CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT REPORTED SPEECH Có hai cách thuật lại lời một người khác noiù: cách trực tiếp và cách gián tiếp. Trong câu trực tiếp (direct speech), ta nhắc lại nguyên văn lời người đã nói. - He said : “I have lost my pen.” Trong câu gián tiếp (indrect speech) hay câu tường thuật (reported speech), ta diễn tả tư tưởng trong câu người khác nói mà không cần lập lại nguyên văn câu nói của họ. - He said that he had lost his pen. A. Câu phát biểu. (statements in reported speech) 1/ Ví dụ : - He said : “ I have lost my pen this morning.” à He said that he had lost his pen that morning. - She said to him: “I will go with you tomorrow.” à She told him that she would go with him the next day. 2/ Ghi nhớ : muốn đổi một câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp, ta phải : + Giữ nguyên động từ giới thiệu said hoặc đổi said to thành told nếu có túc từ. + Bỏ dấu hai chấm (:) và ngoặc kép (“…”) rồi thêm liên từ that. + Thay đổi đại từ nhân xưng, tính từ sở hữu… theo qui tắc sau : Ngôi thứ 1 đổi thành ngôi thứ như chủ từ ở mệnh đề chính. Ngôi thứ 2 đổi thành ngôi thứ của túc từ. Ngôi thứ 3 giữ nguyên không đổi. + Thay đổi thì của động từ trong câu trực tiếp bằng cách cho lùi về quá khứ một bậc. Cụ thể như sau : Direct speech Reported speech - simple present à - simple past - present continuous à - past continuous - present perfect à - past perfect - simple past à - past perfect - past continuous à - past perfect continuous - present perfect cont à - past perfect continuous - simple future à - present conditional (should/would) - past perfect à - unchanged (không đổi) - perfect conditional à - unchanged + Thay đổi một số từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn. - now à - then 1 - today / tonight à - that day / that night - tomorrow à - the following day / the next day - yesterday à - the previous day / the day before - next week / month… à - the following week / month… - last week /month… à - the week before /the month before… - the day before yesterday à - two days before - the day after tomorrow à - in two days’ time - ago à - before - tomorrow morning à - the following morning - last Tuesday à - the Tuesday before - right now à - at once - here à - there - this / these à - that / those - He said : “ I’ll come here to take this book.” à He said that he would come there to take that book. - They said to us : “You must do this work right now.” à They told us that we had to do that work at once. Chú ý : * Khi câu trực tiếp biểu thò một tập quán, một sự thật hay một chân lý thì khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp thì của động từ không thay đổi. - The lecturer said : “The earth moves round the sun.” à The lecturer said that the earth moves round the sun. - The teacher said to them : “The Second World War ended in 1945.” à The teacher told them that the Second World War ended in 1945. * Khi câu động từ giới thiệu ở hiện tại đơn, thì của động từ trong câu gián tiếp không đổi và các từ chỉ thời gian hoặc nơi chốn vẫn giữ nguyên. - The doctor says to her : “You will have to stay here until tomorrow.” à The doctor tells her that she will have to stay here until tomorrow. B. CÂU HỎI. (Questions in reported speech) 1/ Ví dụ : - She said to me : “Do you like swimming ?” à She asked me if I liked swimming. - Tom said : “Has she finished her home work ?” à Tom wanted to know if she had finished her homework. - He asked me : “Why did you come home so late last night?” 2 à He asked me why I had come home so late the night before. - Mary said : “ What’s he doing now?” à Mary wondered what he was doing then. 2/ Ghi nhớ : + Đổi said thành asked (có hoặc không túc từ theo sau), wondered hay wanted to know (không có túc từ). + Bỏ dấu hai chấm (:), dấu ngoặc kép (“…”) và dấu chấm hỏi (?) và giữ lại question-word (như what, where, how…) nếu là câu hỏi nội dung (Wh-questions) hoặc thêm if (hay whether) nếu câu hỏi có hay không (Yes-no questions). C. CÂU MỆNH LỆNH. (Commands in reported speech) 1/ Ví dụ : - The teacher said : “Go to the blackboard, John.” à The teacher told John to go to the blackboard. - He said to them : “Don’t be late tomorrow.” à He told them not to be late the next day. 2/ Ghi nhớ : + Đổi said hay said to thành told hay asked và buộc phải có túc từ theo sau. + Dùng to để thay thế cho dấu hai chấm và ngoặc kép khi là câu mệnh lệnh xác đònh và dùng not to khi là câu mệnh lệnh phủ đònh. Tóm tắt Câu gián tiếp (reported speech) Statements (Câu phát biểu) * S + said + (that) + clause * S + told + O + (that) + clause Commands (Câu mệnh lệnh) * S + told + O + to infinitive * S + told + O + not + to infinitive Wh-questions (Câu hỏi nội dung) * S + asked + (O) + wh-… + clause * S + wondered + wh-… + clause * S + wanted to know + wh-… + clause Yes-no questions (Câu hỏi có không) * S + asked + (O) + if / whether + clause * S + wondered + if /whether + clause * S + wanted to know + if / whether + clause 3 EXERCISE I : Put into the reported speech : 1/ Tom said : “I want to buy a pocket calculator for my father.” - _________________________________________________________ 2/ She said : “I once spent a summer in this village.” - _________________________________________________________ 3/ The nurse said : “The patient in this room didn’t obey your orders, Doctor.” - _________________________________________________________ 4/ They said to me : “You taught us English last year.” - _________________________________________________________ 5/ Mr.Brown said : “Our trip cost us two thousand dollars.” - _________________________________________________________ 6/ He said to her : “ I can’t find my hat anywhere in this room.” - _________________________________________________________ 7/ My father said to them : “My secretary is going to finish this job.” - _________________________________________________________ 8/ They said : “We can’t meet you here either today or tomorrow.” - _________________________________________________________ 9/ My mother said : “I think it won’t rain tomorrow.” - _________________________________________________________ 10/ He said : “Your car has been stolen, John.” - _________________________________________________________ 11/ They said : “The river is rising early this year.” - _________________________________________________________ 12/ He said : “I’ll expect her to come soon.” 4 - _________________________________________________________ 13/ Our teacher said : “ World War II broke out in 1939.” - _________________________________________________________ 14/ The students said : “ We’ll be sitting for our next exam next Monday.” - _________________________________________________________ 15/ He said : “ I’m going to finish this work.” - _________________________________________________________ EXERCISE II : Change to the reported speech: 1/ Mr. Smith said : “Where are you going on your vacation this year ?” - _________________________________________________________ 2/ She said : “Did the mechanis finish repairing your car ?” - _________________________________________________________ 3/ She said : “Why has David been looking so miserable lately ?” - _________________________________________________________ 4/ I asked my friend : “Was anyone hurt in the car accident last month ?” - _________________________________________________________ 5/ She asked me : “How old are you now ?” - _________________________________________________________ 6/ He said to her : “Have you been to town today ?” - _________________________________________________________ 7/ John said : “How long does it take you to get to London, Mary ?” - _________________________________________________________ 8/ The policeman asked the little girl : “What’s your name ?” - _________________________________________________________ 5 9/ Mr. Green said to his secretary : “Who did you talk to a few minutes ago ?” - _________________________________________________________ 10/ Paul said : “Can you swim, Mary ?” - _________________________________________________________ 11/ He said : “Where can I find her in this town ?” - _________________________________________________________ 12/ She asked her son : “Do you know which is the cup you used ?” - _________________________________________________________ 13/ Helen said : “What did you say, Jack ?” - _________________________________________________________ 14/ She said to him : “ Why didn’t you get up early this morning ?” - _________________________________________________________ 15/ He said : “Will it rain tonight ?” - _________________________________________________________ EXERCISE III : Turn into the reported speech: 1/ The manager said : “ Come into my office, please.” - _________________________________________________________ 2/ The teacher said ro us : “Don’t make so much noise.” - _________________________________________________________ 3/ Mr.Green said : “Please come to our dinner tonight, Bill.” - _________________________________________________________ 4/ Susan said to Tom : “Don’t call me again at this late hour.” - _________________________________________________________ 5/ She said to the boy : “Show me what you have in your hand.” 6 - _________________________________________________________ 6/ The policeman ordered : “Stay where you are and don’t touch anything.” - _________________________________________________________ 7/ The old lady said : “Will you please water these flowers for me.” - _________________________________________________________ 8/ She said : “Don’t leave your coat on this chair.” - _________________________________________________________ 9/ She said to him : “Don’t speak to me like that and behave yourself.” - _________________________________________________________ 10/ Peter said : “Would you mind lending me your dictionary till next Monday.” - _________________________________________________________ EXERCISE IV : Rewrite the following sentences: 1/ The flight attendant said : “Don’t forget to fasten your seat belts.” à The flight attendant reminded _________________________________ 2/ The policeman said to her : “Show me your driving licence.” à The policeman ordered ____________________________________ 3/ He said : “Did you see Mary yesterday ?” à He wanted to know ______________________________________ 4/ He said : “Would you mind telling me the time ?” à He told _______________________________________________ 5/ I said to my friend : “When did you buy your new car ? à I asked ________________________________________________ 6/ My friend said to me : “We have known everything about that.” 7 à My friend told ___________________________________________ 7/ I wondered why there were so many people at the station that day. à I said : “_____________________________________________ 8/ The teacher asked whether we had found the solution to the problem yet. à The teacher asked us: “___________________________________ 9/ He ordered us not to touch anything in that room. à He said : “_____________________________________________ 8 . rain tomorrow.” - _________________________________________________________ 10/ He said : “Your car has been stolen, John.” - _________________________________________________________. minutes ago ?” - _________________________________________________________ 10/ Paul said : “Can you swim, Mary ?” - _________________________________________________________