nhflng sinh boat van hda truyen thd'ng cua ngfldi Dad Hp tdn tai den ngay nay p h i n ldn gan lien vdi cac le nghi tdn giae. Nhflng tap tuc truyen thdng mang tinh bao thu, deu cd yeu [r]
(1)Nghien ciru Ton giao Sd7 &8- 2009
57
vni TAO cun THAV CUNG TRONG DOI SONG VAN Hon
J
TINH THAN sir PHHT TAI€N cun NGUOI Dno HO O ino cm
1 Vai net tong quan van de nghien ciiu
Theo cac tac gia Be Viet Ding, Nguyen Khae Tung, Ndng Trung, Nguyen Nam Tien, ngfldi Dad Hp la met nhdm dja phfldng cua nganh Dao Q u i n Tring Nganh Dae tfl tinh Phuc Kien, Trung Qud'c den Viet Nam vao khoang the ki
XIII, thee dfldng Quang Yen ngfldc len
Lang Sdn, Cad Bang, Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Quang O Tuyen Quang cd mdt bd phan nhd lai rdi xudi ve Doan Hflng (Phu Tho) sau lai ngfldc sdng Hdng len Yen Bai, Lad Cai va d day nhdm mang ten la Dae Hp"'
Ve dan sd cua ngfldi Dad Hp, kbi xac minh phan dan tdc hp dfldc gdp chung vad dan tdc Dao nen treng ca nfldc khdng ed sd lieu thdng ke rieng ve nhdm Tuy nhien, thee sd'lieu thd'ng ke cua cac xa cd ngfldi Dao Hp cfl tru d tinh Lao Cai, tinh den eudi nam 2002, cd 6.154 ngfldi, phan bd 31 thdn b i n thude xa la; Tan Thfldng, huyen Van Ban, Cam Cpn, huyen Bid Yen; Sdn Ha, T h i i Nien, Phfl Nhuan, Tri Quang va Sdn Hai huyen Bid Thing Ngdai ra, d Viet Nam ngfldi Dad Hp cdn cfl tru d i l thdn ban thude xa la Lang Khay, Lam Giang, An Binh, Ddng An va Chau Que Ha, huyen Van Yen, tinh Yen Bai Cd the ndi, cd rat it nhflng nghien cflu chuyen sau ve nhflng ngfldi lam nghe thay cung dan tdc Dao ndi chung va ngfldi Dad Hp ndi rieng
PHAM VAN DCONG'''
Diem lai nhflng nghien cflu ve tdn giae, tin ngfldng cua dan tdc Dae, ddi chd ed de cap den nhflng cdn rat sd sai, chfla chpn nhflng ngfldi lam nghe t b i y cung la ddi tfldng nghien cflu chfnh, ke c i nhflng luan an chuyen ve nghi le tin ngfldng Dao nhfl: Tiic cdp sdc cua ngiidi Dao Qudn
chet d Bdc Thdi cua Dd Dfle Ldi'"'; Cdc nghi le chu yeu vong ddi cua nhdm Dao Tien d Ba Be, Bdc Kcin cua Ly Hanh
Sdn'", Tiic cdp sdc cua ngiidi Dao cua Nguyen Qude Ldc'", Tiic cdp sdc cua
ngiidi Dao Tuyen d huyen Bdo Yen tinh Lao Cai cua Nguyen Qude Viet"'' Day la
nhflng de tai de cap den cac nghi le cua ngfldi Dad, trdng dd cd lien quan trflc tiep den vi tri, vai trd cua nhflng ngfldi thay cung Tuy nbien, cac tac gii chfla dat bo lam del tfldng c i n di sau nghien cflu, vdi tfl each la ngfldi tri, thflc bien nghi le * ThS Bao tang Dan tdc hpe Viet Nam
1 Be Viet Ding, Nguydn Khic Tung, Ndng Trung, Nguydn Nam Tien (1971) Nguai Dao a Viet Nam Nxb KH.XH Ha Ndi, tr 23
2 Do Due Loi (1997) Tuc cdp sdc ciia ngirai Dao
Qudn Chet a Bdc Thdi Luan van thae sT Van hda
hpc, Dai hpe Van hda Ha Npi
3 Ly Hanh Son (2001) Cdc nghi li chii yeii nong
vdng ddi ciia nhdm Dao Tien a Ba Be, Bdc Kan
Luan an tien si Lieh sir, Vien Dan toe hpc Ha Ndi 4 Nguydn Qude Ldc (1966) Tuc cdp sdc ciia ngirdi
Dao Luan van tdt nghiep Dai hoc, Khoa sir, Dai hoe
Tdng hop Ha Npi
5 Nguydn Qude Viet (2003) Tuc cdp sdc ciia ngiri/i
Dao Tuyen a huyen Bdo Yen linh LMO Cai, Khoa
luan tdt nghiep, Khoa Sir, Dai hoe Khoa hpc xii hdi
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Nghien cihi Ton giao So & - 2009
tdn giad cdng ddng Hdn nfla trdngcac tai lieu lai khdng he de cap den vai trd eua t h i j ' cflng trcng cac sinh heat tdn giae - tin ngfldng, treng t b i y cung ngfldi Dad ddng mdt vai trd rat quan trpng lam chu the cua cac nghi le dd Va hau nhfl chfla ed met nghien cflu nae ve nhflng ngfldi lam nghe t b i y cung cdng ddng ngfldi Dad Hp Vi vay trdng bai viet nay, chung tdi bfldc d i u tim hieu vai trd cua t b i y cung ddi sd'ng van hda tinh t h i n va sfl phat trien cua ngfldi Dac Hp nhfl mot nghien cflu trfldng hdp
2 Vai t r d c u a t h a y c u n g t r o n g ddi s d n g t a m l i n h
2.1 Niem tin cda cong ddng vdo khd ndng cda thdy cung
Cudc sdng cua mci cen ngfldi ludn tdn tai va n i y sinh nhieu nhu ciu, ngeai nhflng nhu c i u mang tfnh chat tfl nhien nhfl; an, mac, d, di lai cdn cd nhu cau ve tam linh Dieu dd phd bien d ta't ea eac cdng ddng ngfldi, thude nhieu nen van hda - van minh d nhflng trinh dp khac Ngfldi ta quan niem rang, ngeai the gidi t r i n gian ma cen ngfldi sinh sd'ng, cdn cd the gidi khae eua t h i n lmh; mpi hien tfldng treng tfl nhien tac ddng den cudc sd'ng cen ngfldi (ke c i tai hpa, thien tai, benh tat, chet chdc ), deu la mot Ifle Ifldng sieu nhien nae dd chi phdi Vi the, nhieu hoan c i n h khd khan cen ngfldi thfldng tim den sfl trd giup cua t h i n linh
Ngfldi Dao ndi chung, ngfldi Dao Hp ndi rieng, ed quan niem van vat hflu linh Vi vay, de dat tdi cudc sd'ng td't dep thinh vfldng, cen ngfldi can thiet lap mdi quan he vdi cac vi t h i n va viec thiet lap mdi quan he dd, thee hp ehi ed cac t h i y cung hoac t h i y shaman thflc hien dfldc Tfl dd, hp tm thee va thflc hien nhflng yeu c i u cua t h i y cung Vi nhfl, mud'n thd cung
dfldc td tien thi phai dfldc thay lam le cap sac; mudn ed tam sang, tri sang p h i i dfldc t h i y lam le dang sac xua tan di nhflng am mudi; mud'n tai qua nan khdi p h i i dfldc t h i y lam le giai ban, v.v T h i y cung la gaeh ndi gifla the gidi thflc va the gidi ic, la chd dfla ve mat tinh than che cdng ddng thdn b i n va cua mdi ca nhan Treng nhflng trfldng hpp dm dau, benh tat ma y hpe phai bd tay, ngfldi ta da tim den thay cung nhfl la chd dfla tinh than cudi cflng eua hp NTifl vay, ddi vdi ngfldi Dad Hp, t h i y cung la ngfldi vfla "bae trd" che ddi sd'ng tam linh, vfla la thay "phip sfl" trj benh cflu ngfldi, giii trfl eae tai ach
Ddi vdi nghi le lap tich (cap sac), ngfldi dan dng Dao Hp nao cung p h i i thflc bien neu khdng se bi cdng ddng cei thfldng, bj gat ngdai cac sinh boat tap the, ma dieu nay, theo Dang Nghiem Van; "Dd Id
hinh phat nghiem khdc nhdt vdi mot ngiidi xd hoi thuoc xd hoi tien cdng nghiep"^*^' Thdng qua nhflng giao li,
nhflng nguyen tac dae dfle, each flng xfl ma ngfldi thay cung truyen day, gifla ngfldi thay cung va ngfldi dfldc cap sac da thiet lap nen mdi quan he t h i y trd (sfl phu, cha con) va chinh vi the ma vai trd cung nhfl niem tin cua cdng ddng ddi vdi ngfldi t h i y cflng cang tang
2 Thdy cdng vdi nhu cdu tdm linh
Cung nhfl cac tdc ngfldi khac cac hinh thflc tdn giao - tin ngfldng cua ngfldi Dao Hp khdng ddn t h u a n chi la cdng viec cua met ea n h a n ma ludn gan vdi cdng ddng va chinh dd la manh dat nudi dfldng lau dai truyen thd'ng h a n h nghe cung bai ciia cac thay cung d day
6 Dang Nghiem Van (1998) "Vai tro tdn giao tdc ngudi viee thd'ng nhit y thuc cong ddng ngudi
Dao", Su phdt trien vdn hda xd hdi ciui ngudi Dao:
Hien tai vd luang lai (Ky yeu Hdi thao Qude te
(3)Pham Van Duong Vai trd ciia thdy ciing
59
Vi du, che den n a y d eac thdn b a n
ngfldi Dao Hp v i n d u y tri tuc le chpn mdt
t h i y c u n g dai dien cho cdng ddng, de thflc hien cac nghi le c u n g t h i n l a n g b i n g n a m Nghi thflc Ifla chpn n a y cac t b i y cung thflc h i e n b a n g viec bdi c h a n ga va t h i y c u n g n a o "dfldc t h i n Ifla chpn" se cd bdn p h a n td chflc cac nghi le eho cdng ddng t r e n g n a m dd, d a n b i n gdi n i e m t m cung nhfl fldc n g u y e n vao dng t a b i n g viec ddng gdp l i v a t de d a n g c u n g t h i n
Cac nghi le thd c u n g t a p the m a n g tfnh c h a t hdi he m a t h i y c u n g ddng vai trd t r u n g t a m t a p hdp cdng ddng nhfl vay, cdn m a n g y n g h i a s a u xa la n g u d n gd'c
dinh hfldng ddi sd'ng, gdp p h i n q u a n
trpng tri b i n sac eua cdng ddng dd Ngdai ra, t h i y c u n g ngfldi Dad Hp cdn thflc hien nhflng nghi le n h a m dap flng nhflng n h u c i u thfldng n h a t cua dan c h u n g nhfl; cap sac, cung chay, t a n g ma, xem h a u v a n , d e a n tfldng lai, xem duyen sd vd chdng, cflng bdi chfla benh, giai ban, v.v
Met viec q u a n t r p n g nfla c i n den cac t h i y cung la k h i ngfldi ta hi d a u dm Dieu dd c u n g de b i e u , vi ngfldi Dad Hp sd'ng p h a n t a n d nhflng vflng nui hiem trd, k h d n g t h u a n tien ve giao thdng, xa cac t r u n g t a m y te, chd nen hp thfldng chfla chay b i n g cac bai thud'c d a n gian ehu yeu
tfl t h i o mdc va chi chfla dfldc cac chflng
b e n h t h d n g thfldng Vi the, kbi gap nhflng can b e n h h i e m n g h e e hp thfldng b a t Iflc, h o a n g m a n g va t r o n g nhflng h o a n c a n h nhfl vay hp thfldng mdi t h i y cung de c i u vien den t h i n linh Cd t h e phfldng p h a p chfla b e n h b i n g cung bai cua t h i y c u n g k h d n g d e m lai hieu q u i dich thflc, nhflng nd cd y n g h i a c u n g cd've m a t t i n h t h i n chd ngfldi b e n h , m a n g den chd hp niem tin va sflc m a n h , cd t h e chien
t h i n g dfldc b e n h t a t Vi vay t b i y cung
v i n r a t c i n chd ddi sdng cua hp
3 V a i t r o c i l a t h a y c u n g t r o n g ddi s o n g v a n h o a
3.1 Thdy cung - nhiing tri thdc ddn gian
NgUdi Dao ndi c h u n g va Dae Hp ndi rieng, tfl k h i di cfl den Viet N a m , cfl t r u p h a n t a n d n h u n g k h u vflc k h d n g m a y t h u a n Idi Dfldi che dp thflc dan phong kien hp k h d n g cd trfldng ldp de hpc Tuy nhien, t r o n g xa hdi Dao v a n cd mdt sd ngfldi hpc Dao giae qua sach chfl H a n , nhflng t h i y c u n g t r u y e n day Nhflng kien thflc m a t h i y cung t r a e t r u y e n che hpc trd qua nghi le cap sac k h d n g cbi dflng lai d nhflng giad dieu cua tdn giae ma cdn la nhflng k i n h nghiem, dfldc cac t h i y cung due ket t r e n g cudc ddi cua hp, dd chfnh la nhflng p h e p del n h a n xfl the p h u hdp vdi l u a n li dao dfle cua cdng ddng
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trai, p h i i lam chay cho ngUdi da chet,v.v Cd mudn van cau hdi nhU vay va cbi cd cae t h i y cung mdi tra ldi dUdc
Kho tang tri thflc dan gian cua ngfldi Dad ndi chung va Dao Hp ndi rieng ehu yeu tap trung cae loai sach ed lien quan den tdn giae, tin ngfldng, van hpc, y hpc n i m tan mat cdng ddng, nhat la nhflng ngfldi lam t h i y cung Thee T r i n Hflu Sdn; "Bao tang tinh Lao Cai mdi khao sat 21 lang (huyen Bae Yen 12 lang, huyen Sa Pa lang, huyen Bao Thang lang), tean bd cac lang dfldc khae sat van cdn Iflu gifl sach ed Xa Long Khanh huyen Bae Yen cd lang Dao vdi 163 hd, 833 ngfldi, cd tdi 97 hd cdn sach ed, vdi tdng sd' 451 eud'n"'^' Nhflng he gia dinh eon gifl dfldc leai sach thfldng la hd ed ngfldi lam nghe thay cung Dieu dd chd thay, t h i y cung la ddi tfldng sd hflu va bid Iflu mdt sd' Ifldng ldn cac van ban cd gia tri van hda eua ngfldi Dac ma den van chfla dflpc nghien cflu d i y du va ed he tbdng
T h i y cung la ngfldi am hieu ve lich phap, thien van va cd hieu biet it nhieu ve quy luat van h a n h cua vu tru, thdi tiet va mfla vu Vi the, khdng p h i i ngau nhien ma t h i y cung thflc hien dfldc hang Idat cae nghi le lien quan den s i n xua't, cay trdng, san b i t , c h i n g ban nhfl; Thang cung than lang, than ndng, than sam ciu mfla de giee trdng va cung la c i u sflc khoe eho ngfldi va gia sue t r a n h khdi dich benh Thang cay lua dang thi lam ddng, cung c i u cd nfldc che lua trd bdng Thang 10 ca lang cung ldn ta dn t h i n linh da chd hp mdt nam no am, ket thuc mot chu ki canh tac
32 Thdy ciing - nhiing nghe si ddn gian
Nghe thuat cd quan he mat thiet vdi eac nghi le tdn giao - tin ngfldng, bieu hien treng cac nghi thflc thflc hanh nghi li Ddi vdi ngfldi Dae Hp, cac sinh
heat tdn giao, tin ngfldng t h i y cung khdng chi la ngfldi cd kha nang giac tiep vdi than linh, d i n d i t tam linh cdng ddng, ma cdn ddng vai trd nhfl nhflng nghe si, tfldng trflng che t h i n linh, bieu didn thflc thu C h i n g ban, eae nghi Id cap sic, cung chay, c i u hdn, v.v cua eae t h i y cung Dao Hp, chung ta thfldng thay xuat hien mdt sd' nghe t h u a t ehu yeu nhfl n h i y mua dien xfldng, am nhac, trang tri, tac hinh Rieng t h i y shaman lai sd dung nhieu ddng tae quay cudng, nhay mua, dien t i ddng tac, tieng ndi cua t h i n phan xet
Cung nhfl nhieu tdc ngfldi khae, mua nghi le cua thay cung Dao Hp la hinh thai nghe t h u a t chiem flu the, the hien cac ddng tac vfla mang tinh chat tam linh vfla mang tinh tham mi va dfldc bieu dien trdng bdi canh "san khau" linh thieng Nhflng h a n h ddng mua dd la tai hien sfl hien hflu cua eac than linh
Treng eae nghi le eua t h i y cung ngfldi Dao Hp thflpng dien cac vu dieu nhfl quay trdn, khom Iflng, ket hpp vdi cac ddng tac mua cd dae cu, nhfl gay, dao, turn vai hoa; cd luc mua ddi, nhflng cung cd mfla t h a n h dpi hinh ngfldi Cac ddng tae mua ngoai y nghia tdn giae cdn the hien cudc sd'ng lao ddng thfldng cua ngfldi Dao Hp nhfl; mua md dfldng {tiu ngodn pie jdng), mua di cay
{tiu xeu panh), mua ga (tiu chay), mua
lam cd chd lua {tiu ngodn), mfla gat lua
{tiu xi met nhap), ganh lua ve nha {tiu xiang pia), mua chat cay, mua ba ba,
v.v Vi vay, nhflng man trinh dien nhfl tren ludn thu hut ddng d i e cae vien t r o n g cdng ddng t h a m gia va cac 7 Trin Hiiu Scm (1998) "Saeh cd ngudi Dao a Lao Cai - Di san van hda ed gia tri" Su phdt nien vdn
hda V(7 hoi ciia ngudi Dao: Hien lai vd tucrng lai (Ky
(5)Pham Van Duong Vai trd cua thdy cung
61
nghi le, nhat la le cap sac khdng chi diing laid nghi le mang tinh tdn giad gifla cac thiy cung va nhflng tin dd cua hp, ma da trd met le hdi dan gian chie'm linh ddi sdng van hda va tam hnh cua ca cdng ddng
Nghe thuat am nhac van dfldc h i u bet cac tdn giac xem la met phfldng tien t h i n
dieu giao tiep vdi t h i n linh va phu hea cho
cac dieu mua Treng cae nghi le tin ngfldng cua ngfldi Dad Hp, bad gid cung cd am nhac, vdi cae nhac cu truyen thd'ng nhfl trd'ng, chieng, la, chum chee Nhflng "nhac cdng" cung ehinh la cac thiy cung heac nhflng hpc tre eua hp Hinh thflc dien tau cua nhac eu Dae Hp mdi chi d trinh dp ddn giin, chu yeu la cac tiet tau nhip - de phu hda che cac dieu mfla va bieu hien trang thai, tinh chat cua nghi le Nhflng dfl sad dd cung la di s i n am nhac hiem bdi cua ngfldi Dad Hp va nd cbi cd cac le nghi tdn giao ma thdi
Treng cic nghi le, gia trj nghe thuat tae hinh the hien kha rd, nhat la qua hinh thflc bai tri nha dan banh le, vdi nhieu dang hea van trang tri khae nbau Bing nghe thuat e i t giay truyen thd'ng, hinh eac hnh vat va mudng thu nhfl rdng, phfldng, dai bang, hd, bfldu, nai, thudng ludng, ngfla, v.v cac hea van tren trang phuc cua t b i y cung, tren de vang ma, va cac loai md hinh thuyen, hinh nhan dfldc tai hien mdt each sinh ddng
Mau sic dfldc cac t h i y cung sd dung eac'nghi le vdi cac sic mau cbinh nhfl dd, vang, t r i n g tren trang phuc t h i y cung va ngfldi thu li, trdng tranh thd eae vi t h i n d nha dan ndi hanh le, tren eae dac cu vfla mang y nghia tdn giac, vfla tac ddng manh den tam li cua nhflng ngfldi tham dfl nhflng cung the hien tham mi cua ngfldi Dao Hp
Dien xfldng cung la mdt nhflng binh thflc the hien kha phd bien cua cac
t h i y cung treng hanh le Hp dien xfldng b i n g ngdn ngfl theo nhip dieu cua mua va am nhac ndi dung chu yeu la cac bai cung, nhflng dflpc dpc cd tiet tau, giai dieu t r i m , bdng, luc cae trao luc lai ling xud'ng, chu yeu dfldi dang ddc diln, vdi ndi dung la nhflng cau chuyen ke, nhflng truyen thuyet cua ngudi Dad Hp ve Ban Cd, Ban Vfldng
Du r i n g , nhflng hinh thflc dfldc trinh b i y d tren ed nhan ldi la hanh vi tdn giao, tin ngfldng nhflng da tich hdp nhieu gia tri van hda nghe thuat, tae nen met hien tfldng van hda dan gian tdng the rat dac trflng cua ngfldi Dao Cd the k h i n g djnh r i n g , nghien cflu van hda truyen thd'ng cua ngfldi Dad ndi chung, ngfldi Dad Hp ndi rieng, chung ta khdng the tach rdi cac smh boat van hda vdi cac le nghi tdn giae, tin ngfldng va cang khdng the bd qua vai trd cua cac t h i y cflng Dao cac sinh heat van hda dd Bdi gid'ng nhfl cac tdc ngfldi khac, nghe t h u a t dan gian eua ngfldi Dad Hp dang cdn n i m treng "tdng the nguyen hdp" (tfl dflng eua GS Dinh Gia Khanh) cua eae sinh heat van hda trdng dd ed sinh heat tin ngfldng va nd chfla dat tdi sfl chia tach nhflng bd mdn nghe t h u a t ddc lap
3.3 Thay cflng vdi viec bao lUu nhiing gia tri van hoa truyen thdng
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Nghien curu Ton giao So & - 2009
Hdn the nfla thflc te cdn che thay,nhflng sinh boat van hda truyen thd'ng cua ngfldi Dad Hp tdn tai den p h i n ldn gan lien vdi cac le nghi tdn giae Nhflng tap tuc truyen thdng mang tinh bao thu, deu cd yeu td' tin ngfldng Dieu de nhan tha'y la, van hda tdc ngfldi dfldc bid Iflu dd la y thflc cua cdng ddng va cua mdi ca nhan ma it nhieu chiu anh hfldng eua cac giac li tin ngfldng Nhflng glad li dfldc cac t h i y cung luu truyen va phat huy i n h hfldng eua nd, ddng nhat nd vd: nhflng chuan mflc chung cua cac flng xfl, budc mdi vien cdng ddng p h i i tuan thee, ne'u khdng ed the bi ed lap treng cdng ddng dieu ma khdng mudn chap nhan
Trong cac nghi le cap sac hay lam chay ma cic t h i y cung thflc hien, nd khdng chi ban che treng pham vi ca nhan hay gia dinh ma ludn lan tda cdng ddng Vi vay, d nhflng ndi dien nghi le cap sac, cung chay, ddi tfldng den dfl khdng chi dflng lai d quan he hp hang than thude ma cdn thu hflt rdng rai nhflng vien khae trcng cdng ddng cflng tham gia va dd cflng la nhflng sinh boat van hda quan trpng trcng thdn b i n
Trdng le cap sac cd nghi le cung Ban Vfldng {Phan Hung) Tai day eae thay cflng thfldng dpc nhflng cud'n saeh ve sfl ticb cua Ban Vfldng, trcng dd giai thich ve ngudn gd'c cua ngfldi Dad ndi chung Day la hinh thflc d i i n xfldng lich sd dan tdc dfldc gan vdi tin ngfldng nen cd anh hfldng sau sac tdi cdng ddng, bdi khdng chi giup mpi ngfldi hieu biet ve ngudn gd'c cua dan tdc minh ma cdn cung cd' khdi dean ket cdng ddng cang ben chat hdn
Trong dam chay cflng vay Khi t h i y cung giang giii ve dac h nhfl sfl hieu t h i o cua cen chau vdi cha me, vdi dng ba td tien, nhflng hinh phat ndi am phu danh
che nhflng ke lam nhflng viec trai vdi dao li, v.v dieu dd cd y nghia giao due sau sac del vdi mdi ngfldi
Dd dac trflng cua tdn giac la tfnh bao thu va cham bien ddi, cd le vi the trfldng hdp ngfldi Dad Hp, tdn giao tin ngfldng da gdp phan khdng nhd vao viec bao tdn nhflng gia tri van hda truyen thd'ng eua nhdm tdc ngfldi
4 V a n de phat h u y nhiJng yeu to t i c h ciJc c u a t h a y c u n g h i e n n a y
(7)Pham Van Duong Vai trd cua thdy cung
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bdn Vi vay, tinh hinh chung hien ladpi ngu nhflng ngfldi lam nghe thay cung treng ngfldi Dao cung nhfl ngfldi Dad Hp cang it va ed dp tudi trung binh cao
Trae ddi vdi chung tdi, nhflng ngfldi hpc lam t h i y cho biet, hp hpc chu yeu de thflc bien eac nghi le, cung chay cdng ddng Dae, dae biet la li cap sic, mot nghi le b i t bude, dfldc tri tfl lau ddi va chd den van khdng cd dau hieu mat di Nghi le cap sac, thee chung tdi cd li de tdn tai bdi ngoai y nghia mang tinh tam linh, niem tin cua mpi ngfldi cdn cd y nghia quan trpng treng viec giao due dae li eua ngfldi, dd cd dao hieu, dao t h i y trd, bdn phan cua mdi ngfldi dan dng vdi cdng ddng Ngoai nghi le cap sac, cung chay cdn gan bd mat thiet vdi cae hinh thflc thd cung dan gian khac nhfl thd cung td tien, la mdt bd phan hdp rat quan trpng trdng van hda dan tdc d i m b i o cho sfl gan bd cua cdng ddng dan tdc Dae ndi chung va Dao Hp ndi rieng
Cung nhfl nhieu tdc ngfldi khac, cac hinh thflc bdi tcan, trfl ta ma d ngfldi Dad Hd cd xu hfldng giim d i n cflng vdi sfl phat trien cua khea hpc ki thuat va nhflng tien be ve y te, giao due Tuy nhien, viec cflng se khdng mat di ma v i n dam nhan vai trd la chd dfla tinb t h i n che mdi ea nhan, nhat la ddi vdi the he ngfldi cae tudi
Nhfl tren chflng tdi da trinh biy, ddi vdi cudc sd'ng tinh t h i n cua ngfldi Dad Hp, t b i y cflng cd nhflng i n h hfldng quan trpng va cd the khang dinh khdng cd sflc dp nae cd the loai bd vj tri cua cac thay cung khdi ddi sd'ng cua hp Tuy nhien, treng thflc te nhflng hinh thflc heat ddng cung bai cua t h i y cung ngfldi Dad Hp cdn nbieu yeu td' me tin, trai vdi cae quy djnh eua nha nUde Trcng thdng tU sd 04/1998/TT- BVHTT 11/7/1998 ve
Hiidng ddn viec thiic hien nep sdng vdn minh viec ciidi, viec tang, le hoi da
ghi re; "Nha nUdc tdn trpng quyen tU de tin ngUdng va tU khdng tin ngUdng cua cdng dan Viec thd cung td tien le nha thd, den, chfla la tin ngfldng dfldc nha nfldc tdn trpng Xem bdi, gpi hdn, ciu cd, sam truyen, yem bfla, trfl ta, chfla benh bang phu phep la me tin di doan, nha nfldc nghiem cam "'^'
Ne'u theo tinb t h i n cua thdng tfl thi nhflng beat ddng cung bai cua t h i y cung Dao ndi chung, Dae Hp ndi rieng la vi pham phap luat Chi'nh vi vay ma d nhflng dja phfldng cd ngfldi Dad sinh sdng da Cd nhieu cudc van ddng ddng bad tfl bd cac thu tuc cung bdi me tin Tuy nhien, treng thflc te xem nhflng cudc van ddng tren khdng may hieu q u i De cac Idai van ban mang tinh phap quy cua nha nfldc nhfl tren cd the thflc hien dfldc cdng ddng ngfldi Dae ndi chung va Dao Hp ndi rieng, cac cd quan quan li nha nfldc cin tim hieu nhu cau va nguyen vpng cua ngfldi dan, trad chd hp quyen Ifla chpn tin hay khdng tin va de cho ngfldi dan tfl danh gia nhflng i n h hfldng tich ciic va ban che cua cac tbiy cung ddi sdng tin ngfldng cua hp Tfl dd cd nhflng flng xfl phu hdp, tranh tinb trang quy chup, vdi va ap dat, thee tfl cua ngfldi khdng cflng bdi canh van hda vdi hp
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ngfldi dan dng trdng cdng ddng Sd' lieu vehoat ddng tdn giao dan gian cua ngfldi Dao Hp d Lae Cai ma chung tdi khao sat che thay, cd 27 thay cung hien dang hanh nghe, h i n g nam hp thflc hien nghi le cap sac cho ca tram ngfldi dan dng Dad Hp, khdng tinh cae le cflng bdi thdng thfldng khac Cung can p h i i ndi them, del vdi ngfldi Dad ndi chung va Dao Hp ndi rieng, le cap sac la ban sac van hda cua hp, ddng hanh vdi ban sac dan tdc khdng the Idai bd Vi the, can be dang vien la ngfldi Dad van phii thflc hien nghi le nay, ne'u khdng dfldc cap sac ngfldi d i n g vien dd chfla chac da van ddng dflpc q u i n chflng thflc hien td't dfldng ldi cua Dang, tham chi ban than cdn hi cdng ddng cd lap
Vi the, chinh quyen cac dia phfldng ndi cd ngfldi Dad smh sd'ng c i n p h i i tim hieu ddi sd'ng va h a n h vi tdn giao eua ddng bao (dfldc hieu bac gdm c i nhflng ngfldi hanh nghe t h i y cung va nhflng ngfldi tin thee bp), tim hieu giae li eua hp tfl nguyen gd'c de ed nhflng flng xd cho phfl hdp, tflng bfldc thuyet phuc hp leai bd d i n nhflng nghi le khdng phfl hdp vdi cudc sd'ng hien dai, ed the gay tdn kem heac nguy hai den sflc khee, tinh mang cua ngfldi Mat khae van ddng eac t h i y cung tri nhflng le nghi mang ban* sac van hda cua dan tdc, b i e tdn va phat huy nhflng gia trj nhan van, khia canh dae dfle, tinh cam rieng va tinh cdng ddng gan bd, thdng qua eac sinh boat van hda tin ngfldng dd
Nhfl tren chflng tdi da de cap, cd ca met kho tang van hda vat the va phi vat the cua ngfldi Dao nhfl; tranh thd, sach ed, truyen ed, am nhac, mua, v.v dang dfldc cic thay cung dan tdc Dao Iflu gifl Vi vay, chung tdi cho r i n g c i n cd nhflng cdng trinh nghien cflu ki Ifldng de d i n h
gia va de phat huy vai trd cua eac t h i y cung trcng cdng tac bao tdn va phat huy nhflng di san van hda cua dan tdc Dao hien
5 Ket l u a n
- T h i y cung cflng vdi cac boat ddng tin ngfldng cua hp, la chd dfla ve mat tinh t h i n cho dai bd phan ngfldi dan Dad Hp p h i n nao t h o i man cac nhu c i u ve tam linh cdng ddng va mdi ca nhan, giup ho vflPt qua nhflng khd khan, bien ed' treng cudc sdng
- T h i y cung la ngUdi am hieu pheng tuc tap quan cua dan tdc, hp la dai dien cua cdng ddng tri eae nghi le truyen thd'ng, tae nen mdi lien ket than tdc, tri nhflng tap quan td't dep cua ngfldi Dao Hp Dieu cang cd y nghia, xu hfldng cang mat di nhflng di s i n van hda truyen thd'ng hien •, ,
- Vai trd eua t h i y cung the hien ddi sd'ng van hda, dd ndi bat la nhflng nghi le gdp p h i n lam phong phu ddi sd'ng van hda eua cdng ddng thdn ban, nhflng nghi le gdp p h i n bid Iflu nhflng gia tri van hda truyen thdng nhfl; phdng tuc, le nghi, trang phuc, am nhac, dien xfldng, chfl viet,v.v
- Trcng cdng ddng Dae Hp hien nay, dpi ngu t h i y cflng cd xu hfldng giam di ve sd' Ifldng, nhflng t h i y cung cd kien thflc uyen tham dfldc cdng ddng tdn sung den khdng nhieu, met sd' it tudi da cao, the he tre Dao Hp nhan thflc da cd nhieu thay ddi, hp khdng hoan toan tin tfldng vad eae nghi le cflng bai