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Kim Cfldng la cum cdng trinh kien trflc Phat giao ndi tieng thdi Ly - Trdn, dd Ly Nhan Tdng sang lap vd dfldc nha sfl Tri Nhu trung tu dfldi thdi Tran, den ndm 1367 thi hoan thanh. H[r]
(1)34 Nghien curu Ton giao Sd 7-2008
PHAT GIAO VA MOI LIEN HE V d l XA HOI DAI VIET T H d l TRAN
(thekiXIII-XIV)
D ao Phat du nhap vao Viet Nam bang hai dfldng, tfl An Do qua dfldng bien va tfl Trung Qud'c qua dfldng bg, vad khoang dau Cdng nguyen va phat trien cflc thinh d thdi Ly - Tran Nhflng chi den thdi Tran Phat giao Viet Nam mdi dflgc due kei mdt tfl tfldng dgc dao, Thien phai True Lam Trdn Nhan Tdng vi to thfl nha't cua Thien phai dfldc nhieu nha nghien cflu ggi la "bd dud'c" cua Thien hgc Viet Nam Dao Phat dfldc cac tdng ldp nhan dan sflng bai Giao li dao Phat vdi tfl bi, hi xa va sfl tu tap theo ngu gidi va thap thien d i dang dfldc qudn chung nhan dan Dai Viet tiep thu Giao li dd cung rat gan vdi tmh than bac ai, khoan hda, nhan tfl cua dan tdc va tdn tai den nay,
Sfl phat t n e n va bien ciia dao Phat the hien d viec chfla chien dfldc xay dflng rat nhieu Thee ghi chep cua Nguyen Dfl Truyen ki man lij.c thi thdi Trdn, chfla chien dflng len khdp ndi: "Lang Idn cd den hdn mUdi ndi, lang nhd cung chflng nam, sau, bao ngoai bdng rao luy, td bdng vang son ""' Tinh trung binh cd le mot lang cd khoang tfl den ngdi chua Nhfl vay, sdchua chien d
' ' NGUYEN THI FHl/ONG CHI''
Dai Viet thdi Trdn chac phai ra't nhieu Rat tiec, chung ta khdng ed so' chinh xac Nhflng ghi chep cua Nguyen Dii hoan toan cd li sii cfl chep; "Tan Mao, nam thfl (1231), Thflgng hoang xud'ng chieu rang nfldc pham chd nao c6 dinh tram deu phai td tfldng phat de thd Trfldc la tue nfldc ta vi nang mfla nen lam nhieu dinh nghi de eho ngfldi di dfldng nghi chan, trat vach bdng vdi trdng, goi J a dinh tram"'^' Cac quan vfldng nha Tran deu r a t gidi tren nhieu linh vflc, dd cd Phat giao Cac vua Trdn Thai Tdng, Trdn Thanh Tdng, Tran Nhan Tdng va Tran Anh Tdng deu am tfldng Phat hgc Day la dieu khac vdi cac vua thdi Ly trfldc dd Cae vi vua thdi Ly can den eac thien sfl khdng chi vi ham thich dao Phat ma cdn can den t n thflc cua ho tren nhieu phfldng dien (chinh tri, van hda, ngdai giao ) Tran Thai Tdng la ngfldi cd vai trd quan trgng trdng viec dat nen mdng cho sii phat trien Phat giao va sau dd, dudi thdi Tran Nhan Tdng, Phat giao phat trien cUc thinh Trdn Thai Tong ham me ke cflu Phat giao, nhflng cung n g h i e n cflu day du k m h dien ciia Nho
(2)giao nhfl dng da hoc b a c h t r o n g Bdi tiia
Thien tdng chi nam: "Mdi dfldc r a n h
viec, t r a m lai hdi hgp cac vi tuoi cao dflc ca de t h a m va'n dao t h i e n , cdn nhfl cac k m h dien ciia dai giao (Nho giao - TG) thi k h d n g k i n h n a o k h d n g n g h i e n cflu"'" Tfl tfldng va tac p h d m cua T r a n T h a i Tdng va T u e T r u n g Thfldng Si cd t i n h cha't md dfldng cho T h i e n p h a i T r u e L a m thdi Trdn, mac du hg k h d n g p h a i Id nhflng dng td H a i dng d a cd a n h hfldng Idn tdi T r a n N h a n Tdng T r a n N h a n Tdng md P h a t tfl t h u d nhd, s a c h Tam td thiic liic chep: "Vao gid Ty m o t dem kia, vua vfldt t h a n h r a di, d i n h vao nui Yen Tu, nhflng den c h u a T h a p , n u i Ddng Cflu thi trdi vfla s a n g , lai vi q u a m e t nen p h a i vao nghi t r o n g T h a p Vi t a n g chfla a'y tha'y vua tfldng m a o k h a c thfldng, lien dem thflc an len mdi N g a y hdm dd, T h a i h a u dem c h u y e n ay t h u a t lai day du vdi T h a n h Tdng T h a n h Tdng sai q u a n t h a n di tim k h d p bd'n phfldng, ba't ddc di vua phai trd ve Khi len ngdi, d chd'n ciiu trflng cad s a n g m a v u a v a n sd'ng t h a n h tinh V u a thfldng ngii trfla d chfla Tfl Phuc t r o n g Dai ngi, mdt hdm mdng tha'y t r e n r u n tro mot hoa sen v a n g Idn nhfl b a n h xe, t r e n hoa cd P h a t vang "'"" Roi, dng lai dfldc T u e T r u n g Thfldng Si (anh cua H d a n g T h a i h a u N g u y e n T h a n h Thien C a m , me ciia T r d n N h a n Tdng), mot ngfldi ndi t i e n g ve T h i e n hgc t r u y e n day Nen, T r a n N h a n Tdng k h d n g chi la mdt vi vua a n h h u n g m a cdn trd t h a n h "bd dud'c" cua T h i e n tdng Viet N a m Va, chi dfldi thdi T r a n mdi cd n h i e u n h a vua h a m thich ke cflu P h a t hgc va de lai n h i e u thd phfl c u n g nhfl tac p h d m ve Thien tdng ndi tieng''^' De t r u y e n ba P h a t giae t r d n g n h a n d a n , Dtii Tang Kinh da
dfldc t r i e u d i n h cho khdc in vao cudi the ki XIII, gdp p h a n q u a n t r g n g cho viec p h a t trie'n P h a t hgc d t h e ' k i sau
Tinh t h a n tfl bi, hi xa k h o a n d u n g cua P h a t giao k h d n g cd n g h i a la dan dat ngfldi ta u y mi m a ngfldc lai, r a t b a n linh va d a m b a n sdc had k h i Ddng A nhfl cau ndi ciia T r a n Thii Do t r a ldi vua T r a n ; "Dau t h d n chfla rdi xud'ng da't xin be h a dflng le" k h i q u a n x a m Ifldc Nguyen-Mdng Idm le tien vao Dai Viet hoac cflng nha't t r i q u y e t d a n h d Hgi nghi Dien Hdng Cho du, T r d n T h u Do cung da cdt tdc di tu"^' s a u T r d n C a n h len ngdi vua Dd la diem h e t sflc ddc dao ciia thdi T r d n va P h a t giao thdi T r d n
(3)36 Nghien curu Ton giao Sd7 -2008
nfldc, vet chan da mia thien ha, mud'n tim nha hgc, vdn mieu chfla tflng tha'y dau Vi the ta vdn lay lam then nhieu vdi mdn dao Phat Vay tdi tfl hoc bach viet de khuyen ran ngfldi ddi"'^*
Tfl heu van bia cung che biet, eac tang ldp nhan dan treng xa hdi thdi Tran dfldng thdi neu ed dieu kien deu mong mud'n dflgc cflng tien rudng da't, tien cua de xay dflng, trung tu chfla thap, due chudng, dflng bia
Bia chiia Phuc Minh - Ong Ldu^^^ hien dat trfldc chua Phflc Minh, thdn Yen De, xa Hiep Hda, huyen Vu Thfl, tinh Thai Binh, Dd Nguyen Chfldng, mdt trieu thinh dai phu, Han lam quyen hgc si tri che cao, thfldng ki dd uy trieu Tran sean vdn bia vao nam Dai Tri 12 (1369) va khac Idn ddu vao nam 1377, cho biet: "Hfldng Man De d chau Hoang, cd chfla Ong Lau, bien ghi la chfla Phuc Minh, Thai hau Lmh Nhan thdi Ly xay dflng Den ndm Binh Ngg (1336), ngUdi
hUdng triing tu Phdt dien, rdi tiep tiic viec md rdng chiia, tii ndm Mdu Ddn, ndm Khai Hiiu 11 (1338), den ndm Mau Ngg (1342) mdi hodn thdnh Sau do, mua dugc qud chudng cua dng hg Trdn d Co LU treo tren lau chiia"^^\ Ndi dung van
bia cdn de cap den thuyet qua bao cua dao Phat de di vao long ngfldi nen dfldc nhieu ngUdi theo Hg san sang hien ca rudng vUdn tai san de xay chfla thap; "Phat giao d Tay True a'y, day che ngfldi ta luc sd'ng lam viec thien, chet se cd phuc bad; luc sd'ng ma lam viec ac thi den luc chet se cd tdi bao, Ldi day a'y ciia nha Phat that nggt ngad de di sau vao long ngfldi, nen dfldc nhieu ngfldi theo, den mflc hien ca rudng vfldn, xua't tai san ciia nha de xay chua thap, nhflng dieu mong
fldc xfla bao ddi, ben vflng kien cd lam, khdng gi pha vd ndi """' Tuy da cd nhieu bae quan tii dung van chfldng bac be nhflng cung khdng lam gi dfldc Dieu it nhieu phan anh tinh hinh da'u t r a n h tfl tfldng gifla P h a t giad va Nho giao thdi a'y'^^'
Bia ma nhai ndi Cd Phong ndm d ben
phai ddng Lien Hea nfli Cd Phong, la chfla Khuc Mg, thdn Phong Phu, xa Minh Giang, huyen Hoa Lfl, tinh Ninh Binh (chfla Phat Ddng Lien Hoa nui Cd Phong van cdn) Bia khdng ghi ten tac gia va nien dai dflng bia''^' Ndi dung van bia eho biet: "Tran Thai Tdng la mdt dng vua sflng bai P h a t giao Nhflng ndm ddu len ngdi, dng khdng chu y den vfldng sfl, ma mud'n len nui Yen Tii lam hda thfldng Ba'y gid, Ninh Binh khdng ehi la cd' do, ma cdn la trung tam ciia Phat giao Tr&n Thai Tdng mud'n chan hflng Phat giao, nen da cii mot vi cao tang den dd tuyen dfldng P h a t phap, Vi thien sfl da den nui Cd Phong, huyen Hoa Lfl, tinh Ninh Binh xay dflng lai chua va tru tri tai dd""^^
Tren vach nui Non Nfldc (Due Thuy) d phd Ninh Binh, tinh Nmh Binh hien cdn tam bia ma nhai, khdng khac hoa van, cd ten ggi la Thdnh chi cua
ThUcfng hodng Bia khac sdc chi cua
(4)cho lam le phdng sinh, lai dan Hien Tfl Thai hau khdng nen vao nui di tu Viec cap sdc chi cho chfla Non Nfldc chflng td dia vi dae biet cua ngdi chua ddi vdi trieu dinh lflc ay Cho den nay, nui Non Nfldc van la ndi lflu gifl dfldc nhieu da'u tich cua danh nhan ddi Trdn'"' Ngdai ra, d hai ben phai va trai ddng nien dai cdn ghi viec cung 40 mau rudng va ben dd khdng thudc ngi dung ciia "Thanh chi" Neu la rudng va ben dd "vua ban" thi dflng chfl "tfl", "sdc tfl" nhflng tren bia lai dflng chfl "cflng" Viec cflng ben dd hai ben sdng vao chua de dflng vao viec hfldng dang, cflng la dieu dang chfl y nghien cflu Phat giao thdi'Tran'""
Vdn bia thdp Hien Dieu chiia Kim Cuong che biet, thap Hien Dieu va chfla
Kim Cfldng la cum cdng trinh kien trflc Phat giao ndi tieng thdi Ly - Trdn, dd Ly Nhan Tdng sang lap vd dfldc nha sfl Tri Nhu trung tu dfldi thdi Tran, den ndm 1367 thi hoan Hien nay, chfla va thap CO deu da hi buy hoai, chi cdn lai ta'm bia ma nhai d tren dinh nui Thien Long, thdn Ang Sdn, xa Ninh Hda, huyen Hoa Lfl, tinh Ninh Binh, la nen cu cua chfla v a n bia ndi rd: Nha sfl Tri Nhu, hgc trd cua de nhi Td' Trflc Lam Phap Lea, da xay dflng hai ngdi chfla thap tai que hfldng cua dng Ngdi chfla thfl nha't la chfla Ndn Nfldc, thap Linh Te, ngdi chfla thfl hai la chfla Kim Cfldng, thap Hien Dieu Mdi ngdi chfla thap phai xay dflng 5, ndm mdi xong, cdng viec Idn lao da dugc sfl ung hg het long cua Hoang de va hoang gia luc dd Anh Tran Du Tdng la Trdn Nguyen Trac khdng nhflng bd thi tien cua ma cdn viet vdn bia vao 18 thang nam Dai Tri thfl 10 (1367)""
Bia Dgi bi chiia Siing Nghiem nui Vdn Ldi, dflng tai xa Bach Nhan, huyen Nga
Sdn, tinh Thanh Hda Hflu Bdc xa Hiep Thach Pham Sfl Manh^ thuat, Chi hau thu Mai Tinh viet Bia de 16 thang nam Nham Ty, nien hieu Thieu Khanh (1372) Bia chfla Sflng Nghiem ben canh viec ca ngdi canh dep nui Van Ldi, canh tri u, bd'n be sam ua't"", den ndi hoa thfldng tru tri chfla Khanh Lam nhan mdt Idn du ngoan ndi day "tha'y canh dep fla nhin, ben md nfli bat rflng, kien lap am tfldng Dai bi, Tam the toan bang vang, dat tren nfli cao, dem cau khan cho hoang ben vflng, thien thai binh, dflc vua mudn tuoi", cdn ghi danh tinh cua nhflng ngfldi cung rudng, cung tien vao am va vi tri cac thiia rudng cua hg Bia cd mot bai minh 24 cau (mdi cau chfl) va mot bai thd that ngdn tfl tuyet Ldi vdn bia khflc chiet, cd dgng, ldi viet ddi sang sua Tac gia bai van bia la Pham Sfl Manh, mot nha chinh tri, nha van ndi tieng thdi Tran Bai vdn bia nay, nha't la bai thd that ngdn tfl tuyet d cudi bia, cho tha'y tfl tfldng Thien va ngudn cam flng "len cao nhin xa" cua ldp tri thflc ddi Tran'"*'
Be Phdt chiia Dgi Bi d thdn Que
Dfldng, xa Cat Que, huyen Heai Dflc, tinh Ha Tay Be Phat lam bdng da"'', dat chua, Tren be hien dat an, tren cd tfldng Phat Ten be da treng vdn khac la "Phat ban", nghia la "be Phat", cd the xfla kia, tren be dat tfldng Phat Idn ma khdng cdn Nien dai khdc chfl dfldc ghi tren be la nam Giap Dan men hieu Long Khanh thfl (1374)
(5)38 Nghien cuu Ton giao Sd 7-2008
hg Phi, mdt ngu'di hg Dd, mdt ngUdi hg Phflng, Sd cdn lai deu la hg Nguyen Sau thay nha Ly, nha Tran lenh nhflng ngfldi hg Ly phai ddi hg Nguyen Qua van khac tren be da cung nhfl qua met sd' bia khac (nhu Mdc bai dong Da Bdi), cd the tha'y, sU phan bd dan cU hg Ly kha rdng khap d thdi d'y''"'
Bia chiia Siing Khanh (ten day du
"Sung khanh tu bi mmh tinh tfl" nghia la Ldi tiia vd bdi minh bia chiia Siing
Khdnh), nguyen d chfla Sflng Khanh,
thudc hfldng Hoang Ndng, Thdng giang, Phu Lenh trUdng ddi Tran, la thdn Ndng, xa Dao Dflc, huyen Vi Xuyen, tinh Ha Giang Chfla hien khdng cdn Bia cdn dat tren nen chfla cfl''" Soan gia van bia la Ta Khuc Ngao, tfl la Sd Khanh, viet vao nam Dai Tri thfl 10 (1367) Ngi dung van bia cho biet nien dai xay dflng chua, qua trinh xay dflng chfla, ca ngdi nhflng dflc tinh td't dep cua ngfldi sang lap chua, danh tinh ngUdi cung tai san cho chfla (rudng da't, nd ti, tham chi la mot trau),
Ha Giang la tinh dia dau phia Bdc nfldc ta Su xua't hien ciia chfla Sflng Khanh va bia chfla d day cho tha'y sU phat t n e n rdng khdp eua dao Phat thdi Trdn, dong thdi chflng td y nghia van hda Idn la nha Tran cd gdng ciing cd vflng bien cfldng va phat t n e n van hda d vflng thdi ba'y gid'""'
Mot sd van bia khdng chi ca ngdi canh tri chfla thap ma cdn ca ngdi dao Phat trong xa hgi thdi Tran Bia chiia Dien
Phiic [Dien Phiic vien biY^^'^^ dfldc tao dflng
ndm Mau Thin, men hieu Khai Thai (1328) Ten tac gia va ngfldi khdc van bia deu bi md, chi cdn ten ngfldi viet chfl la Nguyen Lflu Ngi dung vdn bia "the hien
the gidi quan eua tac gia ve vu tru: Luc dau nguyen chfla phan chia chi cd cai "chi nha't" bao trflm ta't thay the gidi cflng chfla cd Phat The roi "tfl khi" hinh thanh, "tam tai" xua't hien tren la tinh bieu tfldng ciia trdi, dfldi la nui sdng gifldng mdi ciia da't Van vat bien hda sinh sdi cd nhan nghia thi smh cao ngao, cd cai tdi thi chia thfl bac cao tha'p khac Dflc Phat thfldng sfl ddi la the, nen hinh tfl cai ba't sinh ba't diet roi hien hflu d "tfldng" va "hinh" Phat phu hg eho lang xdm vdn hgc md mang nha nha sinh cdn hien chau thao ndi ndi thdc lua day kho Con ngfldi tranh dfldc sU thdi thuc cua due vgng, nhanh chdng thoat khdi ndi khd tdi tam, cflng dfldc giai thoat den Nhfl Lai canh gidi Phan cudi bia cd 32 cau minh, mdi cau chfl, ca ngdi cdng dflc cua bac vua thanh, khien cho xa hgi thinh tri, lang xdm yen binh, dao Phat dfldc tdn sung va an sau vao tan thdn da, xdm lang,,,"'"•" Qua ngi dung van bia ta cd the tha'y: Phat giao d niia cudi the ki XIV van tiep tuc di sau vao ddi sd'ng tam linh ngfldi dan, chfla la ndi cdu an, cau phuc cua ca nhan va cdng ddng xa hgi Dai Viet thdi Trdn Trong so' 44 bia thdi Tran
Vdn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam thi ed tdi
22 bia dfldc khdc dflng vae mia cudi the ki XIV, chflng to tinh hinh kinh te ciia nhan dan, cung nhfl mflc anh hfldng cua dao Phat xa hgi dfldng thdi
Sfl phat trien cua dao Phat da khien cho tang ldp tdng m xa hgi thdi Tran cd luc chiem den niia so' dan (cudi thdi Trdn) Trdn Phu, sfl gia nha Nguyen di sfl Dai Viet da ghi lai An Nam
tUc sii nhfl sau; "Dan dng deu cao tree
(6)Tdn sflng dao P h a t n e n tfl vfldng q u a n den d a n c h u n g d a xay dflng k h a n h i e u chfla chien cho da't nfldc Cac cdng t r i n h kien t r u e ndi c h u n g , kien t r u e P h a t giao ndi n e n g , la nhflng di s a n v a n hda da dfla nen k i e n t r u e d a n tdc p h a t t r i e n d a n g tfl hao D a n h n h o Le Q u a t da n h a n xet ve t i n h h i n h xay dflng c h u a ciia n h a n d a n thdi T r a n ; Chd n a o cd ngfldi ta't cd chfla P h a t , bd di roi lai dflng, n a t di rdi lai siia, lau dai c h u d n g t r d n g chiem den niia p h d n se vdi d a n cfl Dieu dd li giai vi da so' cac di s a n k i e n t r u e thdi T r a n h i e n cdn chu yeu Id k i e n t r u e P h a t giao Vi nhfl chfla T h a i Lac (Hai Dfldng), chfla D a u (Bac N m h ) chfla Bdi K h e (Ha Tay) c h u a Pho M m h ( N a m Dinh), t h a p B i n h Sdn (Vinh Phuc), t h a p Bao T h a n g , c h u a Q u y n h L a m ( Q u a n g Ninh), chfla Hoa Yen t r e n n u i Yen Tii ( Q u a n g Ninh), chfla Lam ( Q u a n g Ninh)'"'"' Tfl nhflng di s a n c h u a t h a p m a c h u n g ta cd the tim tha'y n h i e u loai h i n h n g h e t h u a t t r u y e n thd'ng nhfl: c h a m k h d c gd, n g h e t h u a t t r a n g tri t r e n t h a p da, da't n u n g , v.v
Nhflng nhflng cudc xam Ifldc cua de qud'c N g u y e n - M d n g da de lai vet thfldng chien t r a n h , t r o n g dd h n h vflc kien t r u e chiu nhflng h a u q u a n a n g ne N h i e u cung dien, chfla t h a p bi p h a h u y nha't la d K m h dd T h a n g Long Den niia cudi the ki XIV, da't nfldc lai p h a i lo ddi phd vdi nhflng cudc t a n cdng, cUdp p h a ciia q u a n Chiem T h a n h Cd nhUng lan, nhfl ndm 1371, q u a n C h i e m T h a n h da vao T h a n g Long dot t r u i ca c u n g dien thfl N g u y i n Dfl cho biet; "Ddi v u a G i a n Dinh n h a T r a n , b m h liia ludn n d m , n h i e u ndi hi ddt; sd chfla chien cdn lai, mfldi k h d n g dfldc mdt, m a cai so' cdn lai a'y, cung mfla bay gid c h u y e n , n g a xieu nghieng, tieu
dieu dflng r u d gifla a n g cd h o a n g bui r a m S a u k h i q u a n Ngd lui, dan trd ve p h u c n g h i e p Cd vien q u a n la Vdn Tfl Lap den tri h u y e n a'y, tha'y nhflng c a n h h o a n g t a n dd n a t , ben r d n g r a dan d m h cac xa, d a n h t r a n h k e n nfla m a siia chfla lai it n h i e u " ' " '
Tfl n h u cau cua xa hgi va tdn giao thdi T r a n , T h i e n p h a i T r u e Lam de T r a n N h a n Tdng s a n g lap vdi sfl ddng gdp ciia T r a n T h a i Tdng va T u e T r u n g Thfldng Si (Hflng N i n h vfldng T r a n Tung) trfldc dd, la mdt t h a n h cdng dac biet lich sfl P h a t giao Viet N a m Thien phai True L a m m a n g d a m b a n sac van hda Dai Viet ddc lap N g u y e n L a n g Viet Nam
Phdt gido sii ludn da viet; " P h a t giao
(7)40 Nghien ciru Ton giao Sd - 2008
Thien phai True Lam cd nhflng diem dac biet so vdi eac Thien phai trfldc dd Ti Ni Da Lflu Chi, vi To dau tien truyen Thien tdng vao Viet Nam la ngfldi An Do Vd Ngdn Thdng va Thao Dfldng la ngfldi Trung Qud'c deu la Td truyen thfla sang Viet Nam Dieu Ngfl Tran Nhan Tdng la ngfldi Viet, khai sang ddng Thien Viet Nam dau tien'^"' Thien phai True Lam ddi vdi dan thfldng thi day ngu gidi hanh thap thien Tinh phd thdng ciia Thien phai True Lam la vfla hanh Thien, vfla giang kinh, luan, ngfl luc khdng chi tdng si ma ca vua quan va cfl si deu cd the ngd dao Sfl phat trien sau rdng cua True Lam, ngoai y nghia xa hdi cdn phai nhan manh den sfl uyen bac cua nhflng vi Td khai sang Thien phai Sfl uyen bac cua hg ddng vai trd quan trgng viec truyen dao, nen dfldc nhieu ngfldi tin thee va ten tai lau ben
Tuy nhien, sang the ki XIV, Phat giae mac dfl van dang thinh hanh nhflng da xua't hien hien tflgng cdng kich Phat giao nhfl ngi dung van bia chfla Khai Nghiem (hien de tai chfla Khai Nghiem, thdn Vgng Nguyet, xa Tam Giang, huyen Yen Phong, tinh Bdc Giang) Ngi dung van bia len an nhflng ngfldi tu hanh Phat giao da "khdng cdy md dn, khdng dit md
mac" Dieu ngac nhien va hiem tha'y la
ta'm bia dflng tai chfla, viet ve lieh sii xay dflng chfla, nhflng lai cdng kich Phat giao, neu cao dao dflc Khdng Manh'^" Tren thflc te, nhflng bia cd ngi dung tfldng tfl nhfl vay dfldng nhfl la khdng nhieu
Cac tac pham ve Phat giao ndi tieng dfldng thdi phai ke den Thien Tdng chi
nam tii, Khda hU luc cua Tran Thai Tdng; Thien Tdng thiet chily ngii liic, Dgi
HUcfng Hdi dn thi tap, Tdng gid todi sii, Thach That mi ngii! eiia Trdn Nhan Tdng; Tue Trung Thugng si ngU liic eiia Tue
Trung Thfldng Si Nhflng mot so' cac tac phdm ke tren da t h a t truyen
Khod hu liic va Tue Trung ThUcfng si ngii luc la hai tac pham cd gia tri ve mat
triet li va tfl tfldng phan anh the gidi quan cua Phat giao thdi Tran ma tieu bieu la Thien phai True Lam Khda hU
liic dfldc Tran Thai Tong viet vao khoang
thdi gian tfl nam 1258 den nam 1277 nghia la tfl dng da nhfldng ngdi cho Thai tii Hoang (1258) eho den dng bang (1277) "Sfl cdng ciia Khda
hu luc ve mat tfl tfldng chii yeu la d chd
nd da luan chflng cho nhflng va'n de triet li cd ban eua dao Thien la nhflng van de bieu hien the gidi quan tam tdn giao cua dao Phat Nd khdng chfla dflng cai hao va sfl n h a n thflc sac ben cua dan tgc ta cudc khang chien chd'ng Nguyen Mdng lan thfl nha't mac du Trdn Thai Tdng cd tham gia lanh dao cudc khang chien dd Tuy nhien Khda hU liic cung dat nhieu van de cd ich cho sfl phat trien ciia lich sii tfl tfldng Viet Nam Nhfl van de ban the cua the gidi, van de ngi tam ciia chu the va van de eon ngfldi hien thflc vdi nhflng heat ddng tam sinh li va quan he dao dflc cua cen ngfldi Dfl rang, nhflng van de dfldc neu tren lap trfldng tam nhflng cflng cd tac dung gdi y nhdm thuc ddy sfl nhan thflc tien len phia trfldc"'^^' Tiep thee Khda hU
luc la Tue Trung ThUcfng Si ngii luc eiia
(8)nghien cflu Thien hgc Tac pham Tue
Trung Thugng si ngU liic ddi
hoan canh dd Tuy khdng phai la mot Tam to eua Thien phai Trflc Lam nhflng Tue Trung Thfldng Si<^^' vdn dfldc COI la True Lam to sfl vi dng chinh la ngfldi trflc truyen yeu chi chd vua Tran Nhan Tdng Dong thdi, Tue Trung
Thugng si ngU luc da dfldc Thien phai
True Lam dem giang cflng vdi nhflng be kinh khac ciia Phat giae
Nhan xet
Phat giad thdi Tran la mdt nhflng yeu to' quan trgng ciia xa hgi Dai Viet Tdn giao ddng vai trd thiet yeu qua trinh xay dflng va bao ve da't nfldc Nd la sdi day ndi ke't tinh doan ket nhan dan vdi tang ldp lanh dao da't nfldc He tfl tfldng va nhflng tac pham van hda Phat giao la tinh hoa cua qud'c gia Dai Viet thdi Trdn Den nay, nd la di san van hda quy gia cua dan tgc ' ,'
Phat giao, dien hinh Id Thien phai Trflc Lam, vdi sflc sd'ng ben bi cac tang ldp nhan dan, tac ddng manh me den xa hgi bdi tinh chat luan li dao dflc, keu ggi lam viee thien, thfldng yeu ngfldi khac, tdn trgng phep nfldc Trflc Lam trd thanh uy liic thd'ng nhat y thiic he tdan dan, trd nhan to' det nen he tfl tfldng va tinh cha't xa hdi ddc dao, mang dam tinh dan tdc
Nhflng ddng sau sfl thinh hanh cua Phat giao vdi vd so' chua thap dfldc xay dflng, vd sd tflgng Phat va chudng dong
dfldc tao tac, sd hflu rudng chfla trd nen qua nhieu, sfl chiem tdi qua niia so' dan da trflc tiep lam anh hfldng den thu nhap ciia qud'c gia Nha nfldc khdng thu thue tfl rudng chfla'^*', khien cho kha ndng tich luy qud'c khd' giam di dang ke Nhflng tri thflc Nho hgc nhfl Pham Sfl Manh, Le Ba Quat, Trfldng Han Sieu da y thflc dfldc dieu dd Do vay, hg da len tieng phan ddi cho du khdng
Mat khac, giao li cua Phat giao td khdng may hieu lflc viee giai quyet nhflng va'n de ve dfldng ldi tri nfldc nen Nho giao cang phat trien va trd nen cflc thinh vae thdi Le Sd sau dd Dd cung la diem ban che ciia dao Phat Nhflng van de cdn nha'n manh la, Phat giao dfldng nhfl chi ma't vai trd ddi vdi tdng ldp lanh dao da't nfldc d trieu dinh cac Nho si tham chinh mot ddng de rdi chiem vai trd chu dao vao cudi thdi Tran Cdn ddi vdl cac tang ldp nhan dan, Phat giao van "sau re, ben gd'c" va khdng de thay the nhfl ndi dung cac tfl lieu vdn bia da dan d tren Den cudi thdi Trdn, sd ngfldi xua't gia van kha ddng, cflng kha nhieu rudng da't va tien bac cho nha chfla Dd cung la nguyen nhan dan den chinh sach ciia trieu dinh "Thai bdt cac tang dao chfla den ndm mfldi tudi trd len thi chd ve ban tuc" vae ndm 1396'^'^', nhflng lai tuyen nhflng ngfldi thdng hieu kinh giao cho lam chflc dfldng ddu thu (tflc ngfldi dau muc cua Tdng dd) va bd sung vad cac tri cung, tri quan, tri tfl nhfl ghi chep sd cfl./
(9)I-42 Nghien curu Ton giao 5o'7-2005
Chu thich: ' ' '•
1 Ngu\in DiJ Trnxen ki man luc Nxb Van Nghe Hdi Nghien ciru Giang day Van hpc Tp Hd Chi Minh 1988^ tr 146
2 Dai \ let su ki todn thu tap II Nxb KHXH Ha Ndi 1971 tr 11
3 Tha vdn Ly Trdn tap II qu\'en Thuang Nxb KHXH Ha Ndi 1989 tr 29 - r 4 Thi'ch Phudc Son (dich vk chii giai) Tam td thuc Inc Vien Nghien ciiu Phat hpc Viet Nam, 1995
5 Tran Thai Tdng cd cac tac pham: Thien tdng chi nam Khda hu luc gdm quyen va mdt thi tap in
The vdn Ly Trdn tap II quyen Thuang Nxb KHXH, Ha Ndi 1989 Tran Thanh Tdng cd: Cdm xuc doc Dai Tue ngi'f Inc Cdm xuc dpc Phdt su dai minh luc Tu thudt Chdn tdm Smh tu Tap vdn Thien tdng lieu ngd ca Ki gid minh Phdng nguii Xem: Thi'ch Thanh Dat Thien phdi True Lam thai Trdn Luan an Tien
sT Lich sir Ha Ndi 2000 tr 37 Trin NTian Tdng cd: Thien Ldm thiei ciniy ngu Inc Den Huang Hdi An thi tdp
Tdng gid todi sif Thach Thdt mi ngi'f
6 Nai Trin Tliu Dp tu hanh \'ao may nam cudi ddi la chiia Cii Tu d An Thi, tinh Hung Yen Hien nai day cdn bai "Van te Thai suTran Thu Dp" bang chO Han Xem: NguySn Minh Tudng Phdt hien bdi "^'dn te'Thdi
suTrdii Thii Dp " viet bdng chi'f Hdn tai Idng Ci'i Tu - An Thi - Hung Yen ban thao
7 Phan Huy Chii: Lich trieu hien chuang loai chi tap muc Nhan vat chf Nxb KHXH Ha Ndi 1992 tr 228
8 Bia Ong Lau Phiic Minh tir lan dau tien dupe Le Quy Ddn nhac tdi muc Thien chuang sach Kien van tieu luc Trong NhiJng phat hien mdi vd Khao cd hpc nam 1989 Ta Ngpc Liin da gidi thieu bia
9 Hoang Van Lau Bia chua Phuc Minh - Ong Lcni trong: \'dn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam tap II thdi TrSn tap Ha National Chung Cheng Uni\'ersity Chia Yi Vien Nghien ciiu Han Ndm Ha Noi 2002, tr.527: Nguydn Quang \n Nguyin Thanh (chu bien) Tdi lieu dia chi Thdi Binh Trung tam UNESCO Thdng tin tu lieu lich su vk ykn hda Viet Nam Ha Ndi 2006, tr.l2
10 Nguydn Quang ,4n Nguydn Thanh (Chii bien) Tdi lieu dia chi Thdi Binh Sdd tr 12
11 Hoang Van Lau: Bia chua Phuc Minh- Ong Ldii trong: \'dn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam Sdd tr.527; Nguydn Quang An Nguydn Thanh (chii bidn) Tdi lieu dia chi Thdi Binh Sdd tr 12
12 Trong bia cd ghi cac nidn dai "Kien Gia Bfnh Ngo", "Trin gia thii nhi de"" (vua thii hai nha Tran), nhung ro rang cd mau thuin: Kien Gia la nidn hieu ciia Ly Hue Tdng, tu nam 1211 ddn nam 1224 khdng cd nam "Bfnh Ngp"" Thai Ly Hud Tdng la thdi ki suy \i cue dd cua tridu Ly ndi chien lidn mien, tridu dinh rdi loan, khd cd thd ndi la "dai suy hda" Vua thii hai nha Trin ia Trin Thai Tdng, len ngdi nam 1225 truydn ngdi nam 1258 cd men hidu la Kien Trung (1225-1258) Thien LJng Chfnh Binh (1232-1250) va Nguyen Phong (1251-1258) Trong dd cd nam Bfnh Ngo la nam 1246 thudc men hieu Thien Ung Chfnh Binh Theo
Dai Viet su ki todn thu (Ban ky, quydn V, td 6b) nam Kien Trung thii (1231), Thai Tdng xudng chidu cho
trong nudc hd chd nao cd dUih tram ddu phai dap tirang Phat dd thd Nhu the \iec "dai suy hda" nhung nam sau dd la cd thuc Tii dd cd thd su\' nam Bfnh Ngp ddi vua thii hai nha Trin d bia la nam 1246 vk dd cung cd thd la nam khac bia ma nhai Theo: Hoang Van Giap Bui ma nhai mii Cd Phong trong: \ 'an khdc Hdn Ndm \ iet Nam tap II, Thdi Trdn quydn Thuong Sdd, tr.27
13 Hoang Van Giap Bia ma nhai mii Cd Phong, trong: \dn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam tap II thdi Tran quydn Tliuong Sdd tr.27
14 Xem them: Bdi ki thdp Lmh Teciia Truong Han Sieu Bdi tha de tren nui Due Thuy cua Pham Su Manh 15 Trinh Khac Manh Thdnh chi ciia Thuang hodng trong: \'dn khdc Hdn Nam \'iet Nam tap II thai Trin quyen Thuang Sdd tr.347
16 Hoang Van Giap Vdn bia thdp Hien Dieu chua Kim Cuang trong: \'dn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam tap II, thdi Trin tap Ha Sdd, tr.473
17 Van bia md ta: "Phfa Ddng la xdm lang nha cua ddng diic phia Nam gin sdng Idn chay tdi bidn ddng that mdnh mdng hi:ing vT Phfa Tay cd ddng sdng Kmh len loi gaia ling giua nui tao ndn canh dep cho nhidu \ung lan can phia Bac gin vdi dudng Idn gin vdi cua bien Thin Dau.^li nai nghi ngai cho du khach" Din theo'^: Nguydn Thi Phuang Bia Dai bi chua Siing Nghiem nidVdn Ldi trong: Vdn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam tap II thdi Tran, tap Ha Sdd tr 544
18 Nguydn Thi Phupng: Bia Dai bi chiia Simg Nghiem iiiuVdn Ldi trong: Vdn khdc Hdn Nom Viet Nam tap II thdi Trin tap Ha Sdd tr, 544 Xem thdm: Thanh Hda dnh bi ki thi vdn loai bien ki hidu Vh\ 1739: Thcr
vdn Ly Trdn tap Nxb KHXH Ha Npi 1978, tr.130-134
19 Bd Phat chiia Dai Bi hien cd ban dap luu trir tai Vien Nghien cuu Han Ndm (mdi suu tam chua dang ki sdhieu)
(10)21 Bia dupe Nguydn Dinh Chidn va Nguydn Van Hoan phat hien vi da gidi thieu NhCoig phdt hien mdi
ve Klido cd hpc ndm 1977 Nam 1979, Nguydn Dinh Chien va Ngd The Long da dich \'an bia tieng Viet, cd
mdt sd nhan xet budc diu Thac ban van bia hien luu trir d Vien Nghidn ctiru Han Ndm sd hidu 30274 Trong bia xuat hien mdt sd chir Ndm nhu: "A", "Na Ndn", "Thing Dai" "Me Am", cd the' cd nhidu y nghia cho nhirng ngudi nghidn cuu lich sir chir Ndm
22 Xem: Lam Giang Bia chua Sung Khdnh, trong: Vdn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam tap II, thdi Trin, tap Ha Sdd, tr.495-496
23 Bia duac phat hien d chiia Dien Phuc (tuc gpi la chiia Tre) thudc xa Tan Dan, huyen Phii Xuydn tinh H i Tay, nam 1994 Hien bia gin trdn tudng bdn phai, phfa ngoai chiia Ban rap bia Dd Tlii Hio thirc hien nam 1994 mdt sd chir khdng dpc duac vi bia bi mdn Hien thac ban van bia km trir tai Vien Nghidn ciru Hin Ndm (chua cd sd dang kf) Xem: Dd Thi Hao Bia chiia Dien Phi'ic, trong: Vdn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam tap II, thdi Trin, quyen Thucrng Sdd, tr.213-214
24 Dd Thi Hao Bia chua Dien Phuc trong: Vdn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam tap II thdi Trin, quydn Thupng Sdd, tr.213-214
25 Trin Nghia Mdt bi'fc "ky hoa " ve xd hpi nudc ta thai Trdn - Bdi tha "An Nam tue su" ciia Trdn Phu Tap chf van hoc, sd 1/1972, tr.l 10
26 Vien Nghe thuat Ml thudt thdi Trdn Nxb Van hoi Ha Ndi 1977 tr.40-42
27 Nguydn Dir Truyen ki man Inc Nxb Van Nghe Hdi Nghien cun Giang day Van hpc TP Hd Chf Minh 1988.tr 146-147
28 Nguydn Lang Viet Nam Phdt gido sif tudn tap I-II-IU Nxb Van hpc H i Ndi 2000, tr.376 Xem thdm: Pham Xuan Nam Thdu hda Phdt gido An Dp vd Phcit gido Trung Hoa sdng tao Thien True Ldm Yen Tir Dai
Viet Tap chi Nghidn ciru Lich sir, sd 3/2008 tr.3-13
29 Nguydn Duy Hinh Tim hieu y nghia xd hdi ciia phdi Trite I^m thai Trdn trong: Tim hieu hdi \'iei
Nam thdi Ly Trdn Nxb KHXH Ha Ndi 1981 tr.689-690: vi Nguydn Duy Hinh Hd tu tudng Trin Tap chf
Nghidn ciiru Lich sir, sd 4/1986, tr.36-45
30 Hai thidn phai Ti Ni Da Luu Chi va Thao Dudng truydn thiia dirac 19 ddi va ddi den day ddu hiu nhu khdng cdn Duy chi cd Thidn phai Vd Ngdn Thdng duoc tiep ndi den Trin Nhan Tdng sang lap Thien phai Triic Lam Ydn Tir Theo: Thfch Thdng Phuang Trdn Nhdn Tdng vdi Thien phdi True Ldm Nxb Tdn giio 2008 tr.59
31 Xem: Lam Giang Bia chua Khai Nghiem trong: Vdn khdc Hdn Ndm Viet Nam tap II thdi Trin, quydn Thuang Sdd tr.300
32 Nguydn Tii Thu (chii bidn) Lich su tu tudng Viet Nam, tap I Nxb KHXH Ha Ndi 1993 tr.215-216 33 Xem thdm: Nguydn Van Hdng Tue Trung Thuang si -Tri tue Viet Nam Thien Viet Nam Tap chf Nghidn cti'u Lich sir, sd 1/1993, tr 29-34 ^ _^,^
34 Rudng chtia tir xua dd'n chua bao gid bi nhi nudc danh thue ' ' • " ; • u • ; i 35 D(//V7ef.s-(i/t;'?ofl/if/i«-, tapll NxbKHXH H i N p i 1971,ti- 217 " - - ^ i'.df : / 0.! ' ' ^
' rl: 119
, / •• '• ••
'•' V ) (i |
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U ' 1)
1988.tr.