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TCf nhQng nghien eUu da cd, nghidn cUu bd sung va k i t qua phdn tich cho phep tdng hdp nhOng y l u td cd bdn quyet djnh sy phdt sinh va phdt tnen cac qud trinh ngoai sinh b i t Ipi[r]
(1)NGHIDN CQU-TRRO BOI
He thong hda cac qua trinh va hien tupg t|r nhien, t|r nhien - liji thuat
TS NGUYEN OOC MANH Tnjdnq Ba\ hoc Giao thdn^ Vin t i i Cac tang tSl yS'u, d3't cat bao hoa kem ch^t, mgt sfi' ddc thu vg' kie'n tao va dig'u kign t^ nhlSn vung, cung nhif ho^t dgng ciia ngirdi la nhffng ye'u to quan quye't djnh su phat sinh va phat trien cac qua trinh va hiln tirong tir nhlSn, dja cha't tu nhien, dja cha't tir nhien - k^ thuat TU nhUng k6't qu^ quan tr<ic va nghi§n cUu Ha Ndi, tac gii phSn tfch va h6 thong hoa quy luSt hinh thanh, quy mo cung nhu d$c dl^m cac qua trinh va hien tUOng nay, nhjm phuc vu viec khai thac sir dung khong gian ngam (KGN) tal ThiJ mfit each an toan va hieu qu^
SYrSTEMATIZATION Or NATUDAL PDOCES&ES AND PHENOMENA,
NATUDAL-TECHNOGENIC roc UTILIZATION SAFETY AND
HIGH EfflCIENCY OF UDBAN UNDEDGDOUNDSPACE IN HANOI
Summary
The presence of soft soil layers, loose sandy layers of saturation, the specific characteristics of tectonic and natural conditions of the region, as well as technical activity of human is the decisive factor In the formationand development processes and natural phenomena, geological, natural geological-technogenic in Hanoi On the basis of the research and monitoring results, this paper analyzes and systematic roles of the formation, scale and characteristics of Ihe processes and phenomena, to serve the utilization of undergroundspace in the Capital safety and high efficiency
I Dat van 0e
Vide khai Ihac va sd dung KGN eua Ha Not gdn lien vdi Itch sCi hinh va phdl tnen eua thdnh phd Bat dau bang viec xdy dung phan mdng cua kinh thdnh Thang Long cho d i n cac gid'ng dao lay nudc cd xUa, d i n khai thdc KGN tai Thu dd cd quy md ngdy edng Idn da dang vd vdt nhilu myc dieh khde nhau, nhu: bd tri ede cdng trinh tang ngam (thoat nude, ca'p nude, cap dien, cdp vidn thdng ), phan k i t eau ngam hay lang ham cdc tda nhd, cdc he thdng giao thdng ngam (metro, ham vUPt, bat dd xe )
Vdi ly le dai danh cho giao thdng d Hd Not chi dat 2,5% la qua thap so vdi mUc 20-25% tai cdc dd thj cua nhieu nudc khu vUc va tren t h i gidl, eung vdi dd la he Ihdng cdc cdng trinh tang ky thuat dd thi qua lai va xudng cd'p nghiem trpng Irong mat dp xay dyng nha va cde cdng trinh qua cao, khiln quy dai xay dyng tren mat khdng cdn Vi vay ed t h i ndi, KGN Ha Ndi Id ngudn lai nguyen dat xay dyng dd thi dac thu, dang va se duPc khai thac sir dung de phai trien ThCi dd van minh, hidn dai va b i n vUng
B l khai thac va sCf dung hdp ly, an loan va hieu qud ngudn tai nguyen KGN Ha Ndi, mpt nhQng yeu id khdng the I h i l u la phai xem xet tdng hpp dac diem, cUdng dp phat trien cdc qua trinh va
(2)NGHieNCCfU-TRROeOl
hi§n Wdng dja chSt W nhiSn cung nhi/ dieu kl$n tuong tac, cac qua trinh chuyin dSl tiJ nhiSn cua thach quyen, thuy quyen v4 sinh quyIn dUdI tic dfing cCia c4c hoat dpng ky thuSt, cac dSc dilm ciia viec xSy di,rng vi khai thac cdng trinh trdn mat vi cdng trinh ngim
II Nql dung va ket qua nghien Gihi
Nghiin ciiu Sic 6iSm li/nhien, ilia chit vi trim tich
DiTiJicuaHiNQi
HS Npi cO hSu d^c trung vimg Ddng bSng BSc Bl> vdi hai mua ro ret ia mua mua keo d&i tCf thdng din thang 10, miia khd til thing 11 den thang nSm sau Til nam 1991 din 2007, iupng mua Irung binh nSm thanh dao dpng til 1.016 din 2.536 mm, trung binh 1.670 mm va 85% Iupng nudc niy tSp trung v4o miia mua LUpng boc hdi trung binh nam thudng chiem 60% Iupng mua, tao nen dp am khdng thudng tri d miic cao (78-81%) Ntiiet dp khdng thSp nhit ghi nhan dupc 2,7°G, cao nhat dat 42,8°C, trung binh nSm dao dong khoang 23-25''C
Phan Idn dien tich Ha Npi nam ddi syt dia hao trung tam cua trung Ha Npi thudc mien kien tao Ddng Bac - Bac Bp, ddi nam kep gii3a cac dirt gay sau sdng Chay d phia Tay Nam va sdng Ld phia Ddng Bac, dong thdi cat qua cau true Trung lam va Ddng Bac thupc he chuan udn nep Ddng Viet Nam, cdn phia Tay Nam giap vdi he upn nip Tay Vidt Nam Vdi dac diem nhu vay, Ha Noi gan lien vdi cac dac dilm chung cua trung Ha Ndi, vdi cau true kien tao rat phiic tap, mdc dp ddng va dap vd vd Trai dat manh Nguon goc cua moi van dong ndi smh vimg Ha Ndi chiu ^nh hudng cua sU van hanh hai he ddt gay sdng Hong va Ddng Trieu [1, 3, 6,7]
Tren mat cat Kainozol vung Ha Ndi phat trien day du cac tao Oligocen (E3), Neogen (N) va De Td (Q) Vdi nen tram tich De Td khd day, cd thi dat tren 120 m, din va tuong lai ddi tupng ndy chu yeu dupc khai thac va sil dung chp muc dich xdy dung cdng trinh tai Thu dd Td dudi len tren, cac tao De Td khu vdc Ha Ndi gdm he tang Le Chi {aQJc), Ha Npi {a,apQ,| ^^^hn], Vtnh Phuc (a,lbQ,„Vp), Hai Hung (m,lb,bQ|,'-^hf)) vd Thai Binh (a,alb,aQ,/(b) [1, 3, 7],
Cac tap tram tich sdng he ting Le Chi, til dUdi len gom cudi, Sdi, cat iln bdt set, cd ndi Id bdt set d ben tren Cdc thdnh tao De Td co nhd't phan bd bien d vung Ha Ndi, khdng Id tren mat, thudng gap d dp sdu 45-69,5 m, vdi tong be day 25-30 m He tang Ha Ndi phdn bo rdng khdp pham vi Ha Ndi, dUdc Id d phan ria dpng bang (vung ddi gO Sdc Sdn), phan cdn lai bi phu bdi cac tram tich tre hPn la cac tao sdng vd song lu, thdnh phan gpm cudi, sdi, cdt, nhieu ndi cc cdt pha hay
sdt pha bdn tren Vdi gia tri md dun ting biln dang klia cap (>70 MPa), cdc tac cudi sdi hi ting Le Chi va Hd Ndi Id ting ehju Mc quan trpng chd rrdng cpc ddi »iii cdc cdng trinh Idn trdn dia ban php
Cdc trim tich Pleistocen mudn - he tang Vinh Phucco ngudn glc sdng, hd vd h i - dim iSy dupc phdn bp rdng rai trpng viing Hd Ndi Chung Id tren mdt d Sdng Anil, Sdc Sdn vd di$n nhd d C l Nhul - Xuan Dinh vd khu \nic NghTa Dd, gim c6 hai tdp tram tich Tap dudi phan bS r^ng khIp, thdnh phin Id cat iSn hay chCia sci san, cat thd, cdt Vila, cdt nhd, cd ndi gdp cdt bui hay cat pha, kfch thudc hat vd dd chdt cd xu hudng tang dan theo chieu sdu til chat Vila din rit chat, S nhiing noi cat nhd hay cat bui thudng cd trang thdi rdi rae, chieu sdu phdn bl tdng din til 10 din 20 m d phia Bdc vd Tdy Bic, 20-25 m i phia Tdy Nam, 30-40 m phia Ddng Nam vd Nam Tdp tren khd phi bien, phin chCi ylu Id set pha, set, hay cat pha dang Ihlu kinh mdu sic Ipang Ip ddc trUng, trang thai ddo cdng, niia cCing, ddi ndi gap dat loai set lin tan tich hOiu cd trang thai dee chdy, chay Chieu ddy tap tren d viing nil cao thudng Id 10-15 m, cd nho hay Idn hdn, vung chim vd dad sau chieu ddy 2-5 m, cd ndi mat han Nhdng thdnh tad tram tich cudi, sdi vd cdt ciJa cac he ting Le Chi, Ha Ndi vd VTnh Phuc la tang chda nudc Pleistocen (qp) phong phu vd quan trpng cua Hd Ndi
Cdc thdnh tao Holocen dudi - giOa he ting Hal Hung cd nguon goc ho - dam lay, bien va dam lay Thanh phan gIm set, set pha dfeo chay din chay lan tdn tich hilu cd, set xdm xanh dac trUng vd than bun Cac tao chda hOu CO Hai Hung cd tinh di hudng cao, mdc dd thdnh da thap, thudng nam trdn be mat khdng bang phang cija cac tram tich set bdt ting VTnh Phuc va phan b l khpng lidn tuc, tao nen tinh phdc tap cua dilu kien dia chat cong trinh tai nhQng ndi Chung cd mat
He ting Thai Binh Id trim tich De Td trS nhat, phan bo rdng rai, gdm hai phu he vdi tpng be ddy cd the dat 46 m Phu he tang Thai Binh dudi la cdc thdnh tac tram tich sdng, sdng - h i - dam lay, phan b l rpng rai be mat dpng_ bdng de thdnh phan gpm cat the, cat Vila co khi Idn san, cat nhd va cat bgi (nam dudi), cdt pha, set pha, it gap set, cd ndi idn tdn tich hOu cd (nim tren) Phu he tang Thdi Binh tren Id cac tram tich bdi boi vd Idng sdng, phan bo ngodi de sdng Hong, Duong, Cd Lo-, vSi thdnh phin gdm cudi, sdi, cdt Idn cat pha hay set pha thdu kinh (nam dudi) va cdt pha, set pha (nam tren)
Cdc tram tich cat he ting Thai Binh thudng cd trang thai rdi rae din chat viia, ben dudi cd ndi trang thdi chat, chieu sdu phan bp 4-8 m, cd ndi 12-18 m, chieu day thudng 12-20 m, phin ven sdng od the tdi hdn 20 m Cae thdnh tao cat he ting Thai Binh la ting chda nildc Holocen (qh) khd phong phu KGN thdnh phi
(3)NGHieNCOU-TRnODOl
Vdi ba tang d i t y l u VTnh Phuc, Hdi Hung va Thdt Binh CO ngudn gdc hd - d i m lay hay dam tdy, dan xen la cdc t r i m tfch bd rdt chCfa nude ciia eac he tang Thdi Binh vd VTnh Phuc, cung vdi eau triJc k i l n tao phUc tpp Igo ndn tinh ddc thu cua KGN vung Hd Ndi
NhOnp yeu t6 co ban quyet 6mh si/ hinh vd phiit trien cdc quit trinh vd h!$n tU0ng dia chS't ngo^i sinh anh hudng den khai thdc KGN Hd N0i
Cde y l u td hau, c h i dd thiiy vdn eCia sdng Hdng, sy cd mat cdc t i n g dat yeu vdi mUe dO dd thd'p cua he tang Thai Binh (albQ,„3to) Hdi Hung (Ib.bQ^^'-^/irt), VTnh Phuc (lbQ,/vp), cde tang d i t cdt kdm chdt bao hda nude (a,Q|/fb), {aQ^^^vp), cdc t i n g nUdc dUdI d i t qh, qp hay hogt ddng kinh t l - ky thudt cCia ngUdi tgi Ha Ndi ddng vai trd quye't djnh d i n sU phdt sinh, phdt t r i l n , cudng dp, quy md cdc qud trinh va hien tupng dja chat ngoai sinh KGN tgl Thij dd
TCf nhQng nghien eUu da cd, nghidn cUu bd sung va k i t qua phdn tich cho phep tdng hdp nhOng y l u td cd bdn quyet djnh sy phdt sinh va phdt tnen cac qud trinh ngoai sinh b i t Ipi ddi vdi viec khai thac KGN tai Hd Ndi, eu the gdm: cde yeu td khf hdu vd e h l dp thuy van ciJa sdng Hdng, sy cd mdt cde tang dat set va set pha y l u bao hda vdt miJc dd thdnh da tha'p, diem ddc thii nude dUdl dai, va hoat dpng ky thudt cua ngUdi Cae yeu td ed the ddng vai trd q u y l t djnh hoac chi la ye'u td dnh hudng den su phdt sinh phdt tnen cdc qud trinh ngoai sinh KGN d phd
Quy ludt, dieu ki$n va d0c diem phat sinh cac qua trinh vd hi$n tU0ng dia chat ti/nhiin, dia chit tu nhiin • ky thu$t KGN Ha Ngi
Theo k i t qud nghien eUu eua Vien Vdt ty Dja eau [3, 6], thdnh phd Ha Ndi cd the xdy ddng dd't manh vdi Magnitude tdt 6,1-6,2, IUdng Ung cap thang MSK-64, dp sdu chan tidu 15-20 km lien quan den hoat ddng eua cde dijft gay sau sdng Hdng va sdng Chay Ben canh dd, vilng Ha Not cdn ehju anh hudng cua ddng dd't tU cdc ngudn sinh chan lan can cae dUt gay sdng Ld, VTnh Ninh, Ddng T r i l u vd sdng Dd gdy
Trong "Danh myc ddng dat Viet Nam" eua Vien Vat ly Dja cau, ddng dat mgnh cap 7-8 dd tUng xdy d Ha Not Cho d i n nay, da xdc dinh dupc tren 152 Iran ddng dat xdy d thdnh phd va viing lan can, cd Iran cdp 7-8 (1278 va 1285), tran cap 7, edn lal Id ddng dd't nhd hdn cd'p Cde tran ddng dd't manh xdy thdi gian gan day nhu ddng dd't Luc Yen (Yen Bat) ndm 1953 vd 1954 vdi M = 5,1 vd M = 5,3 (tUPng Ung cap 7), dpng d i t Yen Lac (Phu Thp) 20.9.1958 vdi M = 5,3 (tUdng Ung cap 6), ddng d i t Tdn Ydn (Bac Giang) 12,6.1961 vdt IVl = 5,9 (tuong Cfng d p 7), ddng dat Tuan Giao (Lal Chau) 24.6.1983 vdi M = 6,8 (tUdng Ung
d p 8), vd ddng dat Yen The ngdy 6.1 1987 vdi M = 5,1 Tinh hinh ddng dd't neu trdn rd rdng Id y l u td nguy h i l m khdng t h i khdng tfnh d i n kht xdy dung cac edng trinh Hd Ndi, ddc bidt quan trpng vgch c h i l n lupe khai thde vd sii dyng KGN cCia thdnh phd Ben cgnh do, sy cd mdt cdc thdnh tgo d i t logi eat chUa nude, dae biet cdt kem chdt hd t i n g Thdi Binh (a.Q^^^tb) cd Id hd t i n g VTnh Phiic (aQ,||^vp) phdn b d g i n mdt dd't, myc nudc n g l m ndng vd vdi hdm lUpng hgt byi kha cao (22-68%), Chung hoan toan cd t h i xdy sU hda Idng xay ddng d i t d p 7-8 {1,2, 6], Su cd mdt cdc tang dat bun y l u bao hda nude vdi chieu ddy kha Idn va gan mdt d i t he tang Hdt Hung {\b,bQ^^'-^hh) vd Thdi Binh (albQ,/to) khdng chi gdy sut lim mgnh ddng dd't ma cdn Idm tang cao den -1,5 d p dd mgnh ddng dat [3,6]
Vdi 85% IUdng mUa trung binh nam (1.670 mm) tap trung vdo mua mua, ea biet thang 11 2008 vdng 80 gtd tupng mUa dat 545,1 mm (khu vUe Lang), 817,2 mm (Ha Ddng) va 965,5 mm (Trdu Quy) (theo Trung tam Khi lUPng thuy vdn Hd Not, 2008), hau qua tren loan thdnh phd ed tdi hdn 200 d i l m hdng nam thudng xay ngap ung mua Idn tU 0,4-0,6 m, ed 0,8-1,0 m va keo ddi 1-2 ngay, ed 4-5 ngay,
Su ed mat eua he t h i n g dd sdng Hdng va sdng Dudng tao tinh ddc thu cua dja hinh cung nhu ehe thuy van ddng chay tgi Thu dd V l mua mUa, cao dp mUc nUde sdng (ngodi de) thudng eao hdn eao dd l y nhien phd (trong de) 4-6 m, cablet d i n m (1971) Khidd, hau nhu todn bd cdc khu vUc bai eao ngoai de tai TU Liem, Tay Hd, Hoan K i l m , Hai Bd TrUng, Hoang Mai, Thanh Tri, Ddng Anh, Long Bien va Gia Lam bi ngap tut Cimg vdi muc nudc sdng ddng cao, td'c dp ddng chay sdng Hdng tang manh, thudng 1,6-2,3 m/s, cd 3-4 m/s, luu tupng ddng tU 3.000-4 000 mVs den 15.000-16.000 m^/s, cd biet 19.000 mVs [3, 7], da gay sy phd huy bd sdng (xdi, sul vd trupt Id) xay d i u dan, thudng xuyen lal n h i l u khu vyc khac d Bdng Anh, TU Liem, Long Bidn, Tdy Hd, Gia Lam hay Thanh Tri Khdng nhOng vdy, sy phan bd kha bien cdc tram tich cat pha, cat mjn, eat nhd hay vUa he tang Thai Binh {a,Q^^^tb) hay VTnh Phiie (aQ,||Vp) cd tinh chat cdt chay ro ret, the hien bdi he sd khdng deu, hat kha nhd (Ce ^ 2-10) va dd dn dinh h u y i n phii phan lich thdnh phan hat kha cao (cd > 24 cm^), hay kha nang xdi ngam (Cc= 15-22) gan mat dat dudi n l n de, khdng ehi d l tam dang cao mye nude dudi dd't nUde sdng Hdng tdng ten, ma cdn thudng xuyen xud't hidn cdc mach dun, mach sCii - bien dang Iham (cat chay, xdi ngam, dim da't) d nen de d Ha Npi
Viec khai thac va sd dung KGN tai Ha Npi khdng the khdng nhac tdi sy cd mat cua eae tgo dat y l u cd ngudn gdc hd - dam lay hay dam lay cdc he tang VTnh
So nam 2013 Tapchi-KHOIHSf
(4)NGHieNClJU-TRflOOOl
Phiic, Hai Hung va Thdi Binh Ddng chii y Id sp phdn bd phd b i l n , chilu day b i l n ddi mgnh cua cdc t i n g dd't y l u bdo hda, n h i l u chd ehUa hijtu ed va vdt mUc dd thdnh dd thap he tang Thai Binh (atbQ.^^'fb) vd Hdi Hung
(lb,bQ|y'-^hh)
Vdi tang dat y l u he tang Thai Binh, c h i l u sdu xuat hien thudng thay ddi khodng 3-15 m, c h i l u ddy 1-5 m, cd d i n 20 m hode hdn [1, 3, 4, 7) Dd't y l u hd t i n g thudng cd dd am Idn W = 38-60%, bien dgng Idn (md dun long b i l n dgng E^ < 4.000 kPa, h i s6 nen tun
a = 0.05-0.2 cm^/kg) cac dde trUng SLfc ehdng c i t cua
ddt thap ((p = 3-10° c = 2-21 kPa, cp^ = 30-14°, c^ = 3-24 kPa), trpng tupng the tfch ty nhidn khdng tdn ( Y = 16-18 kN/m^)
Mdt nhQng y l u td q u y l t dmh d i n mCfc dp phUc tap cua dieu kidn dja chal cdng trinh KGN Hd Npi la sy ed mat bien lang dd't y l u chUa hCfu co va than bun he tang Hdi Hung Chieu day Idp dat yeu Hal HUng thay ddi lU 0,5-6 m den 18-20 m, cd ddy d i n 30 m Nhieu trudng hpp, tdp dd't yeu thay doi 0-20 m mdt dien tieh xdy dung ehl vdi tram met vudng Dd't ed eac dgc trung dd ben cdl thap ((p = 1-9°, c = 2-19 kPa, (p^^ = 30- 9°, c^ = 3-23 kPa), bien dang tdn (he sd nen lun a,.^ = 0,06-0,35 em^/kg, md dun idng b i l n dang Eo < 3.500 kPa) dd am thudng 45-70%, IUdng Ihe lieh tu nhien Y= 14-18 kN/m^ vd dd bao hoa ciia dd't thudng tdn hdn 95% [3]
Cae tang dat yeu bao hda nude t i n hOu cd he tang That Binh vd Hat HUng khdng chi la nguyen nhan gay tim nhieu, tiin khdng deu [3], ma cdn gdy mat on dinh tat cae bd ddc thi cdng hd mdng, hien luong xiic b i l n , hien tUdng bung nen va ap tuc dia lang tdn tren cdc cdng Irinh khai dao ngam
Ngoai tang chUa nude tdn tgi cac lang dat nhan tao (dai tap, dat dap), mat cai tram tfch Oe TU KGN Ha Ndi ed mat hai tang chUa nude phong phii Pleistocen (qp) va Holocen (qh) Tang chUa nudc qp phdn bd rdng khdp d Ha Npi, dupc tdn tgi cde tram tich rdi hd tang Ld Chi, Ha Npi va VTnh Phue vdi chieu day Ihay ddi tu 10-30 m den 40-70 m Cae tang dai chUa nudc ed he sd thd'm tdn (k = 20-70 m/ngay), he sd dp dan nudc 50-2.300 m^/ngay [3, 4], Phan tren ciia mat cdt Be TU, tang chUa nude qh dupc phdn bd Irong cac tang tram tich bd rdi he tang Thai Binh, chieu day thay doi 2-20 m Cac lang dat chUa nudc qh ed he sd tham thay ddi k = 15-50 m/ngay, he sd dd ddn nude 20-800 m^/ngay [3, 4] Dieu dd ed nghTa Id, viec thi cdng cae hd mdng, dac ngam hay eac cdng irinh ngam dai eac tang da't chUa nudc qp hay qh, khdng chi ddn thuan can xif ly hien tupng nudc chay hd mdng, chdng tham cho cdng trinh ngam ma cdn phai ddi phd vdi hien tupng xdi ngam, cat chay hoac biing
n l n Mat khde, dd pH cua cdc tang chUa nudc bien doi phgm vi rdng, vdi qp (3,7-8,4) va qh (4,0-8.6), nghTa la tgl mpt s d khu vyc trdn dia bdn Ha Ndi, nude nglm co tinh dn mdn axit ddt vdi be tdng v d be tdng cdt thep thong thudng
Vdi nhQng d i l m ddc thu v l cac d i l u kidn tu nhien dja ehat cdng trinh vd dia c h i t thuy van tgi Hd Ndi, hoat ddng ky thudt eua ngUdi ddng vai trd quan trpng den sy phdt sinh didn b i l n cung nhU quy md cac qua trinh va hl^n tupng dja c h i t KGN Thu dd Viec khai thac cat khdng dung quy hogch, xdy dpng cdc cdng trinh, san tip hay ddo phd dpc bd sdng la mot nhOng nguydn nhdn cd bdn gdy m i t dn dinh bd ddc dpc sdng Hong n h i l u ndm qua tai Hd Ndi N h i l u cdng trinh nghien cQu da chi rd, tgi hdng togt khu vUc trdn dja bdn phd, cae tang nUde dudi d i t da vd dang bj d nhidm ngdy cang nghidm trong, tgo d i l u kien hinh Ihanh mdi trudng y I m khi cd mat eae vat c h i t hQu cd ty nhien hoac nhiem dat Ddc d i l m ndy dupe the hien bdi dgi lUpng t h i d xy hda khif (Eh) khdng cao eiJa cac t i n g nUdc qp (-88 - -H140 mV, thudng +20 ^ +70 mV) vd qh (-63 + +132 mV,lhUdng +16-^+80 mV), v a e d xu t h i gidm d nhiem d mdt sd npi (bdi rdc cu, doc cdc sdng v d kenh thoat rnidc thdnh phd) [3] Va dd se la dieu kien thuan ldi cho qua trinh dn mdn didn hda ddi vdi cae k i t eau thep va mot sd kim logi dieu kidn mdi trUdng thieu dxy Khong nhUng vdy, sU nhidm ban nUde ngam bdi cac dong nude thai, npi cd qud trinh khilf dxy eua lUu huynh vdt siJ tham gia ede vi hOu cd eylfal hda, ddn d i n sU thdnh lao hydro sulfur va hidrotroilit, S y tich ly cdc gas sinh hoa it tan (CH^, N^, H^ ) vdi vide tang ddng thdt khdi vl sinh gay sU ndi tdng (giam chdt) eae Idp dat, kem Iheo Id su giam dd ben vd md dun tdng b i l n dgng cua chung, ddng thdi tgo d i l u kien hinh thdnh tinh chd't xuc biln va tdng dp nhgy cua da! vdi tdi trpng ddng Su bao hoa khf eac t r i m tich cat lam giam gdc ma sat cua chiing, dieu lam lang sy ehuyen t i l p cdt sang tr^ng thdi long [5] Cd the ndi, viec khai thdc nudc dudi d i t vdt tUu tupng qud Idn (khoang 1.000.000 m='/ngay) nhU hidn nay, da gdy thap mUc nude ngam vdt tri sd d i n 30-35 m tai Ha Dinh, Phdp Van vdi vimg thap d i n 250 km^ dd va dang gay hien tUpng lun mat dd't de'n 244 mm tal mpt sd khu vuc vd ngdy eang nghiem [1,3], gdy tiin vd nUt nhieu tda nhd v d edng trinh xdy dyng eung nhiJ gdp phan tang didn tich ung ngap tgi Thu dd nhQng nam qua
Tong hpp cdc y l u to q u y l t djnh, quy md va thdt gian xuat hipn cde qua trinh va hidn tupng dja chat tU nhien, dia chal ty nhien - ky thuat KGN Hd Ndi dUpc tdng hpp b^ng
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Dac diem ddc thu ve cde dilu kidn tU nhidn, kiln tgo, dja ehat, dja chat cdng trinh, dia chat thiiy van va hoat ddng kinh te - ky thuat chua hdp ly eiia ngudi ta nhifng y l u td ed b^n quylt djnh d i n kh& nang xua't hien, cudng dp, quy md vd ddc dilm cac qua trinh va hien tupng dja chal tu nhien, dta ehat tu nhien - ky thuat anh hudng bat tdi vd trUc tiep d i n vide khai thac si^ dung KGN tal Ha Ndi
Bang tdng hdp cae qud trinh va hien tupng tU nhien, ty nhien - ky thuat dUdc xay dUng la ed sd luan chiifng can thiet va quan trpng phuc vu vide quy hoaeh xay dung tdi Uu, lUa chpn kd't ca'u cdng trinh eung nhu giai phap thi edng hpp ly khai thac va sCf dyng KGN tai Ha Ndi •
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] Nguyen DiJc Dai v a nnk (1996) Baa cao dieu tra dia chSt
thi Hi N^i, thuoc "Chuong trinh (3iachat Ihi V i g t N a m " ,
Tong cue Dia chat ViSt N a m , Ha
NOi-[2] Nguyen Dilc Manh v a nnk (1 2012) "Khi nSng hda long cua
nen dat dong dS't vi anh hUdng cua no den khai thic KGN d Hi NOI" Tuyen tap cac bao c a o Hoi nghi K H & C N chSo mOng ky mem
55 lap Vien K H & C N Giao thong v a n tai Hk Npi, tr.265-272 [3] N g u y i n DLIC Mgnh (2010), "CO sd dia chSt cdng trinh cua
w§c khai thac KGN Ih^nh phd Hi Ndi (Viet Nam)"{b^r\ tieng Nga),
luSn an ti^'n sy dia chat khoang vSt hpc, D?i hpc M quoc gia Xanh Peterburg - Lifin Bang Nga (tr 256)
[4] Nguyen DLTC M a n h R E Dasko (2010) "Mdt so van d4 cua
viec khai Ihic vi sCl dung KGN dieu kiin dia chSt cdng trinh phdc tap d thdnh phd Ha Nqi'ibkn tie'ng Nga) T ^ p chf Dia chat cong
trtnh quae gia, Moxkva, thang 6,2010, tr -
[5] Nguyen DLIC M g n h , N g u y i n Ngoc LSn (2010) "Dia mdi
trddng vdi khai thic va sU dicing hi^u qua KGN dd thi Ha Ndi" Tgp
ch( Khoa hpc GTVT - TrUcJng Dgi hpc GTVT No 29, tr-65-70 [6] Nguyen Ngoc Thuy, Nguyen Smh Mmh (2004) Nghien cdu
bo sung vi hoin chinh bin phSn vijng nhd ddng dat phd Hi Ndi md rdng ty Id 1:25000 lap cd sd diy lieu ve dac tnjng dao ddng n4n dSt d HA Noi dng vdi bin tren Bao cao tdng k^'t de tai
K H & C N Vi#n V S t l y D i a c a u
[7] VCl Cong NgO va cs (2007) Nghien cdu danh gia bo sung
di4u kien dat nen vung Ha Noi va viing phu cin vi giai phap nSn mong cdng trinh Bao cao khoa hoc tong ket d ^ tai Li§n hiep khoa
hpc san x u ^ l t!|a ch^t xay d y n g va cap nUcSc, Ha N6i