A cross cultural comparative analysis on expressions of gratitude in english and vietnamese

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY VU PHUONG THAO M.A THESIS * FIELD: ENGLISH LANGUAGE A CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON EXPRESSIONS OF GRATITUDE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (So sánh cách biểu đạt biết ơn tiếng Anh tiếng Việt từ góc độ giao văn hóa) VU PHUONG THAO Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 * 2020 - 2022 Hanoi - 2022 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS A CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON EXPRESSIONS OF GRATITUDE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (So sánh cách biểu đạt biết ơn tiếng Anh tiếng Việt từ góc độ giao văn hóa) VU PHUONG THAO Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Dr Nguyen Thi Van Dong Hanoi – 2022 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled A cross-cultural comparative analysis on expressions of gratitude in English and Vietnamese submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in the English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2022 Vu Phuong Thao Approved by SUPERVISOR (Signature and full name) Date:…………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been completed without the help and support of many people On top of that, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr Nguyen Thi Van Dong, my supervisor, for her valuable guidance, her instructive comments, and her dutiful supervision, without which this thesis would be far from complete I also want to express my profound appreciation to all of the professors at HOU in Hanoi for their intellectual insight, wisdom, and zeal in their lectures During the process of implementing the research, they have created favourable conditions for me, not only in terms of accessing essential materials but also through heart-warming encouragement I also take this opportunity to express my immense thankfulness to my boss, colleagues, friends, and classmates, who have always stayed by my side, given me constructive comments, and perked me up every time I needed to Particularly, a special word of thanks goes to Mr Andrew Jackson, Deputy Principal of SenTia school, and my colleagues at SenTia school who are all living and working in Vietnam for their invaluable help in distributing the survey questionnaire The significant contributions of both Vietnamese and English informants, whose names are not permitted to be mentioned in the thesis, must be acknowledged Finally, I want to acknowledge how grateful I am to my parents for their unwavering support and encouragement ii ABSTRACT Based on the theoretical background of cross-cultural communication, this study aims at investigating the similarities and differences in expressing gratitude towards different co-interactants in the Vietnamese and English language and culture It primarily focuses on: exploring how to express gratitude in English and Vietnamese, making a comparison between gratitude expressions to clarify the differences and similarities in the way English and Vietnamese people use linguistic means to express gratitude in their language and culture, promoting awareness among foreign language teachers and learners of the mentioned issue To succeed in doing such research, the author of the study takes informants’ social parameters such as age, gender, career, nationality, education into consideration Additionally, their survey responses are carefully analyzed to help answer research questions The conclusions drawn from data analysis and findings are presented and compared in a brief and concise way Some commons in the expressions of gratitude in both Vietnamese and English cultures from the data are also presented and illustrated with the hope of partially helping avoid cultural conflicts or communicating breakdowns iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES vi Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale .1 1.2 Aims and objectives of study 1.3 Research questions .2 1.4 Scope of study 1.5 Significance of study 1.6 Structure of study Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .5 2.1 Review of previous studies 2.2 Theoretical background 2.2.1 Culture and communication 2.2.2 Cross-cultural communication 13 2.2.3 Speech act theory 13 2.2.4 Politeness .16 2.2.5 Definition and classification of face .20 2.2.6 The act of Gratitude expressions .20 2.3 Summary 27 Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 28 3.1 Research-governing orientation 28 3.2 Research questions .28 3.3 Hypothesis 28 3.4 Research setting 28 3.5 Research Approach 29 iv 3.6 Research methods .30 3.6.1 Major methods and supporting methods 30 3.6.2 Design and distribution of questionnaire 31 3.7 Summary 32 Chapter 4: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE CULTURE 33 4.1 The expressions of gratitude in English culture 36 4.2 The expressions of gratitude in Vietnamese culture 43 4.3 Similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese culture in terms of gratitude expressions 49 4.3.1 Similarities 50 4.3.2 Differences 52 4.4 Summary………………………………………………………………………57 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION 58 5.1 Recapitulation 58 5.2 Main conclusion on objectives 58 5.2.1 Conclusion on objective one 59 5.2.2 Conclusion on objective two 59 5.2.3 Conclusion on objective three 60 5.3 Implication on teaching and studying…………………………………………60 5.4 Limitations and suggestions for further research .60 REFERENCES 62 APPENDICES v LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Figure 2.1: Ferrnado’s diagram of culture Figure 2.2: Communication component schematic by Nguyen Quang (2002) Figure 2.3: Areas of language knowledge (Bachman and Palmer, 1996:68) 12 Figure 2.4: Bach and Harnish’s classification of speech acts (1979) .16 Figure 2.5: Nguyen Quang’s schema of possible strategies for doing FTAs 19 Figure 2.6: Overview of Aijmer’s strategies .25 Figure 2.7: Description of Aijmer’s strategies 25 Table 2.1: The five general functions of speech acts (following Searle 1979) .15 Table 4.2: Characteristics of the speech act of thanking 22 Table 4.1: Overview of Aijmer’s categories .34 LIST OF CHART Chart 4.1: Question 1: How often you express gratitude? 36 Chart 4.2: Question 2: Rank the frequency of expressing gratitude among English people of different ages from (usually) to (seldom)……………………36 Chart 4.3: Situation 1: You find yourself in sudden need of money $3000 You mention this to a friend Your friend immediately offers to lend it to you You promise to pay your debt to her……………………………………………………37 Chart 4.4: Situation 2: You work for a big company, which is very busy You send your manager a request for some days off The vice president of personnel calls you into his office He tells you to sit down You feel a little nervous because you have only been working these for six months He says, ―You are doing a good job We are so pleased with you that I am going to give you a raise‖………………………37 Chart 4.5: Situation 3: you arrive at a luxurious hotel, and security staff opens the door for you……………………………………………………………………… 38 Chart 4.6: Situation 4: Your lecture meets you after class and she gives some comments for your writing to be improved……………………………………… 39 vi Chart 4.7: Situation 5: You are at a supermarket When you check out, the cashier gives you the change and your shopping bag………………………… …………40 Chart 4.8: Situation 6: You have been invited to the home of a rather new friend You have dinner with him and his wife and a few other friends of theirs The food was great, and you enjoyed the evening As you leave, your hosts accompany you to the door…………………………………………………………………………….41 Chart 4.9: Situation 7: You are married Both you and your spouse work You come home late from work and find that your spouse has done some work around the house that you had promised to do, but had not had the chance to do…………42 Chart 4.10: Situation 1: $3000 loan…………………… ………………………50 Chart 4.11: Situation 2: Raise………………………………………………… 50 Chart 4.12: Situation 4: Lecture………………………………………………….51 Chart 4.13: Situation 5: Supermarket…………………………….………………52 Chart 4.14: Situation 6: Dinner party………………………….…………………53 Chart 4.15: Situation 7: Married…………………………………………………54 Chapter INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale Due to its quick development and spread, English has emerged as the most influential language globally At the time, English was known as the "golden key to every door" due to its worldwide adoption, which has since multiplied enormously, and its practical advantages The need for English has increased in the modern world and Vietnam due to open policies and a lot of social support, and as a clear consequence of globalization, there is now an unavoidable necessity for international interaction and communication Pure linguistic proficiency and an understanding of social norms are necessary for effective communication Communication skills are referred to as social ideals and interpersonal relationships The capacity to utilize the language accurately and effectively is a prerequisite for effective communication Without it, rudeness, misunderstanding, cultural shocks, and even communication breakdown may result Language and culture are only found in humans People may cope with unintended communication breakdowns in cross-cultural engagement if they are unaware of the socio-cultural norms of the target language For example, if a Vietnamese speaker offered assistance to a native English speaker and the recipient just replied with "Thank you" or "Thank you so much," the Vietnamese speaker would feel unpleasantly disappointed because they may have hoped for a warmer, more emotional reaction cultural barriers in this circumstance prevented effective communication Understanding cross-cultural communication is so essential Succeeding this point of view, Nguyen Quang (1998) concluded that, “One cannot master a language without a profound awareness of its cultural background and in both verbal and non-verbal communication, culture makes itself strongly felt.” Vietnamese language students who are serious about mastering the language must have a solid grasp of how culture and language are interwoven This small-scale study, which takes into account how culture and language are connected, aims to shed light on a fascinating social phenomenon: the expressions of appreciation in English and Vietnamese Due to space constraints, the researcher was unable to cover all of the topics, but she did select a few examples from two different languages and cultures, Vietnamese and English, to assist Vietnamese speakers of Situation 7: Married According to Eisenstein and Bodman (1986), the answers consist of an expression of gratitude followed by a compliment or a statement of affection 56 In case seven ("married") Among those who responded in Vietnamese, only the Vietnamese participants chose a thanking strategy, or a combination of thanking strategies, whereas the data from the English-speaking participants showed that the Vietnamese participants preferred apologies Vietnamese subjects who responded in English showed signs of indebtedness in their answers This strategy is an illustration of negative transfer The Vietnamese participants' preference for an apology in their English responses, in my opinion, can be attributed to their awareness that they have indirectly infringed upon and occupied the time of another person As a result, they feel obligated to repay them Summary In this chapter, questions and situations were utilized to highlight the typical approaches taken by the native English and Vietnamese speakers who participated This section has highlighted the similarities and contrasts between the two groups through comparison 57 Chapter CONCLUSION The final chapter summarizes the results of the analysis, and findings of the study and works out the implications for English and Vietnamese readers and language learners Some limitations are also pointed out and suggestions for further research are provided in this chapter 5.1 Recapitulation The focus of this language-and-culture study is on the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese people in expressions of gratitude The theoretical background of the thesis is based on the theory of speech acts, politeness strategies, and cross-cultural communication in English and Vietnamese via previous linguistic research, books, and journals in both languages The main source of data for the analysis is provided by two major groups of participants: thirty-five native speakers of English who were born and bred in the UK, and thirty-eight Vietnamese native speakers who live in Vietnam The data collection instrument employed in the research is a survey questionnaire which consists of 07 questions The questionnaires in both languages, English and Vietnamese, were sent both electronically and directly to thirty native speakers of English and Vietnamese respondents As mentioned in the first chapter, the main aims of the study are to find out the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese people regarding expressions of gratitude The result of the research is to justify the hypothesis, and address the research questions: 5.2 Main conclusion on the objectives From the data on gratitude provided via the results of survey questionnaires by English and Vietnamese respondents, the data analysis, and the discussion on similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese people regarding gratitude, a few conclusions can be drawn in the following section 58 5.2.1 Conclusion on objective one 5.2.2 Conclusion on objective two The second objective of the study is to investigate from the data and data analysis to find out the answer to the research question ―What are the similarities and differences between gratitude expressions in English and Vietnamese?‖ There are several questions in the survey designed to find out the similarities and differences in gratitude expressions by people in each culture, English and Vietnamese The author looked into how Vietnamese and English informants expressed gratitude based on the overall findings, the theoretical underpinnings of speech act, politeness, and cross-cultural communication The analysis reveals both commonalities and variations between the three groups of informants' cultural and linguistic expressions of gratitude Vietnamese participants who respond in Vietnamese frequently choose a thanking strategy or a combination of thanking strategies, in contrast to the English speakers and Vietnamese respondents who respond in English frequently using an apology strategy, expressing debt, or making an offer of repayment Because of this, the participants' responses who claimed to have studied or lived in an English-speaking nation gave several examples that were similar to those of English native speakers 59 5.2.3 Conclusion on objective three The final objective of the study is to investigate from the data and data analysis to find out the answer to the research question ―What are suggestions for Vietnamese learners of English in making gratitude expressions to avoid cultural shock in communication.‖ Vietnamese and English have comparable and dissimilar ways of expressing gratitude, therefore anyone learning a foreign language should study both its linguistic and cultural aspects Otherwise, learners of English may sometimes get confused, they not know if they use the right strategy 5.3 Implication on teaching and studying This study may imply the need of encouraging learners to comprehensively understand the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese expressions of gratitude in terms of cross-cultural communication to use them properly and flexibly Thus, teachers’ duty is to point out the similarities and differences between the two languages in respect of the related issues Additionally, the study may assist teachers of ESL (English as a Second Language) to shift from a traditional teaching practice to an intercultural one so that they can develop the learners’ cross-cultural awareness and communicative competence, and cultivate learners to hold active understanding attitude to different cultures, then turn deepen understanding of our culture so as to master cultural features objectively and notice significant the common points, master practical skills when communicating with people from different cultural backgrounds Based on this, practical significance of study cross-cultural communication is greater than theoretical significance In other words, cross-cultural communication teaching is indispensable in such situations Therefore, the study should help both teachers and learners to cultivate adaptive capacity during cross-cultural contact and cross-cultural communication skills Last but not least, the thesis is carried out to provide learners with understanding how to use the expressions of gratitude in verbal in English and Vietnamese, so that they will be able to use proper strategies in their daily situations That is why some suggestions are proposed below with the hope that they could help teachers and learners deal with the problems concerned 5.4 Limitations and suggestions for further research As stated in the study's objectives, this is simply a limited analysis of how people express gratitude to individuals with different social distances The following questions are some of the many that remain unanswered and look promising: 60  Cross-cultural dimensions: hierarchy- equality, formality- informality, high context- low context, etc  Intralinguistic factors: modality, addressing form, etc Despite the best attempts, the author is fully aware that mistakes and faults are unavoidable Every helpful suggestion and feedback from readers is much valued More studies are needed to investigate learners’ perception and production of gratitude expression in different considering politeness The findings of the current study can be expanded upon by a similar study that uses a different method of data collection It is also important to look into how students perceive speech actions when they are taught in classrooms Most considerably, ―A cross-cultural study on the expressions of gratitude in English and Vietnamese‖ hopefully makes a significant contribution to a more comprehensive understanding of similarities and differences in this act between the two cultures and also helps Vietnamese learners of English 61 REFERENCES In English Austin, J.L (1962) How to things with words New York: Oxford University Press Bachman, L.F (1990) Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing Oxford etc OUR Bentahila, A & Davies, E (1989) Culture and language use: A problem for language teaching In RAL, vol 27/2, 99-112 Canale, M & Swain, M (1980) Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing Applied Linguistics Celce- Murcia, M Z Dornyei & S, Thurrel (1995) Communicative competence: A 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intercultural communication for English as a second language Prentice Hall, Inc O’ Neil, D (2010) http://anthro.palomar.edu/culture/culture_2.htm Richards, J.C & Schmidt, R.W (1983) Language and communication In London and New York: Longman Richards, J.C., Platt, J., and Flatt H (1992) Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics (2 edition) UK: Longman Rubin, J (1983) The use of “thank you” Paper presented at the Socio-linguistics Colloquium, TESOL Conversation, Toronto, Canada Samovar, L.A (2007) Communicating between cultures 6th ed Belmont: Thomson Wardsworth Saville Troike, M (1982) The ethnography of communication: An introduction New York: Basil Blackwell nd Searle, J.R (1969) Speech Acts: An essay in the philosophy of language Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Wood, J.T (1997) Everyday encounters: An introduction to interpersonal communication Toronto Ont: ITP Nelson Williams, F (1989) The new communication Wadsworth Publishing Company Inc Yule G (1996) Pragmatics, Oxford University Press Wierzbicka, A (1991) Cross-cultural pragmatics: The semantics of human interaction New York: Mouton de Gruyter 63 In Vietnamese Nguyễn Vân Anh (2015) A study on English strategies for gratitude concerning the Vietnamese equivalents HOU, Hanoi Nguyễn Thị Lương (2010) Các hình thức cảm ơn gián tiếp người Việt (5(252)), 38-45 Hồ Ngọc Trung, (2013) Lectures on Discourse Analysis Vietnam Education Publishing House, Hanoi Lê Thu Thảo, (2010) A study on politeness strategies manifested in advising in English and Vietnamese ULIS, Hanoi Nguyễn Quang (1998) Intercultural communication HULIS, VNU Nguyễn Quang (2002) Giao tiếp giao tiếp giao văn hóa NXB Đại học Quốc Gia Phạm Toàn Anh (2005) A Vietnamese-American Cross-cultural study on expressing gratitude to people with social distances MA MA, Vietnam National University – College of Foreign Languages, Hà Nội Phạm Toàn Anh (2007) Từ câu nói “Lựa lời mà nói cho vừa lịng nhau” đến tính phù hợp ngơn ngữ Ngôn ngữ Đời sống(6-2007), 42-44 64 APPENDICES SURVEY on the expressions of gratitude among Native speakers of English Nationality: ………………………………………… Gender: Male Female Age: Under 20 / between 20-35 / between 36-50 Profession: …………………… Education: …………………… / over 50 How often you express gratitude? Always Usually often sometimes never Please rank the frequency of expressing gratitude from (usually) to (seldom) Young children Youth Middle age Old age Situation 1: You find yourself in sudden need of money $3000 You mention this to a friend Your friend immediately offers to lend it to you You promise to pay your debt to her What would you say in this situation? Thank you! Thank you so much for helping me! You are such a good friend You are always there for me You would say: ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… You would say nothing because: ……………………………………………………………………………………… Situation 2: You work for a big company, which is very busy You send your manager a request for some days off The vice president of personnel calls you into his office He tells you to sit down You feel a little nervous because you have only been working there for six months He says, "You are doing a good job In fact, we are so pleased with you that I am going to give you a raise" What would you say in that situation? Thank you very much! Thank you so much for thinking highly of me! I am much obliged to you for what you have done for me! Thank you! You always help me when I have difficulties You would say: ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… You would say nothing because: ……………………………………………………………………………………… Situation 3: You arrive at a luxurious hotel, and a security staff opens the door for you What would you say in that situation? Thank you! Thank you so much! It’s very kind of you! I appreciate that! You would say: ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… You would say nothing because: ……………………………………………………………………………………… Situation 4: Your lecturer meets you after class and she gives some comments for your writing to be improved What would you say in that situation? Yes, I got it Thank you! Thank you so much! Thanks for taking the time to read and comment on my writing! You would say: ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… You would say nothing because: ……………………………………………………………………………………… Situation 5: You are at a supermarket When you check out, the cashier gives you the change and your shopping bag What would you say in that situation? Thank you! Thank you so much! I appreciate that! It’s very kind of you! You would say: ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… You would say nothing because: ……………………………………………………………………………………… Situation 6: You have been invited to the home of a rather new friend You had dinner with him and his wife and a few other friends of theirs The food was great, and you enjoyed the evening As you leave, your hosts accompany you to the door What would you say in that situation? Thank you! Thank you so much! I appreciate that! It’s very kind of you! You would say: ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… You would say nothing because: ……………………………………………………………………………………… Situation 7: You are married Both you and your spouse work You come home late from work and find that your spouse has done some work around the house that you had promised to do, but had not had a chance to What would you say in that situation? Thank you! Thank you so much! I appreciate that! It’s very kind of you! You would say: ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… You would say nothing because: ……………………………………………………………………………………… KHẢO SÁT cách biểu đạt biết ơn người Việt Thân gửi quý vị! Cảm ơn quý vị tham gia khảo sát Xin vui lòng điền thông tin vào chỗ trống đánh dấu X vào trống Dưới tình giả định mà quý vị cảm thấy biết ơn người có hành động giúp đỡ quý vị Xin vui lịng trích dẫn ngun văn lời nói q vị tình đưa thêm lời giải thích có tình q vị khơng thể thể lời để biểu đạt biết ơn Tất thông tin phiếu sử dụng để phân tích luận văn Thạc sĩ cách biểu đạt biết ơn văn hóa người Anh người Việt, khơng nhằm mục đích khác.) Quốc tịch: ………………………… Giới tính: Nam Nữ Tuổi: Dưới 20 / 20-35 / 36-50 / 50 Cơng việc: ………………………………………… Trình độ học vấn: ………………………………… Khả sử dụng tiếng Anh: Tốt Khá Trung bình Kém Khơng biết Bạn thường xuyên biểu đạt biết ơn mức độ nhận giúp đỡ từ người khác? Luôn thường thường Đôi không Xin vui lòng xếp hạng tần suất đối tượng sau nói cảm ơn từ (thường xuyên nhất) đến (ít thường xuyên nhất) Trẻ em Thanh niên Trung niên Người già Tình 1: Bạn cần gấp số tiền lớn (80 triệu VNĐ) Bạn nói điều với người bạn người cho bạn vay tiền Bạn hứa trả khoản nợ cho người Trong tình bạn nói gì? Cảm ơn bạn nhé! Cảm ơn bạn nhiều giúp tớ! Bạn thực người bạn tốt tớ Bạn giúp đỡ tớ tớ gặp khó khăn Hoặc tơi nói: …………………………………………………………………….………………… ………………………………………………………………… …………………… Tơi khơng nói vì: ……………………………………………………………………………………… Tình 2: Bạn làm việc cho công ty lớn công việc bận rộn Một hôm, bạn gửi thư cho quản lý để xin nghỉ phép vài ngày Sau đó, phó phịng nhân gọi bạn lên văn phịng mời bạn ngồi nói chuyện Ơng bảo bạn ngồi xuống Bạn lo lắng bạn làm việc sáu tháng Ơng nói “Bạn làm việc tốt Cơng ty hài lịng bạn định tăng lương cho bạn thời gian tới đây.” Cảm ơn ông nhiều! Cảm ơn ông nhiều đánh giá cao tôi! Tôi biết ơn ơng làm cho tơi! Cảm ơn ơng! Ơng ln giúp tơi tơi gặp khó khăn Hoặc tơi nói: …………………………………………………………………….………………… ………………………………………………… …………………………………… Tơi khơng nói vì: ……………………………………………………………………………………… Tình 3: Bạn đến khách sạn sang trọng, bạn tiến vào sảnh nhân viên bảo vệ mở cửa giúp bạn Nếu tình bạn nói gì? Cảm ơn anh! Cảm ơn anh nhiều nhé! Anh thật tốt! Tơi cảm kích! Hoặc tơi nói: …………………………………………………………………….………………… ………………………………………………………………… …………………… Tơi khơng nói vì: ……………………………………………………………………………………… Tình 4: Giáo viên bạn gọi bạn lên, góp ý để bạn sửa viết bạn tốt Sau nhận góp ý giáo viên bạn nói gì? Dạ vâng, em hiểu Em cảm ơn Thầy/ Cô ạ! Em cảm ơn Thầy/ Cô nhiều ạ! Em cảm ơn Thầy/ Cô dành thời gian đọc nhận xét cho em ạ! Hoặc tơi nói: …………………………………………………………………….………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Tơi khơng nói vì: ……………………………………………………………………………………… Tình 5: Bạn vào siêu thị mua đồ Lúc bạn toán, nhân viên siêu thị đưa tiền thừa túi đồ cho bạn Nếu tình bạn nói với họ? Cảm ơn and/chị nhé! Cảm ơn anh/chị nhiều Tơi cảm kích Anh/chị thật tốt Hoặc tơi nói: …………………………………………………………………….…… ….……… …………………………………………………………………………… ………… Tơi khơng nói vì: ……………………………………………………………………………………… Tình 6: Bạn mời đến nhà người bạn Bạn dùng bữa với vợ chồng họ số người bạn khác Thức ăn ngon bạn thực có bữa tối tuyệt vời Khi rời chủ nhà nhiệt tình tiễn bạn cửa Nếu tình bạn nói với họ? Cảm ơn cậu nhé! Cảm ơn cậu nhiều Tớ cảm kích Cám ơn cậu Thật vui dùng bữa gia đình cậu Hoặc tơi nói: …………………………………………………………………….………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Tơi khơng nói vì: ……………………………………………………………………………………… Tình 7: Bạn kết hôn Cả hai vợ chồng phân chia dọn dẹp nhà cửa Bạn nhà muộn nhận chồng/ vợ bạn thay bạn làm tất việc nhà mà bạn hứa làm lại chưa thực Nếu tình bạn nói với họ? Cảm ơn anh/em nhé! Cảm ơn anh/em nhiều Anh/Em cảm kích Cảm ơn anh/ em nhiều lắm, anh/em thật tuyệt vời Lẽ em/ anh người phải làm việc Hoặc tơi nói: …………………………………….……………………………….………………… …………………………………… ………………………………………………… Tơi khơng nói vì: ………………………………………………………………………………………