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- l^ng xd can thiep eiia eon ngudi vdi thien nhien xuat hien d mdi cdng ddng dan tdc vdi sutidn hda van minh, khi con ngudi ed dil tri luc va nhan thirc dupc nhu eau va kha nang dap[r]
(1)QUY H O A C H - KIEN TRUC - DO THj & XA HOI
TS.KTS HOANG MANH NGUYEN (*)
M ac du chi la nudc gdp phan nhd gay bidn doi khf hau, nhien Viet Nam lai la mpt nhirng nudc dung ddu (thir l b 16 nudc dung dau danh sach) vd mirc dp chju riii ro Idn nhat ciia bidn doi hau 30 nam tdi Ndu muc nude bien dang len Im thi Viet Nam se mdt 12% ddt sir dung - noi cu tru ciia 23% dan sd (Theo du bao ciia World Bank -2009)
Trong nhieu ngudi chua nhan thirc dupe, thi bidn doi hau da ed nhCrng tac ddng to Idn
den Viet Nam va nhieu qudc gia khac gay nhidu tham hpa tan khdc Ngap lut d midn Bac, bao d mien Trung, tridu cudng d midn Nam Viet Nam, trude day xay vai nam mdt lan, thi diln hang nam, tham chf nhidu lan mdt nam
Cung vdi su biing no phat trien kinh td, su phat trien dd thj vupt ngoai tdm kiem soat khien eae dd thi ciia Viet Nam trd nhirng cd may tieu tdn nang lupng va san xuat khf thai la nhirng tae nhan ciia bidn doi khf hau Theo thdng ke ciia Bd Xay dung, ddn
nam 2020, dien tfch xay dung se tang nhanh Cae dd thi dang chldm 30 - 40% nang lupng sir dung; 19% lupng nudc sach tieu thu, 29% lupng gd khai thac, 40 -50% nhien lieu thd dupc sir dung Vdi tdc dp tang trudng ciia cae don vj doanh nghiep nganh xay dung hien tong nang lupng tidu dung khu vue xay dung dd thj udc tfnh chidm khoang tir 20 - 24% tong nang lupng qudc gia
Nhan thifc dupc thach thufc eiia bidn doi khf hau, Thii tudng da phe duyet Chuong trinh Mue tieu Qudc gia img phd vdi bien doi khf hau vdi cae hanh ddng tap trung vao giai doan 2009-2015 Tuy nhien, dau tranh vdi nhirng vdn dd ciia bidn doi khf hau la mdt cdng viec to Idn khdng the thue hien dupc bdi don thuan nha nudc Viet Nam hay cae to chirc qui hoach kidn true Day la mdt nhiem vu dat eho loan xa hpi eiia Viet Nam
(2)sir QUAY TR6 LAI QUA THIET K E S I N H T H A I
trang thai ung xCl: thu ddng, can thiep va chong tra
- L/ng xd thij ddng: la sU phan irng vd thirc va hOu thirc ciia ngudi vdi didu kidn tu nhien de thi'ch ifng tdn tai, khdng lam phuong hai den thien nhien
- l^ng xd can thiep eiia eon ngudi vdi thien nhien xuat hien d mdi cdng ddng dan tdc vdi sutidn hda van minh, ngudi ed dil tri luc va nhan thirc dupc nhu eau va kha nang dap img nhu cau
- Ohg xd chdng tra: Dau thd ky XXI khoa hpc cdng nghe phat trien vupt bae, ngudi cd the tao nhung thir minh cdn va mudn, ngudi eang thda man minh thi eang sinh nhu cdu thda man hon va hon nua Chinh luc dd ngudi phai chdng tra lai CPn thjnh no ciia thien nhien.'
Trong bdi canh dd, dd thi va cdng trinh kiln true dupe khoac len minh chide giap, xa each khdi mdi trudng thien nhien Con ngudl tu thda man minh bang su tien nghi, su d l chju bdng cac phuong each nhan tao Di ngupe vdi each nghT, each lam dd, thiet k l sinh thai da dupc quan tam trd lai nhu la mdt giai phap thdng minh vira thi'ch ung vifa dap img va ddn tra l^i cho thien nhien nhirng gl da ldy
Khai niem v l thilt k l sinh thai la mdt khai niem khdng mdi nhung da dupe Idng ghep nhijmg
tu tudng mdi trudc nhung thach thirc eiia biln doi hau Thilt k l sinh thai ed the hieu la qua trinh tich hpp cac y l u td mdi trudng vao qua trinh thidt k l va phat trien cac san pham dd thj va kien true
Dd thj hay cac edng trinh kidn true deu la cae san pham Idn dupc tao tir rat nhidu san pham nhd Do vay de cd dupc mdt dd thj sinh thai hay mdt kiln true sinh thai cdn xudt phat tir cac san pham sinh thai va dupe sir dung mdt each phiJ hop thdng qua mdt thidt ke sinh thai Vdi thilt k l sinh thai, dd thj va cdng trinh kiln triic dupc tao lap dUa tren tinh thdn eiia trilt ly Phucmg
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Ddng dd la phat trien trdn cO sd tdn trpng va hda hpp cung thien nhien Didu dd mang lai nhung kha nang giam thieu tieu thu nang lupng va thfch nghi vdi hau, mang d i n nhung sir dung kinh te hon, tuoi thp cdng trinh cao hon Vdi phuang cham tidn len tuong lai nhin lai hien tai, thilt kl sinh thai ludn hudng tdi nhifng san pham tidu chuan khdng thira khdng thilu, dilu giiip triet thoai nhung lang phf nang luong va tai nguydn, de danh cho tuong lai.'
Cung Chung mdt nhan thifc nhu vay, thang 11/2010 tai Dai Bae, Dai Loan da didn hdi nghj ban v l thilt ke sinh thai vdi sir tham gia eiia hau het cae nudc Ddng A APO (Asian Productivities Organization) to chu'c Tai didn dan rat nhieu nhung edng va kinh nghiem viec thiie day, phat trien cac san pham sinh thai va thilt k§ sinh thai da dupc chia se
Ndi dung ciia phuong phap thilt k l sinh thai theo tu tudng mdi cd the tdm tat d mdt sd diem sau:
- Thidt ke sinh thai can dUdc nhin nhan va dp dung tong the trdn cac khia canh mdi trudng, xa hdi, van hda va kinh t l Thilt k§ sinh thai khdng di ngupe lai nhu
Mongolia
Republic 0fK«r«4
Hong Kong
Thaiidnd Republic of Vietnam
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HiUysis
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thanh viin cua APO
(3)S l / QUAY T R d LAI CUA THIET KE SINH THAI eau phat trien kinh t l va phii hpp
vdi didu kidn van hda xa hdi ciia timg dia phuang Thilt k l sinh thai khdng phai la giai phap rieng cho cac nudc phat trien ma ciia ca cae nude dang phat trie'n de giai quylt mdt loat eae van de vd mdi trudng dang dat tren binh didn toan cau
- Cac san pham sinh thai can dupc trien khai bao trum trdn ca dd thj, cdng trinh kidn true, vat lieu va cae san pham xay dung Nhung san pham eiia thilt k l sinh thai la mdt qua trinh khep kin Giam thieu nhimg ddu vao eiia dd thj va kidn true (nhung vat lieu thd), giam thieu ddu ciia dd thj va kien triic (d nhiem, rac thai, nudc thai ) Sir dung trilt ly
"ngudn goc trd ve ngudn gdc" de thuc hien vide tai sir dung cac vat lieu cu cang nhilu cang tdt
Nhieu cdng cu hd trp cho thiet
khach trudng sinh thai voi eae hang sinh thai
- Quan ly va khuyin khfch cac san pham sinh thai: Cdn xay dung mdt he thdng quan ly va danh gia cac san pham sinh thai de phat huy thilt k l sinh thai mdt each thuc chat
Trudc nhung thach thirc ciia bien doi khf hau, thidt ke sinh thai vdi tu tudng mdi la tien dd cho hang loat kd hoach hanh ddng cho Viet Nam tuong lai:
- Xay dung mdt cd chd hd trp va khuyen khi'ch thiet ke sinh thai thdng qua vide ban hanh eae he thdng luat lien quan
- Tao lap mdi trudng eho thilt ke sinh thai thdng qua sU can bang ciia kinh te va mdi trudng, dp dung vao cac san pham cdng nghiep va hoat ddng thuong mai
- Xay dung eae chuong trinh dao dao vd thilt k l sinh thai tir
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k l sinh thai da dupc d l xudt nhu la LCA, PESSS,TRIZ =
Oe thilt k l sinh thai ed the di vao ddi sdng, cdn thuc hien dupe bdn cdng vide khdng the thilu cd the Net ke nhu sau:
- Xay dung chfnh sach: Can cd sueam kit ciia cdp lanh dao, can cd mdt he thong luat rd rang
- San pham sinh thai: Can phai tao mdt ngudn eung eae san pham sinh thai ddi dao, phong phu va cd chat lupng eao vdi gia hoc ly
- Khach hang cho san pham sinh thai: Cdn xay dung mpt thj
hpc sinh, sinh vien va md rdng d i n cac tang Idp xa hdi
- Xay dung cac ehuan ISO va he thdng danh gia cho cac cdng trinh va san pham hudng tdi sinh thai
- Xay dung cac md hinh thue hien tir chi'nh saeh- thf diem- lua chpn hinh mau chuan - ap dung nhdn rdng
Viet Nam cd ca mpt b l day ljch sir ddi ehpi lai vdi thien tai, vide nghien ciru nhimg kinh nghiem thi'ch img khf hau thdng qua cae cdng trinh kiln true truyin thdng ed the cho ta bilt nhOng kha nang
thfeh img vdi khf hau tuong lai nhu t h i nao
Nhidu cd hdi dang md vdi thilt k l sinh thai qua trinh phat trien tai Viet Nam Qua trinh md rdng cae vimg dd thj nhu la Ha Ndi hay phd Hd Chf Minh tao nhilu cd hdi cho vide giam thieu vide tidu thu cac ngudn tai nguyen va lupng khf thai Day cung la dilu kien tdt cho vide chuyen djch co eau theo hudng ndn kinh te hieu qua v l nang lupng va xanh saeh trdn tinh thdn eiia thiet ke sinh thai
Ben canh dd, thilt k l sinh thai rdt cdn nhDng nd luc manh me ciia cac co quan lidn quan tir quan ly, giam sat va ea nganh cdng nghiep xay dung
Tren day la mdt sd ddng gdp nhd hudng tdi mdt Viet Nam van minh xanh cd sire de khang cao vdl bidn doi hau , rdt mong dupe su chia se them tir eae ban ddng nghidp.Q
'•'KTS Hoang Manh Nguyen
Vien Kign true Nhiet ddi - Oai hoc kien true Ha noi - nguyenhm68@gmail.com
Kidn true nhiet ddi va chidn Iffpe bao ve moi trffdng tridt ly tff nhffng nhan bidt khong mdi - Hoang Dao Kinh, Hpi Kidn trffc sff Viet Nam
'Current trend and Issues related to Eco-design, Fumi Masuda, Tokyo Zokei Univ
'Taiwan's Policies & Achievements in Promoting Eco-Design Activities, Ning Yu, President, Environment and Development Foundation
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1 Asia Pacifie Economic Cooperation (2009) Peer review on energy efficiency in Vietnam Final Report Endorsed by the APEC Energy Working Group
2 Vietnam: Expanding Opportunities for improving Energy Efficiency Robert R Taylor, Jas Singh, Alberto U Angco, V\/orld Bank 2009
3 Climate Change 2007, Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Fourth Assessment Report of ' the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, IPCC, 2007