 48 48 Table 4.9: Syntactic features of “RED” and “ĐỎ” set expressions 49 Table 4.10: Syntactic features of “BLACK” and “ĐEN” set expressions 50 Table 4.11: Semantic features of “RED” in English and “ĐỎ” in Vietnamese set expressions 51 Table 4.12: Semantic features of “BLACK” in English and “ĐEN” in Vietnamese set expressions 52 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality i Acknowledgements ii Abstract List of tables iii iv Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the study 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Methods of the study 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Design of the study 4 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Previous studies 2.2 An over view of set expressions 6 2.2.1 Definition of set expressions 2.2.2 Types of set expressions 2.2.2.1 Idioms 8 2.2.2.2 Proverbs 2.3 An over view of Culture 10 11 2.3.1 Definition of Culture 2.3.2 Characteristics of Culture 2.3.3 Characteristics of English Culture 11 12 12 2.3.4 Characteristics of Vietnamese Culture 2.4 Concepts of color 2.4.1 Color in language 2.4.2 Color in culture 13 13 13 14 2.4.3 The meaning of color red and black in English 2.4.4 Features of color set expressions 2.5 Structures of idioms 2.5.1 Phrases 2.5.2 Clauses 2.5.3 Sentences 15 16 18 18 20 22 v 2.6 Semantic features of idioms 2.7 Theory of syntax and semantics 2.8 Summary 23 25 27 Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Setting of the study 3.2 Research questions 3.3 Research methods 3.4 Instruments 28 28 28 28 29 3.5 Data collection and Data analysis 3.6 Summary 29 30 31 Chapter 4: FEATURES OF SET EXPRESSIONS CONTAINING WORDS “RED” AND “BLACK” IN ENGLISH AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS 4.1 Syntactic features of “red” and “ black” set expressions in English and “ đỏ” and “đen” in Vietnamese 4.1.1 Syntactic features of “red” set expressions in English and “đỏ” in Vietnamese 4.1.2 Syntactic features of “black” set expressions in English and “đen” in Vietnamese 4.2 Semantic features of “red” and “black” set expressions in English and in Vietnamese 4.2.1 Semantic features of “red” set expressions in English and in Vietnamese 4.2.2 Semantic features of “black” set expressions in English and in Vietnamese 4.3 A comparison between the semantic and syntactic features of the word “RED” and “BLACK” in English and “ĐỎ” and “ĐEN” in Vietnamese 31 31 32 34 35 42 49 4.3.1 In terms of their syntactic features 49 4.3.2 In terms of their semantic features 51 53 4.4 Implications and suggestions for teaching and learning English RED and BLACK set expressions in English and Vietnamese 4.4.1 Suggestions for teaching English RED and BLACK set 53 vi expressions in English and Vietnamese 4.4.2 Suggestions for learning English RED and BLACK set expressions in English and Vietnamese 4.5 Summary 54 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION 5.1 Concluding remarks 57 57 5.2 Limitation of the study 5.3 Suggestions for further study 57 58 REFERENCES APPENDIX 59 62 55 vii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale Nowadays, the globalization has become a wide-spread trend in the world, therefore, communication with high requirements has become an urgent trend in the world than ever That is the reason why English is the most popular and flexible language in the world In studying English, especially for the Vietnamese, it is really a shortcoming if we not take into consideration of set expressions in English, especially set expressions containing words color English expressions are not only a part of language, but also one of the components creating traditional culture of each nation Through expressions, we can learn more clearly and deeply about English people, their country as well as their culture As we know, because of specific characteristics of culture, so each color English expression has its own features It lies in the fact that, colors have taken an important role in the living and each color also has its own meaning Theoretically, many relevant studies on color in English and in Vietnamese have been done so far According to Rod Ellis, one way to help foreign learners of English overcome their language-related problems is to teach them formulaic and figurative set expressions such as proverbs, idioms, metaphors, phrasal verbs etc which are a crucial part of natural language production (Rod Ellis, 2008) Therefore, set expressions containing words “red’ and “black" are selected as the focus of this study because it is seen those specific characteristics of culture, and each color English expression has its own features It lies in the fact that, colors have taken an important role in the living and each color also has its own meaning Therefore, there have been a lot of studies involved in the meaning of colors set expressions in order to know how to use them As for Berlin and Kay, the “color terms" has been used to show differences in color of each language on over the world While we might readily expect differences for words relating to things in the environment such as animal and plants, or for a cultural system like governance or kinship terms, it might seem surprising that terms for colors should vary The investigation claims that languages vary in the number and range of their basic color terms (Berlin and Kay, 1969) As a result, knowledge of color set expressions can increase comprehension of texts and using them can make learners ‘verbal and written communication more effective (Irujo, 1986; contribution to the rich collection of other previous studies on the same areas Due to the limitation of my knowledge as well as the time of my research stops here, I expect that it will be profoundly analyzed more by following people whose are interested in set expressions containing words Red and Black colors 5.3 Suggestions for future research In this thesis, we have confined ourselves to the study of a humble part of semantic features of English set expressions containing words “Red” and “Black” a n d their Vietnamese equivalents to find out their similarities and differences As a result, other aspects need to be studied in further researches, for instance, the research of the color set expressions may be carried out from cultural perspectives 58 REFERENCES In English Broukal, M (1994), Idioms for everyday uses National Textbook Company Berlin, B& Kay, P (1969), Basic color terms: their University and Evolution University of California Press Brown, R W., & Lenneberg, E H (1954), A study in Language and Cognition The Linguistic Society of America Cowie A.P, Mackin R, Mc Caig I.R, (1994) Oxford dictionary of English idioms Oxford University Press Crystal, D.(1995) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language Cambridge University Press Fenando, L (1996), Idioms and Idiomaticity Oxford University Press Fontana.D, (1994), Oxford: Individual differences in personality: state-based versus trait-based approaches Harvard University Press Goddard (2002), the Language of Advertising Psychology Press Haviland, Prins, Walrath, and Mc The bride, (2005) Communication Between Cultures, University of California Press Goldsmith, M.L 10 Hornby, A.S (1995), Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 8th edition, Oxford University Press 11 Hornby, A.S (2006), Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 8th edition, Oxford University Press 12 Hornby, A.S (2010), Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 8th edition, Oxford University Press 13 Hornby, A.S (2015), Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 9th edition, Oxford University Press 14 Hurford, J.R and Heasley, B (1983) Semantic: A coursebook Cambridge University Press 15 John I Saeed (1997), Semantics The UK: Oxford University Press 16 Kramsch (2000), Second Language Acquisition Longman University Press 17 Leneberg & Roberts (1953) The Denota of Color Terms The Linguistic Society of America 18 Flavell R.H (1993), Dictionary of Proverbs and their Origins, Barnes& Noble; First Printing First Edition 59 19 McCarthy, M & O’Dell, F (2003), English idioms in Use Cambridge University Press 20 Mazurova, V (2009), Color Terms in English Idioms University of Chicago Press 21 Mieder, Wolfgang (2004), Proverbs A Handbook, Greenwood Press 22 Morris, C.W (2003), Foundation of the theory of signs University of Chicago Press 23 Pau Hermadi and Francis Steen (1999), The Proverbs and its 44 definitions, A Karmik Linguistic Review 24 Porter and Samovar (1993) Intercultural Communication, Teacher’s Edition of Textbook 25 Porter, Samovar and Mc Daniel (2007) Intercultural Communication, Belmont, CA: Thomson, Wadsworth 26 Ronal Cater, Micheal Mc Carthy, Geraldine Mark, Anne O’Keeffe 2016), English Grammar Today Cambridge University Press 27 RGD Andrade (1981) Directions in Linguistic Theory, University of South Florida 28 Seidl, J & W.McMordie (1998), English Idioms and How to Use Them Oxford University Press 29 Wyler, S (1992), Color and Language: Color term in English Cambridge University Press In Vietnamese 30 Phạm Văn Bình (1993), Tục ngữ nước Anh thành ngữ Tiếng Anh giàu hình ảnh, NXB Hải Phòng 31 Việt Chương (2003), Thành ngữ, tục ngữ, ca dao Việt Nam, thượng, NXB Tổng hợp Đồng Nai 32 Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (1985), Từ Vựng Tiếng Việt, NXB ĐHQG Hà Nội 33 Nguyễn Thái Hòa (2009), Tục Ngữ Việt Nam- Cấu Trúc thi pháp –NXB Khoa học xã hội 34 Trần Thị Thu Huyền (2001), Hoa cỏ màu sắc thành ngữ Tiếng Việt, NXB Khoa học xã hội 35 Trịnh Thị Minh Hương (2009), tính biểu trưng từ ngữ màu sắc tiếng Việt, luận văn thạc sĩ Ngôn ngữ học, Đại học Sư Phạm Tp Hồ Chí Minh 60 36 Nguyễn Lân (1993), Từ điển Thành ngữ Tục ngữ Việt Nam, NXB Văn hóa Hà Nội 37 Hồ Lê (1970), Vấn đề cấu tạo từ từ Tiếng Việt đại, NXB KHXH Hà Nội 38 Nguyễn Lực (2001), Thành ngữ tiếng Việt Nxb Khoa học xã hội Hà Nội 39 Hoàng Tuyết Minh (2014), 523 Thành ngữ so sang ngang Anh- Việt, Giáo dục Việt Nam 40 Chu Văn Liên (2009), Tục ngữ Anh-Việt chọn lọc: 1200 câu tục ngữ Anh- Việt, 600 câu tục ngữ Việt – Anh, Nhà xuất Phương Đông 41 Đái Xuân Ninh (1978), Hoạt động từ Tiếng Việt, NXBKHXH Hà Nội 42 Trương Thanh Ngọc (2003), Một nghiên cứu nhận thức ngữ nghĩa từ biểu thị màu sắc tiếng Anh Tiếng Việt Luận văn thạc sỹ 43 Vũ Ngọc Phan (2003), Tục Ngữ ca dao dân ca Việt Nam, NXB Văn học, 44 Bùi Phụng (2003), Thành ngữ Anh- Việt, Nxb Văn Hóa, Hà Nội 45 Bùi Phụng (2006) Thành Ngữ Anh Việt Nxb Văn hố Sài Gòn 46 Nguyễn Quang (1996), Nguồn văn hóa truyền thống Việt Nam, NXB Lao Động 47 Lê Thành Tâm, Lê Ngọc Phương Tâm (2004), thành ngữ tiếng Anh, NXB Tổng hợp Tp.HCM 48 Trần Ngọc Thêm (1997), Tìm sắc văn hóa Việt Nam NXB Tp Hồ Chí Minh 49 Du Yên (2004), Thành ngữ tục ngữ Việt Nam, NXB tổng hợp Đồng Nai 50 Nguyễn Như Ý (2002), Từ điển thành ngữ Tiếng Việt phổ thông, NXB Đại học Quốc Gia Hà Nội 61 APPENDIX Set expressions containing words RED in English A red herring A red letter day Be shown the red card Red card Be out of the red Beet red Catch somebody red-handed Ears are red In the red 10 Not a red cent 11 Paint the town red 12 There were some red-faces 13 Red alert 14 Red blooded 15 Red box 16 Red brick (Cambridge, Oxford) 17 Red cap 18 Red light 19 Red light – district 20 Red line 21 Red giant 22 Red-top 23 Red pepper 24 Red head 25 Redneck 26 Red coat 27 Red flag 28 Red as fire 29 As Red as rose 30 As Red as poppy 31 As Red as turkey 32 As Red as a beetroot 62 33 As Red as cherry 34 As Red as lobster 35 Dead as a red lobster 36 As Red as rubies 37 Red as raw beef 38 Red as fox 39 Red as a blister 40 Red as hunter’s face 41 Red cross 42 Roll out the carpet 43 Red carpet 44 Red carpet treatment 45 Red fire 46 Red-dog 47 Red eye 48 Red face 49 Red in the face 50 Red flag 51 Red hot 52 Red hots 53 Red ink 54 Red light district 55 Red meat 56 Red mist 57 Red-necked 58 Red skin 59 Red pencil 60 Red sky at night, shepherds' delight, red sky in the morning, shepherds' warning: 61 Red sky at night, sailor’s delight Red sky at morning, sailors take warning 62 Today red, tomorrow dead: song có khúc, người có lúc 63 Red Indian 64 Red rag to a bull 65 Like waving a red flag in front of a bull 66 Red tape 63 67 Red under the bed 68 Red hands 69 Red battle 70 Red in tooth and claw 71 See red 72 See the red light 73 Cheese and bread make the cheeks red 74 Better a red face than a black heart 75 A red-nosed man may not be a drunkard, but he will always be called one 76 in the red 77 Out of the red 78 Be in the red 79 Be red in the face 80 Catch red-handed 81 Be on red alert 82 Catch (one) red-handed 83 Go (as) red as beetroot 84 Not have a red cent 85 Paint the town red 86 Roll out of the red carpet 87 See (the) red mist Set expressions containing words BLACK in English The black sheep of the family Black belt Black leg Black sheep Black night Black ivory There are a black sheep in every flock In the black To be in the black 10 Out of the black 11 Work like a black 64 12 Black-on-black 13 Black as Newgate's knocker 14 A black plum is as sweet as a white 15 Two blacks don’t make a white 16 Not be black as you are painted 17 Black something out 18 There are a black sheep in every flock 19 To be in a black mood 20 In the black mood 21 Give someone a black look 22 Black out 23 Give a black eye 24 On the black list 25 To beat black and blue 26 A black day 27 Black Friday 28 February fill dyke, be it black or be it white 29 Black night 30 To blackball someone 31 To blacklist someone 32 To be in someone's black books 33 To have a black secret 34 Every bean has its black 35 Once you go black, you never go back 36 Black humor 37 Black comedy 38 Black economy 39 The black art 40 The death black 41 Not be black as you are painted 42 A crime of the blackest dye 43 In the dark 65 44 Paint black 45 Pitch - black 46 In the black book 47 In (someone's) black books 48 Blacklisted 49 Black ball 50 Black hole 51 A black joke 52 There’s no washing a black amour white 53 Black eye 54 Black gold 55 To have it in black and white 56 Put down in black and white 57 In black and white 58 Black and white 59 To prove in white and black 60 Black ice 61 The black hole of Calcutta 62 Black spot 63 Black hole 63 Jet - black (as black as jet) 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Be black with soot/ dirt/age As black as coal As black as a skillet As black as a stack of black cats As black as night As black as night As black as midnight As black as pitch As black as the ace of spades Paint black Things look black 66 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 The dark side of the picture A black joke There’s no washing a black amour white Black eye Black gold To have it in black and white Put down in black and white In black and white Black and white To prove in white and black Black ice The black hole of Calcutta Black spot Black hole Jet - black (as black as jet) Be black with soot/ dirt/age As black as coal As black as a skillet As black as a stack of black cats Hand black Of the blackest dye A crime of the blackest dye Pitch-black As black as soot As black as jet As black as ink Black ingratitude A black villain A black letter day Black head To have it in black and white Put down in black and white 67 108 109 110 In black and white Black and white To prove in white and black Some expressions containing words ĐỎ in Vietnamese Đỏ máu Ðỏ huyết dụ Ðỏ tiết (mắt) đỏ lửa Trơn lông đỏ da Đỏ đồng hun 10 11 12 Còn cha gót đỏ son, mai cha chết gót đen Đỏ hây hây Đỏ dâu ngơ Vận đỏ trồng lau mía, vận đen trồng củ tía củ nâu Đầu đen bỏ, đầu đỏ ni Tham đỏ bỏ đen 13 14 15 Vàng đỏ, đen lòng người Đỏ mắt cá chày 16 17 18 19 Đỏ da thắm thịt Đỏ ông mặt trời Mong đỏ mắt… Đỏ gà chọi 20 21 22 Đỏ thắm hoa hồng 23 24 25 26 Đỏ trái Anh Đào 27 28 29 Đỏ ngọc bích Con đen bỏ, đỏ ni Đỏ củ cải Mặt đỏ gấc Đỏ mặt tía tai Đỏ son Đỏ bắp bò Xanh áo đỏ mũ Vàng mây gió, đỏ mây mưa 68 30 31 32 33 Đỏ long chồn 34 35 36 Đỏ hon hỏn Đỏ lòe loẹt 37 38 39 40 Đỏ hoa vông 41 42 43 Đỏ mặt trời mọc 44 45 46 47 Đỏ vàng son, ngon mật mỡ 48 49 50 Vàng trời nắng, đỏ trời mưa, bưa bưa lụt Đỏ vết Đỏ mặt thợ săn Xah vỏ đỏ lòng Đỏ lòm lòm Đỏ đòng đọc Đỏ gay đỏ gắt Đỏ son Đỏ vang Đỏ vơng, đông tiết Tham đỏ bỏ đen Yêu đỏ, bỏ đen Xúm đen xúm đỏ Vàng mây gió, đỏ mây mưa Con đen bỏ, đỏ ni 51 52 53 54 Con đen bỏ, đỏ tìm 55 56 57 Chợ đen, chợ đỏ 58 59 60 61 Đỏ hồng hồng 62 63 Đỏ ngầu ngầu Đáng giặc thằng đen, để yên đỏ Cờ bạc canh đỏ canh đen Đen bạc đỏ tình Cuộc đỏ đen Đỏ mắt Đỏ phừng phừng Đỏ quành quạch Đỏ mơn mởn Đỏ lòe đỏ loẹt 69 64 65 66 Đỏ vang, vàng nghệ Đỏ chon chót Giàu ăn ba bữa, khó đỏ lửa ba lần Some expressions containing words ĐEN in Vietnamese Ruốc đỏ cá đen nhìn quen mói biết Đen thủi đen thui Đen trùng tóc, thóc nhà to Má phấn đen 10 Kiến đen tha trứng lên cao có mưa rào to 11 12 13 14 Chó đen giữ mực 15 16 17 Cờ bạc canh đỏ canh đen 18 19 20 21 Đen gỗ mun 22 23 24 Láng cáy lại hỏi láng cày, lưng đen ác, mặt dày mo 25 26 27 28 Đen quạ 29 30 Đen lòng chảo Dân ngu khu đen Tham đỏ bỏ đen Quầng đen thời nắng, quầng trắng thời mưa Mưa tránh chỗ trắng, nắng tránh chỗ đen Răng đen thuốc, rượu nồng men Đánh giặc thằng đen, để yên đỏ Con đen bỏ đỏ tìm Con đen bỏ đỏ ni Cơn đen vận túng Vận đỏ trồng lau mía, vận đen trồng củ tía củ nâu Đen mực Đen than Mặt sắt đen Vàng đỏ, đen lòng người Mặt người khó vừa nhỏ vừa đen Đen gio Đen củ sung Đen cột nhà cháy Đen ông sét 70 31 32 33 34 Đen đồng hun 35 36 37 Đen bồ hóng Đánh trúng tim đen 38 39 40 41 Canh bạc gặp hồi đen Đen hạt na Đen bồ hóng Đen ruồi Còn cha gót đỏ son, mai cha chết gót đen Đã đen lại gặp thợ rèn Răng đen chẳng lọ nhàn, người giòn chẳng lọ vắn/vấn khan giòn Trời đen sầm sấm sét đến nơi 42 43 44 Trâu đen ăn kĩ cày hay, trâu bạc ăn nhón lại day đường tàu 45 46 47 48 Rồng đen lấy nước mùa, rồng trắng lấy nước thời vua cày 49 50 51 Rõ ràng giấy trắng mực đen duyên phận gen mà gầy 52 53 54 55 Người khôn mắt đen sì, người dại mắt nửa chì nửa thau 56 57 58 Thói thường gần mực đen, anh em bạn hữu phải nên chọn người 59 60 61 62 Tham thâm, dầm đen 63 64 Lòng đen tối Nhện đen đắc hàng Rồng đen lấy nước nắng, rồng trắng lấy nước mưa Tiền cha, vàng mẹ, bác đồng đen Lụa trắng, vụng cầm đen Đất đen, đất nạc, cát pha, ta trồng sắn, chuối củ nhiều Anh có sừng trâu tơi có rác trâu đen Thế gian họ nói khơng lầm lụa vóc trắng, vụng cầm đen Đã xấu lại đen nhan sắc lại hèn chân Chọn bạn mà chơi gần mực đen, gần đèn rạng Nhấn xuống bùn đen Biến trắng thành đen Đổi trắng thay đen Đồng đen phấn chì Nhện đên sa sang, nhên vàng sa phải mắng, nhện trắng phải đòn Quạ biết quạ đen, quạ đâu có dám mon men tớ cò Gà mái đen ổ đen 71 65 66 67 68 Gặp buổi đen chồn đèn mắc bẫy 69 70 71 Quạ mà chẳng đen đầu Đi trắng đen 72 73 74 75 Sâu dưa đen, sâu kèn trắng Má phấn đen Má hồng đen Của người cứt chó, vừng đen Rau muống sâu đen, rau giền sâu trắng Sầm đơng, sang bắc, tía tây, chó đen ăn cỏ, trời mưa Đất đen trồng dưa, đất đỏ trồng bầu Đồng đen phấn chì 72 ... containing words red and black in English and the Vietnamese equivalents to supply deeper understanding of set expressions containing words red and black in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese. .. 4: FEATURES OF SET EXPRESSIONS CONTAINING WORDS “RED” AND “BLACK” IN ENGLISH AND THE VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS 4.1 Syntactic features of “red” and “ black” set expressions in English and “ đỏ” and. .. scope of set expressions containing words red and black in English and the Vietnamese equivalents Amount set expressions containing words red and black in English and đỏ and đen in Vietnamese in this