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Cd thi ndi ea hai cdng trinh deu da ed nhung thanh edng nhd't dinh trong viec xay dung hinh tupng nhdn vat, the hidn dupc ve dep cua mpt danh tudng vT dai van vd toan tai, khoe dupe [r]
(1)TLf Ll£U TRO_NaMIdC
TI/dNG DAI TRAN HUNG DAO
* • OT CAI NHIN BAO QUAT
DINH GIA Lfi
Tuong dai Trdn Hung Oqo, TP Nam Ojnh - Anh Trdn Vinh Dieu khac ngoai troi
Viet Nam noi chung, nghe thuat tuong dai noi rieng chiirc nang tuoing niem, ca nggi chien th^ng, cac nlian vat ljch sui, anh tiling dan tgc, nha van hoa, lanh tu nhufng nam qua da tirng la de tai ton nhieu giay mgc cho cac tranh luan, phe binh, tao mdi quan tam Ion tren nhieu kenh, nhieu tang, kliong chi rieng gidi hgc gia, phe binh nghe thuat, nghien ciiu suf, nghien cuu van hoa, cac nghe si boat dgng trong linh vuc my thuat, kien true
Vidn My thuat, Trudng DHMT Viet Nam phdi hop vdi Hdi My thuat da td chQc hai cudc hdi thao: Thdm my mdi trudng (2002) va Didu khdc ngoai trdi Viet Nam hidn dai (2006) tap trung vdo cac yd'u td lidn quan tdi thdm my mdi trudng dd thi va thyc trang cac cdng trinh didu khdc ngoai trdi Nhidu tham ludn khoa hpc da chi rd nhung bat cap, ban che trdn cac mat khac ciia nhieu cdng trinh didu khdc, dai tudng nidm trdn khdp cac vung midn dat nudc Da xud't hidn cang nhieu tupng dai cac nhan vat lich su d cac dia phuang, xuat phat tu nhu cdu van hda chinh dang ciia ddng dao qudn chung, cung nhu chii truang ciia Dang va Nha nudc, nhat la bdi canh nen kinh td'
khdi sde tao dieu kidn khach quan cho vide xay dyng, tu tao nhirng cdng trinh ky nidm cd gia tri keo ddi ca the ky Tuy nhidn, thay vi can hd't sQc than trpng va khoa hpe vide quydt dinh xay dyng tupng dai cac nhan vat lich su bdi tinh chat he trpng, ddi hdi cac gia tri cao ve mat nghd thuat, gid tri su dung Idu dai, phii hpp vdi lich su, dac didm van hda, tinh khoa hpc, hpp ly vide phdi kd't hpp hdn nganh vdi kid'n true, quy hoach dd thi, canh quan mdi trudng thi mdt sd tupng dai nhan vat lich su Iai tdn tai nhung bd't cap, han che vd hidu qua tdng thd vdi canh quan xung quanh hoac the hidn sy non kem vd tay nghd, gia tri nghd thudt: tupng Quang Trung, tupng Ly Cdng Udn (Ha Ndi), tupng Trdn Hung Dao
(2)THOHC TIM VAN HOA N G H £ THUAT
(Nam Dinh) nhu nhieu bai tham ludn tai hai cudc hpi thao ndi trdn da de cdp C) ddy, chung tdi mong mud'n bo sung nhung y kid'n phd binh cu the ve tupng dai vi tudng qud'c vT dai lich su dan tdc, Trdn Qudc Tud'n, mdt nhan vat lieh su cd the khdng dinh chdc chdn la da dupe xdy dyng nhidu tupng dai nhd't ca Nam va ngoai Bdc
Tran Hung Dao khdng chi la mdt danh tudng kiet xud't thdi nha Trdn vdi nhung chid'n cdng hidn hach ba ldn danh tan quan Nguydn Mdng, la mdt chid'n lupc gia quan sy tai ba, ngudi da soan hai bd binh phap Binh thu ye'u
lugc va Vgn Kiep tdng bi truyen tint, ngudi ludn
cd quan diem lanh dao dat nudc dya trdn tinh than doan kd't toan dan, lay dan lam gd'c "khoan thu sue ddn lam kd'sdu rd ben gd'c" Ong cdn la nhan vat lieh sir nhat dupc nhan dan phong thanh, gpi tdn kinh la Due Thanh Trdn, dupc thd phyng vdi vi thd' ciia da'ng vua cha Ngpc Hoang, ky nhdt (20-8 nam Canh Ty 1300) dupe truyen tyng la "thdng tam gid cha", tin ngudng ciia ngudi Viet, DQc 'Hianh Trdn la ngudi che chd, ban phuc, tidu diet nhung the lyc xam lang, nan trdm cudp, mang lai sy binh an cho mpi gia dinh Ngoai ddn thd chinh d Kid'p Bac (Hai Duong) va den Co Traeh (Nam Dinh), Hung Dao Vuong Trdn Qyd'c Tuan cdn dupe nhan dan thd phung d khdp mpi noi vdi nhieu hinh thuc tucmg trdn chan dung, thd ngai, thd bai vi Tupng dai Trdn Hung Dao nen my thudt Viet Nam hidn dai d ca hai mien Nam Bdc tinh tu ddu TK XX da dupc xay dyng kha nhieu, dai da sd theo nhQng he quy chid'u thdm my tao hinh chau Au ma chiing ta da dupe hpc tap, tid'p thu tu ngudi Phap
Giai doan trudc nam 1975 tai mien Nam, che dp Viet Nam Cdng Hda chii truang coi mdt sd nhan vat lich su nhu due td ciia cdc binh chiing Due Thanh Trdn la td ciia binh chiing hdi qudn dupc xay dyng tupng dai d Sai Gdn, Phan Thid't Ngoai d cdc tinh khac d phia Nam tinh tdi cung cd tupng dai Trdn Hung Dao nhu Vung Tau, Nha Trang, Binh Dinh, tai TPHCM ngoai tupng ddi Trdn Hung Dao d bd'n Bach Ddng cdn cd tupng ngai
d cdng vidn van hda Trdn Hung Dao huydn Cdn Gid, tupng Due Thanh Trdn d ddn Due Thanh Tran - 36 Vd Thi Sau, phudng Tdn Dinh, quan I Ngay ca nhQng ngudi Viet dang dinh cu d Seattle, California My cung dyng tupng thd DQc Thanh Trdn vdi quy md mdt tupng dai vdi ddy du cdc chuc nang sinh boat van hda, tin ngudng
Dac diem chung ciia cac tupng Trdn Hung Dao tai cac tinh phia Nam ke trdn ddu gid'ng ve tu thd': tay trai cdm guom, tay phai chi xud'ng phia dudi nhu khdng dinh chil quydn lanh thd, chdn phai budc Idn phia trudc, trang phuc giap try, khoac chid'n bdo guong mat nghidm nghi ciia mdt vd tudng, tupng dai d TP Phan TTiid't bdn canh Trdn Hung Dao cdn cd nhi vi gia tudng Yet Kidu, Da Tupng nhung ta't ca ddu cd mdt nhupc diem chung thd cung vd tao hinh, the hidn mdt tay nghd kha non theo dudi mpt phong each hidn thyc ma lai yd'u vd giai phdu va xu ly khdi dap khudn ve the dang Dac bidt ban che Idn nha't la khau td chuc khdng gian mdt tuong dai didu khdc hoanh trang, td't ca ddu khdng kd't hop dupc mdt each td't nhd't vdi canh quan kid'n true, sinh thai d xung quanh Td't nhidn nhQng van de lich sir khach quan da dem lai nhQng khd khan nhd't dinh cho viec quy hoach, cai tao khdng gian cho nhQng tupng dai ke trdn, nhidn khdng the khdng chu y tdi hidn trang, tinh chdt tac ddng tdi tham my mdi trudng hidn ciia chung
Tupng dai Trdn Hung Dao d bd'n Bach Ddng qua nhd be va bi ldn at hoan toan tuong quan ti Id vdi hai tda cao dc d mat sau, dat ben canh mdt giao Id vdi mat dp di chuydn day dac, hoan toan khdng phit hop cho vide thudng thue, hay nhQng sinh boat tudng nidm, ddng huong
Tupng dai Trdn Hung Dao d Binh Dinh dat trdn dinh nui qua cao, hoan toan khdng thudn tidn cho vide chidm bai rat sa sai vdi phdn dai (be) va khdng cd quy hoach tdng the cho mdt khu tupng dai tudng nidm
Tmh trang tuong ty eung xay vdi hai cdng trinh d cdng vien TP Vung Tau vd d Phan Thid't mi So 310
(3)T a LIEU TRO.NG_MJdC_ Tupng dai tai edng vidn Trdn Himg Dao
huydn Can Gid cdn ndm tinh trang bi bd hoang, khdng cd ca quan hQu traeh cham sde, bao ve
0 phfa Bdc, hai cdng trinh tuong dai ky nidm vi tudng thidn tai cua ddn tdc tai nui An Phu, huyen Kim Mdn, Hai Duong va quang trudng thang 2, Nam Dinh la nhQng edng trinh dupc dau tu quy md ldn, vdi tdm vde hoanh trang, la nidm ty hdo eua nhdn dan hai tinh, mdt la noi dng sinh (Hai Duong), mdt la que huong eua dng va ciia nha Trdn (Nam Dinh) Cd thi ndi ea hai cdng trinh deu da ed nhung edng nhd't dinh viec xay dung hinh tupng nhdn vat, the hidn dupc ve dep cua mpt danh tudng vT dai van vd toan tai, khoe dupe ve dep ciia ehd't lieu quy (ddng va da xanh niii Nhdi Thanh Hda), tao dupc mdt dia diem van hda tinh than phuc vu nhan ddn, phuc vy cac hoat ddng xa hdi, gdp phdn ca ngpi truydn thd'ng da'u tranh giQ nudc ba't khua't cita dan tdc Tuy nhidn cung nhu mdt so y kid'n phd binh eiia cac nha nghien cuu, ca hai tupng dai deu vdn ton tai mdt sd nhupc diem da dupe khao sat dudi day
Tugng ddi Trdn Hung Dgo a Hdi Duang la
cdng trinh eita nha didu khde Ha Tri Dung, khanh ndm 1998, dupe xay dyng ndm cum di tich An Phu, huydn Kim Mdn, xua la phii dd ciia Qud'c Cdng tid't chd'
Trdn khu vuc cd dp cao 240 met, cum di tieh gdm cd den thd An Sinh Vuong Tran Lidu (cdn goi la chua Cao), than phu Trdn Hung Dao, ddn dupc xdy dyng sau Tran Lidu qua ddi Phia ddng each den thd 300 met la dia diem xdy dtmg tupng dai, khdi edng nam 1997 Tupng dai cd ehieu cao 12,7 met, mat nhin hudng dong, dupc tac bdng chat lieu da xanh nui Nhdi Thanh Hda Tac gia Ha Tri Dung the hidn nhan vat tu thd'dung thang, chdn phai try, chdn trai dap trdn sdng dQ, tay trdi ty ldn dd'c kid'm, tay phai cam cud'n Binh thu ye'u lugc, the hidn mdt tu tudng, mdt tdm nhin chie'n lupc ke' sach chd'ng ngoai xdm vd tai binh lupc ciia vi anh hung, guong mat vudng vQc, dam chidu cua mdt nha lanh dao quan su nhu ludn trdn trd vdi
nhung ke sach dyng nude va giQ nudc Phong each the hidn ehung la hidn thyc, cd each didu bdng each gian lupc hda cdc mang, khdi the hidn khde khodn, nha'n vao cac chi tid't ciia trang phuc tao nhip didu Tao hinh cd van dung, kd' thQa nghd thuat didu khdc truyen thd'ng d he thdng tupng La Han, Hd phdp ehiia chidn phfa Bdc TK XVII, XVIIL Tuy vay vdn khdng trdnh khdi cam giac hoi gupng cua dang, hudng nhin cita khudn mat va todn bd phdn than trudc cung mdt hudng, true vai, hdng khdng thay ddi ndn qua tTnh va gd ep, khdng toat ldn dupe than thai ciia mdt vi "thidn tudng" Nhan xet ve hinh dang cae nhdn vat dieu khdc tupng dai Viet Nam, hpa sT Pham Binh Chuang da rd't xac dang cho rdng "tupng dai d Viet Nam cd phong each tuong dd'i gid'ng tru guong mat, cdn hinh dang cdc nhan vat deu cd dang ve chdc nich, cdc khdi dupe phat mang, cdc ndp quan dupe each didu, gian lupe, hoi trang tri, gid'ng nhu mac bdng bia cQng hoac kim loai Cd the gpi la phong each khde hda"(l) Ben trdt tupng cdn ed buc phu didu ddi 45 met, cao trung binh 2,5 met didn ta cudc chid'n tranh todn ddn chd'ng quan Nguyen Mdng TK XIII Thanh cdng ldn nhd't ciia tupng dai Trdn Hung Dao d Hai Duong ndm d ve dep hda hpp vdi eanh quan thidn nhidn, nui non vT, sy phdi hop mdt quan the kid'n true giQa chua cd va tupng dai mdi, tao dupc tinh tuang hd giua Uch su, kien true, didu khdc
Titgng Trdn Hifng Dgo a Nam Dinh dupc
xdy dyng tai dia diem quang trudng thang 2, trung tdm phd Nam Dinh, phia trudc hd Vi Xuydn nam 1997-2000, tac phdm eiia nha didu khdc Vuong Duy Bidn
Vide xdy dung tupng dai Trdn Hung Dao tai TP Nam Dinh la nguydn vpng cd tu lau ciia ddng dao cdc tdng ldp chfnh quydn, nhan dan tinh Lang TQc Mac, huydn My Ldc nai cdn luu da'u tich Hanh phii Thidn Trudng ndm ngoai vi thdnh phd la que huong ciia nha Trdn, nai cdn rd't nhieu di tich lich sir, ddn chiia thd cac vi vua nha Trdn va ddn Cd Traeh thd Qud'c cdng tid't che Hung Dao Vuong Trdn Qud'c Tud'n Ndm 1997, nhdn ky niem 710 nam
(4)THOMC TIM VAN HOA NOHF THUAT chien thdng Bach Ddng (1288-1988) TP Nam Dinh da cho khdi cdng xdy dyng tupng dai tai quang trudng thang 2, bdn canh bd hd Vi Xuydn Tupng diic bdng chat lieu ddng, cao 10,2 met, nang 21 tan, dat uy nghidm, sung sQng trdn be bd tdng met, bdn phia dp dd granit, phan id dai rdng rai cd xay dyng hai vudn hoa ban nguyet d hai bdn, phia sau la hang cpc Bach Ddng giang dyng bdng da, tupng trung cho chid'n cdng hidn hach mdt thdi Gid'ng nhu tupng d Hai Duong, Hung Dao Vuong cQng dupc the hidn vdi tay trai ndm chat ddc guom sdn sang chid'n da'u, tay phai cam Binh tint ye'u lugc, net mat dam chidu, nghidm nghi, qudc thudc, tupng quay hudng tay bdc, nhin thdng vao nhd van hda thang2-mdt kid'n triic kidu Phap, phia sau lung la hd Vi Xuydn (hd dupc dao tu thdi Phap thudc), chd'ch ve phia trudc tupng, ben trai la khdeh san Vi Hoang - mdt kid'n triic tdng kidu cu thdi bao cap, ben phai la tda nhd cua Doan nghd thuat Cheo va khu nhd Sd VHTTDL tinh (ca tda nha deu Id kid'n true mdt), phia sau tupng dai, tpa lac trdn mat hd la nha hang Thity Tpa dupc xdy dyng tu nhQng nam 80, trat da granito xam mdc, cu ky Tupng dung hidn ngang vdi mdt ldp sdng cudn ldn d phia sau, hinh khdi gian lupc, tap trung dac ta chdn dung, thdn thai nhdn vat Cd the ndi tac gia Vuong Duy Bidn da rat cdng vdi vide xay dyng hinh tupng nhan vat thdng qua mdt chan dung dep ciia vi tudng ldi lac, mac du ddy cung la khd khan Idn nhat vide thd hidn dae did'm chan dung mdt nhan vat lich su ma tai lieu midu ta hdu nhu khdng cd gi Ndi ve han che ciia tupng dai vide td chuc mdt khdng gian kid'n true tdng the', cung nhu yd'u td phong thiiy khdng thudn (hd Vi Xuyen khdng tan dung dupc nhu mdt yd'u td minh dudng dung d phia sau tupng, kid'n triic nha van hda thang chdn phia trudc lam giam hidu qua tdm nhin yd'u td tam linh ciia tupng dai), da cd nhieu y kid'n, bat tham luan de cap tdi Chi xin don cu y kid'n ciia kid'n true su Ngd Huy Giao: "Khdng gian quang trudng dep, tiec la cai nha van hda Idn ciia ca
phd xay ngang phia trudc, khdng cd dit cay xanh cdn thid't Kidu dang lai nhdp tu mdt thu kid'n true quen thudc nhung ngoai lai, gpi nhd dd'n nhd hat TP Hai Phdng, TP.HCM Khdng the cd mdt kie'n true Viet Nam cho cdng trinh sao? Gia nhu mdt phdn kid'n true ciia tupng dai la mdt bao tang, mdt ddn thd Due Thanh Trdn thi tuyet vdi bie't may Hay nha van hda d'y cd gian trang trpng thd DQc Thanh Trdn thi truyen thd'ng bie't bao Midn la dung de cho ngai ngy tri cai nha "lai Phap""(2) Vang, dang tide la gia nhu! Gia nhu hd Vi Xuydn kd't hpp dupc vdi y tudng gdn vdi chid'n cdng trdn sdng Bach Ddng, mac dii da cd hang cpc da tupng trung, nhimg nd td be nhd va rdi rac, khdng kd't hop dupe vdi mat hd vi nhin tu phia trudc tupng dai hoan toan khdng thd'y mat hd Phdn dai (be dd tupng) qua quen thudc va kha dd dai chi la mdt khdi vudng sde canh, dp da, khdng tan dyng nhQng dd an trang tri phdi hpp vdi hoa van trdn trang phuc ciia tupng
De kd't ludn bai vid't, xin dupe trich ddn va bay td sy tan ddng vdi ldi gidi thidu hdi thao Didu khdc ngoai trdi Viet Nam hidn dai (2006): "Cac cdng trinh tupng dai thudng qua to, it nhdm tupng dep, thid'u mpt cai nhin tdng the, thid'u quy hoach, nhieu tupng lam khdng cd nghd, sy phdi hpp giua nha didu khdc va nha kid'n true chua ddng didu" "Mdt tae pham dep ma khdng dupc dat dung mdi trudng vdi ty id va kich thudc hpp ly thi ve dep dd khdng nhQng chang dupc tdn vinh ma cdn lam tdn hai dd'n mdi trudng"(3) va dd xua't ciia nha didu khdc Dinh Xudn Viet: "Can cd nhieu ngdn ngu didu khdc han nhQng tac phdm didu khac Khdc phuc each lam, each nghT minh hpa ndi dung, de tai Mdi tac phdm can tim cho dupc mdt net ridng - each the hien mdi, each tid'p can npi dung sang tao Trdnh Id'i lam phd truong hinh thQc ton kem khdng can thid't"(4) u
.; D.G.L
1 2, Nhieu tac gia Dieu khdc ngodi trdi Viet
Nam hien dai Ky yeu hot thiio N.\b My tliiidt Ha Npi,
2006 ' ?• ?,.,
Fjisosio