Vdn ODA dugc danh gia la ddng vai trd quan trgng ddi vdi phat trien kinh te ciia nhieu nudc chain va dang phat trien, dac biet la trong ITnh vuc CSHT. Tuy nhien, viec sir dung ngudn [r]
(1)Huy dong cac nguon von va quan ly SLF dung hieu qua nguon von dau tu' phat trien cc s6> ha tang: Kinh nghiem quoc te va ham y cho Viet Nam
TS LE KIM SA
Mddau
Viet Nam dang tang trudng nhanli chdng va da trd qudc gia cd mirc thu nhap trung binh (thap) Tuy nhien, da tang trirdng dugc vun dap qua trinh ddi mdi dang giam dan Cac cai each tir hda da giup cho cac ngudn lire dugc khai thac tir va hieu qua ban, nhung cac cai each gan nhu da di het chang dudng ciia minh
Theo nhieu danh gia thi he thdng co sd tang (CSHT) yeu kem neu khdng dugc nang cap thi se trd rao can cho tang trudng mdt vai thap ky tdi Do dd, viec khac phuc tinh trang bat cap ve CSHT hien se phai la uu tien hang dau ciia qudc gia Dieu ddi hdi cac ngudn lire ciia Chinh phii phai dugc su dung mdt each hieu qua Thieu vdn dau tu cho CSHT se la diem ldn ciia xa hdi Chinh vi vay, neu khdng tim dugc cac ngudn vdn mdi, nhirng nam sap tdi se khdng the dap irng nhu cau thuc tien
Hien nhu cau cho diu tu CSHT ciia Viet Nam khoang 16 ty USD/nam kha nang dap img ciia Nha nudc chi khoang - ty
USD Tir den nam 2020, vdn dau tu cho phat trien co sd tang udc tinh cdn ciiiem khoang tii' 10 - 11% GDP nen kha nang thieu hut vdn la hoan toan hien hiru , nhu cau vdn dau tu cho CSHT cang ldn, ngudn lire Nha nudc, thu hiit vdn ODA han hep dan
Mot sd hinh thuc dau tu cd su tham gia ciia khu vuc tu nhan van chua phat huy hieu qua nhu mong mudn, ty trgng vdn tir cac hinh thirc van rat thap so vdi vdn ngan sach va ODA Rat nhieu nha dau tu ca va ngoai nudc cd y dinh tham gia dau tu vao ITnh virc CSHT, dac biet la tai cac dir an dudng cao tdc ldn, nhung tim hieu co che, chinh sach, thii tuc ciia Viet Nam thi deu td quan ngai va rdi bd y dinh dau tu Hinh thirc hgp tac nha nudc - tu nhan (PPP) dii each day - nam, rat nhieu doanh nghiep ngap nghe tham gia nhung van rat it doanh nghiep nudc ngoai va ciing nhu nudc vao cudc Ly chinh la co che thu hiit vdn dau tu cho cac du an CSHT chua hap dan va cdn nhieu bat cap
Bai viet se xem xet cac van de ciia viec liuy ddng cac ngudn vdn cho phat trien CSHT d * Trung tam Phan tich va Dy bao •• yheo ^^o [^j^h tg Do thi, 3/3/20 10
Nhung vdn dd KINH TE VA CHINH TRj THE G i a i Sd 11 (175) 2010
(2)Huy ddng cac ngudn vdn va quan ly su dung Le Kim Sa
mdt sd qudc gia dac biet chu trgng tdi cac ngudn vdn tii' ben ngoai, chii yeu la vdn vien trg nudc ngoai (ODA) va tir khu vuc tu nhan, bao gdm ca FDI Tir dd se riit mdt sd bai hgc cho Viet Nam
Thuc day dSu tir vao CSHT
Qua kinh nghiem tir cac nudc dang phat trien, Ngan hang thd gidi (WB) da chi ring, su thay ddi vai trd ciia chinh phii se tao ddng lire cho viec phat trien bdn viing CSHT (WB, 2007) Md hinh tai ehinli cho viec phat tridn CSHT dugc xay dung tren nguyen tic, dd la quan ly chi tieu chat che va tang kha nang huy ddng ngudn vdn vdi sir phan biet mii'c sau: huy dgng vdn thdng qua thu phi ngudi hudng Igi tir CSHT ciing vdi cac dich vu lien quan, va huy ddng vdn tir cac nha dau tu vao CSHT
Cac nha dau tu vao CSHT cd the la chinh phil (trung uong hoac dia phuang), tu nhan, hoac ket hgp giiia chinh phii va tu nhan Dac
biet cac ngudn vdn tir nha nudc khdng the dap ung dugc yeu cau ve chi phi dau tu cho CSHT thi rit cin phai thu hut ngudn vdn tir tu nhan Theo Ngan hang the gidi (WB, 2007), de cd thd cdng viec dua khu vuc tu nhan diu tu vao CSHT thi co ciu tai chinh cin xac lap nhiing nguyen tac co ban cho viec chia se rui ro cd hieu qua, dinh rd trach nhiem phap ly nhirng trudng hgp rui ro
Nhu da trinh bay, dd bao dam qua trinh tu nhan hda dugc cdng can cd su chuyen dich ben viing vai trd cua chinh phii Ben canh dd, vai trd va ddng co ciia nha cung cap dich vu va CSHT can phai dugc lam rd va cung cd viing chic thdng qua viec tao quyen tu chu quan ly, nang cao trach nhiem phuc vu, xay dung cac quy dinh luat phap phii hgp de thiic day canh tranh hieu qua, va tao dieu kien cho ngudi sir dung va chu sd hiiu cd tieng ndi va trach nhiem hon viec tham gia lira chgn quydt dinh (WB, 2007)
Hop 1: Ngudn v6n cho s y phat triln CSHT: Tru'd'ng hccp Thu'dng Hai
Sir tang tru'd'ng nhanh chdng cua Thurgng Hai ba thap nien vira qua ddi hdi phai cd sy phat triln manh v l CSHT va cac djch vu ma nhCrng ngudn thu thdng third'ng khdng du d l tai trg Ngudn thu ngan sach cua Thurgng Hal du d l chi tra cho cac khoan chi hoat ddng thu'dng xuyen, cac duf an dac biet, va cac hoat ddng d4u tir tren quy md nhd nhurng khdng du d l dap irng nhirng nhu c^u dau tu' dai han tren quy md Id'n Do dd, Thu'gng Hal phai sur dung mdt so CO c h i tai trg ngoai ngan sach d l dap irng cac nhu chu d i u tu'
Vay mwan tCy cac to chiK tai chinh qudc te
Hinh thurc tai trg ngoai ngan sach chu y l u cua Thu-gng Hal tir giu'a nhCrng nam 1980 d i n dau nhCrng nam 1990 la vay mu'gn tir cac td churc tai chinh qudc te (IFIs) Cac khoan vay giiip bil dap khoang 1,9 ty nhan dan te mdi nam cho d i u tu' CSHT Vi du, cac khoan vay trj gia 3,2 ty USD tir Ngan hang Phat triln chau A (ADB) cho hai chile c i u Nanpu va Yangpu
Cho thue dat va hoan doi dat
Cac khoan "vay IFI khdng dap irng du nhu c i u d i u t y cua Thurgng Hal, cho nen chinh quyen bat d i u huy ddng t i l n thdng qua cac hgp dong cho thue d i t dai han, chu yeu 6' khu trung tam
(3)Le Kim Sa Huy dpng cac ngudn vdn va quan ly sir dung
Thu'gng Hai tir giCra thap nien 1990 d i n nam 2000 Khoan thu tir cho thue dat va hoan ddi dat wac lygng chilm tir 20% d i n 30% thu ngan sach dja phuang
l-iop ddng chuyen nhwang quySn khai thac hoat dong
Bat d i u vao giira nhirng nam 1990, Thurgng Hai huy dgng ngudn vdn thdng qua viec ky k i t cac hgp ddng chuyin nhurgng cd d i l u tilt Vi du, vao nam 1994, quyIn khai thac hoat dgng cua hai chile c i u Nanpu va Yangpu dygc ban cho mdt cdng ty t y nhan, Cdng ty trach nhiem hiru han CITI Pacific, 20 nam Khi Chinh quyIn Trung yang han c h i viec s y dung ngoai te d l toan thi Thygng Hai phai dam phan lai hgp ddng chuyin nhygng d l mua lai quyIn khai thac hoat ddng tryd'c tho'i han va d i n bu cho cac nha d i u ty
Thi truong vdn
Mdt phyong tien quan trgng khac d l huy ddng vdn d i u t y la thdng qua thi trydng cd philu va trai philu Phyong thirc ca ban la niem y i t cac cdng ty phat triln CSHT dat tieu chuin tren thi trydng chirng khoan, rdi sur dung t i l n huy ddng dygc qua cac cdng ty d l phat triln CSHT mdi Vi du, Cdng ty Jiushi Thygng Hai phat hanh trai philu trj gia ty nhan dan te d l tai trg cho hai d y an dydng sat tren cao
l-iap tac gida nha nu&c va tu nhan
Phyang thirc hgp tac giQ'a nha nydc va t y nhan (PPP) dygc Thygng Hai sur dung tir cuoi thap nien 1990 H i u h i t nhirng d y an CSHT ma cd t h i tao ngudn thu khdng Id va cd cac ngoai tac tich cyc manh d i u dygc xay dyng bang phyang thirc PPP, chang han nhy dydng cao tdc tir Thygng Hai di Giang Td va dydng xe dien ngim d Thygng Hai
Thdng thydng, cd ba ben tham gia cac d y an nay: cac nha d i u t y t y nhan, cac cdng ty d i u ty thudc sd hu'u nha nydc va chinh quyln Cac nha d i u t y t y nhan va cac cdng ty d i u t y cuia nha nydc ddng gdp mdt lygng tien mat nhat djnh, va chinh quyln cung urng d i t dai lam vdn sd hCru, sd thu dygc phan chia giira ba co ddng
Nguon: Chi tra cho ca sa tang va dich vu thi: Nghien ciru so sanh ve tai chinh thi a Tp Ho Chi IVIinh, Thuang Hai va Jakarta, UNDP, 2007
Vien trg phat trien (ODA)
Vdn ODA dugc danh gia la ddng vai trd quan trgng ddi vdi phat trien kinh te ciia nhieu nudc chain va dang phat trien, dac biet la ITnh vuc CSHT Tuy nhien, viec sir dung ngudn vdn ODA ciia cac nudc ngheo tren the gidi khdng phai luc nao va d dau cung cdng Viec sir dung vien trg cd hieu qua hay khdng cdn phu thudc vao chinh sach kinh te, xa hdi the che chinh tri, ddi ngu can bd ciia nudc nhan vien trg
Nhin chung, cac qudc gia can phai xac dinh dugc uu tien hgp ly va cd dinh hudng rd rang viec thu hut va sir dung vdn ODA de nang cao hieu qua sir dung va tranh dugc ganh nang ng nan cho dat nudc Nhiing qudc gia sir dimg ODA cdng nhu Malaysia, Thai Lan da can nhac ky ludng chien luge tap trung vao cac van de nhu quy md, mirc vien trg, loai vien trg, nhiing chi sd va dieu kien dugc cho la cd the chap nhan dugc, muc tieu ciia nudc cap vien trg, cac thii tuc va cac bd phan dam nhiem qua trinh vien trg
(4)Huy dgng cac ngudn vdn va quan ly sir dung Le Kim Sa
Hop 2: That bai quan ly ODA cua Indonesia
Tai chau A, ODA Nhat Ban danh cho Indonesia tirng dygc Bd Ngoai giao Nhat Ban l i y lam tieu bilu Nam 1994, bg cdn so kit: "Cung cap vdn vay xay dyng cac nha may dien cd cdng suit chilm 15% tdng san lygng dien, xay dyng va tan trang 12% tuyIn dydng sat, 15% tuyIn dydng cao tdc thu phi, 60% cap thdng tin thu dd Jakarta, xay dyng 54% he thdng Igc nydc d thu " Cac thi du chirng minh ODA Nhat Ban da dat muc dich la vien trg nham giup cac nydc c i t canh v l kinh t l ^
Ba nam sau bao cao tren, khung hoang tai chinh chau A biing nd b i t d i u tur Thai Lan Indonesia khdng thoat khdi Ba nam sau nu-a, tire nam 2000, Indonesia trd ng h i p hoi phai d y g c cap ciru dac biet qua mdt hdi nghj tham v i n vdi cac nha tai trg rieng danh cho Indonesia td chirc tai thu Tokyo Vi trydc nam 1996, ng cua Indonesia la 30% GDP, nam 2000 sd da len d i n 128% GDP
v i n d l xay la cac quan churc di vay quen rang ng thi cang tang lai luy t i l n : ng nydc ngoai phai tra nam 2000 chi la 3,7 ty USD, nam 2001 la 5,4 ty, nam 2002 la 7,6 ty USD, nhyng Indonesia da khdi danh sach nydc cd thu nhap t h i p va ng nhilu (Severely Indebted Low Income Country - SILLC), dygc khoac cho cai ao g i i y "nydc thu nhap trung binh" di vay vdi lai s u i t thj trydng
Chinh v i n d l ng cua Indonesia da lam cho ngydi Nhat Ban da phai dat cau hdi: "ODA cua Nhat Ban dygc nha nydc nydc vay quan ly, d i u t y cdng cdng, hieu qua d i n dau?"
! Ngudn: NFDI Background Paper, Response to the CGI Meeting, October 17-18/2000 in Tokyo, Japan
Tai mdt sd nudc My Latinh, viec thu hut vdn ODA da khdng tao dugc dieu kien tang trudng kinh te dai bd phan sd vdn sir dung vao muc dich phi san xuat, nhap hang tieu diing nen da bien ngudn vdn trd manh dat mau md cho cac te nan tham nhung, lam diing cdng quy ciia cac quan chirc
0 chau Phi, ngudn vien trg da tap trung qua ldn vao xay dung cdng xudng, biet thu ldn, dau tu chii yeu vao phat trien thi, khdng quan tam den phat trien ndng nghiep, dau tu khdng can ddi, chii trgng nhieu den khu vuc lam an thua Id can sir bao cap ciia nha nudc da dan den sir dung vdn kem hieu qua gay tdn that ldn cho nen kinh te qudc dan
Phan vdn ODA hoan lai thudng chiem ty trgng ldn tdng ODA, thdng thudng tdng mirc ODA cang cao thi ty trgng vdn hoan lai ciing cang cao Do vay, neu khdng quy dinh mirc vay va tra ng hang nam thi se dan den sir dung khdng hieu qua ddng vdn, vay tran Ian va de lai ganh nang ng nan cho the he sau
Mdt nhii-ng bien phap giiip Thai Lan khdng bi sa lay vao vdng ng nan la xac dinh "tran" vay, tra hang nam Chinh phii Thai Lan quy dinh mire vay ng khdng dugc vugt qua
10% ke hoach thu ngan sach, mirc tra ng bing 9% kim ngach xuat khau hoac 20% chi ngan sach hang nam Su khdng che nhim can ddi
" MOFA.History of Official Development Assistant
(5)Le Kim Sa Huy ddng cac ngudn vdn va quan ly su dung
kha nang vay, tra ng, mirc xuit khiu ciia dat nudc Do do, mac dii la mdt nudc cd muc vay ng nudc ngoai cao nhung Thai Lan ludn tra ng dimg han
Trong ITnh vuc van ddng ODA, Malaysia, Indonesia xuat ban "Sach xanh" vd cac du an uu tien de nghi vdn diu tu tir ODA va cac ngudn vdn khac cho tai khoa nani sau "Sach xanh" dugc giri den cac td chirc qudc te va cac nudc cap vien trg Ddng thdi, cac co quan cua chinh phil cd lien quan chuan bi tdt cac tai lieu va nhiing binh luan can thiet de cd the kip thdi cung cap cho cac td chuc vien trg ve tii'ng du an cu the Malaysia chgn Igc rat ky cac du an vay vdn ODA va chi tiep nhan nhirng du an cd quy md ldn
Mdt van de quan trgng viec quan ly ODA la viec phdi hgp va phan cap hgp ly cho cac co quan quan ly nha nudc Vi du, tai Malaysia cd su phan dinh ro ve chirc nang, nhiem vu ciia cac co quan quan ly ODA va cd su phdi hgp chat che va cd chung mdt nhan thiic la tao thuan igi tdi da cho cac ban quan ly du an, lam thuc hien cac du an ODA dung tien do, ap dung cac thu tuc trinh duyet nhanh ggn nham giam bdt phi cam ket Nhiing hgp phan nao du an khd thirc hien, Chinh phii Malaysia chii ddng de nghi vdi nha tai trg huy bd hgp phin
Cudi cimg, can phai nhan manh ODA la manh dat mau md ciia te nan tham nhung va cac bien tirdng cua nhieu dang thao timg, bien thii ngan quy vien trg Chinh ban chit ciia ODA -"hd trg phat trien" da bi nhieu nude tiep nhan "igi dung" de muu cau cac muc dich rieng mot sd nudc My Latinh, ma dien hinh la Peru - mdt nhiing nudc dirng diu vd nhan vien trg khu vuc, nhung cho ddn dit nudc van nam dien cac nudc
kem phat tridn nhit vi nhiing vu be bdi tai chinh lien quan tdi tai chinh vien trg ciia lanh dao dit nudc Tuong tu, theo nhieu danh gia, ODA tai cac nudc chau Phi la mot nhiing nguyen nhan hang dau tao cac nha chinh tri ddc tai, sdng lang phi va xa hoa, coi tai san qudc gia la ciia chinh minh
Tren thuc te nhieu qudc gia, khdng it quan chuc nha nudc van cho rang, ODA la vdn vien trg hoac cho vay dai han uu dai, mot each don gian, hg coi ODA la mdt bg phan ciia ngan sach danh cho chi tieu theo cac chuong trinh da dinh va bd sung vao cac cac khoan thu ndi dia Viec hoan tra ODA dugc chinh phii nudc nhan tai trg cam ket bang cac khoan thu cua ngan sach nha nudc, vay, cac riii ro toan hau nhu khdng dat
Von tir khu vu'c tu' nhan
Cimg vdi su suy giam manh me cac ngudn vdn ODA, bat dau tir cudi nhiing nam 1980, nhieu nudc dang phat trien da cho phep khu vuc tu nhan cung cap cac dich vu CSHT co ban nhu dudng cao tdc, tau hda, nudc, ve sinh dien, ga, vien thdng Muc tieu ciia viec cho phep khu vuc tu nhan tham gia vao djch vu CSHT la nham da dang hda ngudn vdn dau tu Viec tu nhan hda thudng di kem vdi mdt sd hinh thirc quy dinh ciia chinh phu nhu thue, chat Iugng dich vu, kha nang cung cap, bao ve ngudi tieu dimg tir meo md ddc quyen va thuc day igi ich xa hdi ndi chung
Viec tu nhan hda da thu hut hon 1.000 ty USD cho CSHT d cac nudc dang phat trien giai doan 1990 - 200d, theo udc tinh ciia WB (xem Bdng 1) Dau tu vao CSHT tir mirc rat thap vao giu'a nhiing nam 1980 va dat mirc ky luc 144 ty USD vao nam 1997, nam khiing hoang tai chinh chau A nd ra, sau dd giam xudng - nam, va chi bat dau phuc hdi vao nam 2004
(6)Huy ddng cac ngudn vdn va quan ly sir dung Le Kim Sa
Bdng 1: Dau tu- tu- n Linh vyc
Nang Iugng
Giao thdng van tai
Vien thdng
Nudc
Tong
han CSHT toan cau, giai
Khu vuc
Ddng A va Thai Binh Duong Chau Au va Trung A
My Latinh va Caribe Trung Ddng va Bic Phi Nam A
Chau Phi can Sahara Tdng
Ddng A va Thai Binh Duong Chau Au va Trung A
My Latinh va Caribe Trung Ddng va Bac Phi Nam A
Chau Phi can Sahara Tdng
Ddng A va Thai Binh Duong Chau Au va Trung A
My Latinh va Caribe Trung Ddng va Bac Phi Nam A
Chau Phi can Sahara Tdng
Ddng A va Thai Binh Duong Chau Au va Trung A
My Latinh va Caribe Trung Ddng va Bac Phi Nam A
Chau Phi can Sahara Tdng
doan 1984 - 2006
IMu-c dau tu- (ty USD) 98,36
43,76 133,39
17,47 29,34 7,65 329,97
69,89 14,91 76,18 3,00 13,82 10,04 187,94
61,91 142,5 218,57
31,03 50,25 32,04 536,30
19,27 5,30 15,08
1,08 0,26 0,26 41,69 1.095,90
Nguon: World Bank Private Participation in Infra.slructure Database, http://vvww.ppi.worldbank.org
(7)Le Kim Sa Huy dpng cac ngudn vdn va quan ly su dung
Mdt sd nghien ciru cho thiy hiu het khdng phai tat ca cac du an tu nhan cung cip CSHT deu cd Igi (Fay and Morisson 2007, Nellis 2006 Shirley 2005) nhung tinli hieu qua cua cdng ty cd xu hirdng tang len nhanh chdng va sau tu nhan hda, chu ydu la nang suat lao ddng Trong mdt nghien cim cua Gassner (2007) ve 1.230 cdng ty dien, nudc d 71 nudc dang phat trien tren toan thd gidi, nang suat ciia cac doanh nghiep da tu nhan hda tang nhanh hon so vdi cac doanh nghiep nha nudc Mac dii gia ca thudng cao hon sau tu nhan hda nhung kha nang tiep can dich vu dugc cai thien, dn dinh va chat Iugng tdt hon
Cac nha kinh te lap luan rang, sir khac biet ve mat hinh thirc ciia chi phi vdn tu nhan va vdn nha nudc la cac khoan tai chinh cdng bao ham cac khoan chi phi an ciia nhii'ng ngirdi tra
thud Ndu mdt du an tu nhan khdng cdng thi nha diu tu tu nhan phai chiu trach nhiem tai chinh Nhung neu mdt dur an tir ngudn vay ng ciia chinh phii thi ngudi tra thue phai ganh chiu cac khoan ng du an that bai Tuy nhien, dieu dd khdng cd nghTa la mdt dir an tu nhan dau tu nghTa la nha dau tu tur nhan phai ganh chiu toan bd rui ro
Mdt van de niia ddi vdi sir tham gia cua khu vuc tu nhan la dac diem ciia mdt qudc gia nhu muc thu nhap, dan sd, dia ly Su tham gia cua khu vuc tu nhan da dugc chirng minh la khd hon d cac nudc ngheo, nhd va cac nudc ndng nghiep Tuong tu, cac van de cung se xay tai cac nudc dan sd thap va dia ly rgng Dan sd it va mat thap se khdng tao dugc kinh te quy md de tao sir quan tam ciia khu vuc tu nhan
Hop 3: Khu VLFC tu" nhan CSHT nganh nu'o'c 6" cac nwcyc dang phat triln
Hon 20 nam qua, chinh phu cac nydc dang phat triln da tim kha nang md cura nganh nydc cho khu vyc t y nhan: 64 nydc dang phat triln da cd sy tham gia cua khu vyc t y nhan vao nganh nydc tinh d i n 12/2007
Cd mdt sd ly ma chinh phu cac nydc cho phep khu vyc t y nhan tham gia vao nganh la he thdng nydc da xudng c i p nghiem trgng d mdt sd quoc gia Chinh phu cac nydc cho phepsy tham gia cija khu vyc t y nhan chu y l u la d l t i l p can ngudn vdn cua khu vyc cung nhy nang lye quan ly CSHT nganh nydc Them vao dd, sy tham gia ciia khu vyc t y nhan cdn thuic d i y cai each ITnh vyc
Tuy nhien, khdng phai mgi khia canh cua nganh nydc dygc md ci>a cho khu vyc t y nhan Khu vyc t y nhan chii y l u tham gia vao ITnh vyc cung c i p va xur ly nydc sach Cac hinh thurc hgp ddng cung da dang tir hgp ddng dich vii dan gian d i n t y nhan hda 100%
Nguon: UNCTAD (2008)
(8)Huy ddng cac ngudn vdn va quan ly sur dung Le Kim Sa
Dau tu- tryc tiep nu-d-c ngoai (FDI)
Bao cao Diu tu thd giai nam 2008 da cho thay, ngudn FDI dang cd nhiing ddng gdp tich cue kd hoach phat tridn CSHT cua nhidu quoc gia Nhirng khoan thu tir tu nhan hda mdt lan ciing nhu cac thda thuan nhugng quyen cd gia tri lam giam cac sure ep tai chinh, it nhat la ngan han C) cac nudc My Latinh, viec tu nhan hda cac doanh nghiep CSHT (chii yeu la cho cac cdng ty xuyen qudc gia - TNC) cd vai trd quan trgng viec tri dn dinh kinh te vT md va cac hoat ddng tu nhan hda dugc coi nhu lam giam sire ep tai chinh (Besant-Jones, 2006) Cac doanh nghiep nha nudc cd the dugc tu nhan hda d cac nudc dang phat trien neu cd sir tham gia cua cac TNC thdng qua FDI se lam cho dau thau canh tranh • hon vi cac nha dau tu nudc ngoai thudng cd xu hudng lam tang gia thau, ke ca vdi cac hgp ddng nhugng quyen (Birdsall va Nellis 2003; Auriol va Picard, 2006)
Ciing theo Bao cao Diu tu thd gidi 2008, FDI vao ITnh vuc CSHT da tang len nhanh chdng Tir nam 1990 - 2006, FDI toan ciu ITnh vuc CSHT da tang 31 lin, dat 786 ty USD Trong dd, Iugng FDI vao cac nudc dang phat tridn tang 29 lin, dat khoang 199 ty USD
Mac dii, ngudn vdn FDI vao ITnh vuc phat trien CSHT van chu yeu la tir cac TNC cua cac nudc phat trien, nhung FDI tir cac TNC ciia cac nudc dang phat trien ciing mot gia tang Cd khoang 22 TNC cua cac nudc dang phat tridn dugc UNCTAD ghi nhan 100 TNCs diu tu CSHT ldn nhit vao nam 2006 (UNCTAD, 2008) Nhidu hinh thiic diu tu qudc te ITnh vuc CSHT ciing mdi xuat hien, bao gdm quy dau tu tu nhan (chu yeu tir cac nudc phat trien), cac quy tai san ddc lap cua chinh phu (chii yeu tii cac nudc dang phat trien) Nhiing hinh thuc dau tu cang md rgng va tao sir da dang ve ngudn vdn cho chinh phu cac nudc dang phat trien tim kiem dau tu vao CSHT
BUng 2: Dong FDI vao CSHT tai cac khu vyc giai doan 1990 - 2006
Dan vi: trieu USD
Khu vyc
The gidi Nudc phat trien
Nudc dang phat trien 1990 Dien, ga, nu'o'c 7.427 5.120 2.307 Van tai, vien thong 17.542 13.026 4.488 1995 Dien, ga, nu'o'c , 22.543 14.591 7.824 Van tai, viln thong 54.806 30.5-14 20.476 2000 Dien, ga, nu'o'c 91.938 57.833 33.277 Van tai, viln thong 337.910 253.380 78.566 2006 Dien, ga, nu'o'c 186.847 137.996 47.270 Van tai, viln thong 598.328 439.217 151.626
Ngudn: UNCTAD (2008): World Investment Report, Table III
(9)Le Kim Sa Huy ddng eac ngudn vdn va quan ly sir dung
Theo danh gia cua Bao cao Diu tu the gidi nam 2008, ngudn vdn FDI chi cd thd bd sung, khdng the thay thd dugc diu tu cdng va dau tu tu nhan ITnh vuc CSHT Nhung Igi ich tiem nang cua FDI phat tridn va quan ly CSHT la ngudn vdn, cdng nghe chuyen giao va nang lire quan ly Tuy nhien, UNCTAD ciing canh bao rang cac qudc gia khdng nen thu hut FDI bang mgi gia Cac du an dau tu neu that bai cd the anh hudng xau tdi CSHT hien hiiu va gia ciia cac dich vu tang Cac qudc gia can phai cd kha nang ky thuat va hanh chinh de quan ly nhu'ng hoat ddng va quyen igi cua cac nha dau tu nudc ngoai
Hop tac nha nu'dc - tu* nhan
Hgp tac nha nudc - tu nhan (PPP) da ndi len nhu mdt phuong thuc thuc hien cac du an co sd tang nhiing nam gan day Neu dugc thiet ke va quan ly mdt each dung dan thi mdt PPP cd the mang lai nhieu Igi Ich cho cac khu virc cdng cdng nhu giam ganh nang tai chinh cho khu VU'C cdng, cho phep "chuyen" riii ro tir khu vLi'c cdng sang khu vurc tu nhan, va tang "gia tri ciia ddng tien" sir dung dich vii CSHT bdi vi phuong thuc hieu qu& hon chi phi thap hon va dich vu dang tin cay hon (Li va ddng nghiep, 2005)
Trong hai thap ky qua, PPP da trd mdt phucmg thirc cung cap dich vu cdng chii yeu tai ca cac nudc phat trien va cac nudc dang phat trien Trong giai doan 1985 - 2004, cd tat ca 2.069 du an PPP tren toan the gidi vdi tdng gia tri gin 887 ty USD (AECOM, 2005)
Lan sdng tu nhan hda dich vu cdng bat dau d My Latinh vao nhiing nam 1970 va 1980 cac chinh phii d khu vuc gap nhieu khd khan ve ngan sach ciing nhu nhu cau cai thien viec cung cap thieu hieu qua cac dich vu dien
nudc, giao thdng, vien thdng cua cac doanh nghiep nha nudc Cac td chirc tai chinh da phuong da khuyen khich chinh phii cac nudc ap dung tu nhan hda ITnh vuc CSHT vi mdt sd ly dd chu yeu la nang cao chat iugng va hieu qua dich vii Viec tu nhan hda cdn ky vgng Iam giam ganh nang cho ngan sach nha nudc va cd the lam dn dinh kinh te vT md
Ddn nhii'ng nam 1990, nhieu khoan dau tu tu nhan da chuyen hudng vao khu vuc Ddng A qua trinh tang trudng nang ddng d day Hang loat cac hoat ddng dau tu tu nhan vao CSHT dudi cac hinh thirc khac da dien ra, keo theo mdt ludng dau tu ldn vao cac nudc khu vuc nhu Malaysia, Thai Lan, Indonesia va Philippines
Khac vdi khu vuc My Latinh, ddng vdn dd vao khu vuc Ddng Nam A nhiing nam 1990 lai khdng phai chinh phii cac nudc khu vuc gap ganh nang ve tai chinh Tren thuc te, chinh sir ddi dao ve tai chinh, tang trudng nhanh d khu vuc ma hgp tac nha nudc -tu nhan da xuat hien va tang trudng vdi tdc nhanh chdng la su can thiet phai cd mdt phuong thirc mdi va nhanh chdng eho cac du an viec cung cap tai chinh, len ke hoach va thirc hien, va d mirc nao dd la nham tranh su tri tre cua he thdng hanh chinh va ky vgng chat Iugng CSHT tdt hon
Mdt mdi trudng dugc khuyen khich thda dang (cd CO che phap luat tdt, cac chinh sach uu dai phil hgp), cac nha cung cap dich vu tu nhan lam tdt hon cac nha cung cap dich vu thudc khu vuc cdng cdng va theo kinh nghiem thuc tien cho thay cd it nhat hai ITnh vuc ma md hinh PPP cd the phat huy hieu qua, dd la cac du an khdng the hoac khd ap dung ddi vdi phuong phap cd phan lida va cac du an ma nha nudc khdng the tham gia true tiep Hieu qua ma md hinh PPP
(10)Huy ddng cac ngudn vdn va quan ly sir dung
(1 [:ô&ãã> if'!'!
Le Kim Sa dem lai la: i) giam chi phi, giam riii ro va tao
mdt mdi trudng canh tranh cao; ii) giup tidp can dirge vdi cac ngudn tai chinh, cdng nghe tien tien, quan ly hieu qua hoan cdng trinh dung thdi han va khai thac cdng trinh cd hieu qua nhat; iii) gdp phan dich chuyen ganh nang toan tir ngudi chiu thue sang ngudi tieu diing bdi vi muc dich ciia hg la doanh thu va bii dap chi phi; iv) gdp phan vao viec chdng tham nhung lang phi, bdi ngudn vdn ciia tu nhan ludn dugc quan ly chat che nham mang lai hieu qua cao nhat
Ngan hang the gidi (1994) ciing neu nhimg bai hgc that bai ket hgp giira nha nudc va tu nhan viec phat trien CSHT, vi du nhu chuang trinh xay dung mang ludi dudng thu phi dudi hinh thirc BOT ciia Mexico nhurng nam dau thap ky 1990 Chinh phu Mexico luc bay gid da thuc hien dir an 6.000 km dudng thu phi day tham vgng danh gia riii ro ve tai chinh va khao sat nhu cau van tai khdng dugc thuc hien ky ludng tCet qua la ngudi sir dung khdng chgn sir dung he thdng dudng va Chinh phii Mexico da phai tang thdi gian chuyen nhugng tii' 10 hoac
15 nam len 30 nam va ngan chan cac xe tai nang sir dung mang ludi dudng cu nhu mdt bien phap cudng che
Ham y cho Viet Nam
Nhu da dd cap d tren CSHT da trd trg ngai cho sir phat trien ciia Viet Nam Nhieu du an CSHT bi lang phi, thieu hieu qua hoac la ddi tugng ciia tham nliung Mdt sd nha dau tu nudc ngoai, dac biet la Nhat Ban, Han Qudc va mdt sd nudc phuang Tay da tii'ng cd du dinh dich chuyen diu tu sang Viet Nam ma tinh hinh cac nudc khu virc cd nhieu bien dgng Song, tinh trang thieu dien va tac co sd
ha tang dang Iam hg can nhac lai viec lira chgn dia diem dau tu khu vurc
Theo udc tinh giai doan 2011 - 2020, Viet Nam cin khoang hon 100 ty USD diu tu phat tridn CSHT thidt ydu dd tri tdc tang trudng d mirc trung binh - 8%^ Do dd, de dap irng dugc nhu cau huy dgng vdn nay, cd the suy ngliT mdt sd bai hgc tir nhiing kinh nghiem qudc te d tren
Thir nhdt, soat lai cac dir an day tham vgng va quy hoach lai ve phat trien co sd tang vdi cac tieu chi ve hieu qua va canh tranh qudc te vdi nhung tinh toan dua tren nhu cau thuc td chif khdng don thuan la du an phat trien khu VLi'c Nhii'ng quyet dinh diing dan se Iam giam chi phi va lang phi ciia cac du an CSHT
Thic hai, Viet Nam cung nen cho phep cac tinh canh tranh ngudn tai chinh Hien nay, Bd Ke hoach va Dau tu hien dang phan bd ngan sach tai chinh cho cac phd ldn dua tren co sd quy md dan sd, cap hanh chinh va mdt sd yeu td khac Nhirng Chinh phii trung urong cd the dua yeu td canh tranh ngudn vdn giiia cac tinh, nhu nang luc canh tranh (hien cd the xem xet qua Sang kien Danh gia nang luc canh tranh ciia cac tinh) Nhieu nudc tren the gidi da nhanh chdng cai thien dugc hieu qua hoat dgng ciia cac phd bang each quy md phan bd ngan sach dugc lien he vdi cac chi sd hieu qua hoat ddng ciia phd
Thic ba, ddi vdi ngudn vdn phat trien chinh thirc ODA, can phai cd mdt chien luge mdi sir dung ODA ma Viet Nam se nhan dugc it vdn ODA cd dieu kien uu dai cao ma se phai hudng tdi cac ngudn vdn vay thuong mai Viec huy ddng va sir dung ODA phai can eir vao cac yeu td kinh te - xa hdi va phai danh gia ky cac Igi ich mang lai tir viec chuyen ^ Bao Tudi tre, 9/6/2010
^ Xem ket qua bao cao nam 2009 tai www.vnci.org
(11)Le Kim Sa Huy dpng eac ngudn vdn va quan ly sir dung
giao vdn, kien thuc, cdng nghe, ky nang va kinh nghiem quan ly tien tidn Them vao dd, can md rdng dien thu hudng ODA tdi khu vuc tu nhan vi day la mdt phuang thirc tdt de bao dam ngudn vdn ODA dugc sir dung cdng khai, minh bach, cd hieu qua, tranh dugc that thoat, lang phi va tham nhiing
Thic tu tang cudng hinh thuc huy ddng vdn tir ngudn vdn tu nhan Hien nay, rit nhieu du an cd the de khu vuc tu nhan tiep can Tat nhien, ddi vdi cac du an nay, viec kiem tra tinh hieu qua de ddi hdi phai thu hdi chi phi bang nhiing phi tdn vira phai De cho khu vuc tu nhan tham gia bang ddng vdn ciia hg ung vdi riii ro nhat dinh la phuong thirc tdt nham bao dam cac gia tri du bao doanh thu se thuc te va nghiem tuc
Rat nhieu co quan chirc nang dang ky vgng thdi gian tdi, PPP se la phuong thudc hieu nghiem de giai bai toan thieu vdn cho dau tu tang Tuy nhien, de md hinh PPP cdng, phai cd nhung khung phap ly dii rdng Chinh vi vay, Viet Nam can phai nhanh chdng xay dimg hanh lang phap ly de dam bao cho PPP hoat dgng hieu qua Mat khac, nhii'ng yeu td ve thu tuc, CO che, giai phdng mat bang vdn liet sire phirc tap cdng tac dau tu CSHT ciing la mdt rao can khdng nhd khien cac nha dau tu lo ngai ve mirc riii ro ldn bd vdn vao PPP d Viet Nam
Thic ndm, ddi vdi nhung du an ma khdng the ky vgng dugc se thu hdi chi phi va can dugc tai
trg bing ngudn ngan sach nhu dudng sa ndng thdn va cac vimg dd thi nhd, nhung chiee cau nhd (khdng thu phi), can thiet lap cac tieu chuan so sanh va xay dung mdt mirc dich vu nhit dinh va nhat quan vdi kha nang tai trg nham giam thieu dugc lang phi bao dam tinh cdng bang va cac tieu chuan CSHT tdi thieu
Thic sdu, viec ddi dat lay tang can phai dugc xem xet lai Kinh nghiem qudc te ciing nhu kinh nghiem thuc tien d Viet Nam chd tliay xu hudng nhan dat re de rdi xay dung CSHT vdi quan niem se thu hut dugc nha dau tu la kha phd bien vdi dat cdng nghiep nhung tren thy; te cac nha dau tu lai khdng den Dieu dd cd nghia la dat dai da khdng dugc khai thac het gay lang phi dat dai va tien ciia
Thic bdy, ddi vdi cac du an cdng mang tinh "dot pha" va "chien luge" nhu du an dudng sat cao tdc thi ciing phai dua vao nhiing tinh toan thu hdi chi phi thuc te Kinh nghiem cua chau Au va Nhat Ban cho thay ddi vdi nhiing chuyen di keo dai hon gid, hanh khach mudn di bang dudng hang khdng hon Trong thirc te Viet Nam, kha nang thu hut dugc ddng dao khach hang di tau cao tdc that la han che Ngugc lai, viec phat trien cac dudng bay gia re se la hgp ly hon Van de la, cac du an kieu cdn mang tinh mao hiem cao hon nUa vi chi phi thuc te khdng chi don thuan la ddng tien chi tieu ma la sir tac nghen, thdi gian lang phi khdng dugc giai quyet*
Tai lieu tham khao:
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(12)Huy ddng cac ngudn vdn va quan ly sir dung Le Kim Sa
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10 Himg, Nguyen Son (2007): Cdc bien phdp cdi tien de tqo nguon tdi chinh cho cdc du dn giao thong van tdi a My vd chduAu, Tap chi Cau dudng, sd thang
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(13)Le Kim Sa Huy ddng cac ngudn vdn va quan ly sir dung
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