Một số ý kiến của C.Mác và Ph.Ăngghen về văn học nghệ thuật

Can thudng xuyen td chiic cac lap tap huan, bdi dudng ve cdng tac ly luan, phe binh van hgc, nghe thuat trudc het cho dgi ngii van nghe sT va nhirng ngudi dang tham gia quan ly, chi [r]

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luan each mang dk cai tao thi gidi, cai biin

Tren co sd quan diem chu nghTa vat bien chiing, Mac va Angghen da chi rd ngudn gdc cua vdn hgc nghe thuat gin vdi ngudn gdc va su phat trien ciia ngudi Sy ddi va phat trien ciia van hgc nghe thuat la mdt hien tugng khach quan, gdn vdi trinh dg phat trien ciia xa hdi, vdi nhirng tien de can thiet ciia nd Van hgc nghe thuat chi thuc su ddi ngudi da phat trien day dii ve nang luc tu va cam xiic tham my Day la mgt hoat ddng tinh than phong phii, mdt su sang tao ma ngudi cd the dem lai cho minh Chinh qua trinh lao ddng xa hdi la qua trinh phat trien va hodn thien ngudi tren cac mat tu duy, ngdn ngir va cam xiic tham my

Khdng dinh vdn hgc ngh? thuat la mdt hinh thai y thiic xa hgi nam kien tnic thugng tang cua xa hgi, Mac cho rdng, van

'*' Vi$n van h6a va phat trien, H(?c vi?n Chfnh trj -Hanh chinh quoc gia Ho Chf Minh

hgc nghe thuat chiu su tac ddng tryc tiip cua nhiing dieu kien xa hgi, ciia co sd kinh te va cac hinh thai y thiic xa hdi khac, song nd Cling cd vai trd tac dgng trd lai ddi vdi tdn tai xa hdi Van hgc nghe thuat cd chirc nang nhan thiic, dd la ngudn tri thirc cho nhan loai, sang tac ciia nha van "la ngudn ma hau het cac dan tdc ITnh hdi dugc hgc thiic tir dd" (C.Mdc va Ph.Angghen: Todn

tap, t.40, NXB Chinh tri qudc gia Ha Ngi,

1995, tr.I004) So vdi cac hinh thai y thirc xa hgi khac, tac dgng ciia van hgc nghe thuat ddi vdi ngudi, ddi vdi xa hgi la rat ldn Dieu dd dugc Mac vd Angghen neu rd cac dng nghien ciiu vai trd ciia van hgc Anh Cac dng viet: "Ca mdt Idp nha van tieu thuyet hien dai xuat sac ciia nudc Anh cac tac pham chdi lgi va hiing hdn da vach cho toan the gidi nhieu chan ly chinh tri va xa hgi, han la tat ca cac chinh khach chuyen nghiep, cdc nha chinh luan va cac nha dao dire hgc chuyen nghiep gdp lai" (Sdd, t.lO, tr.710-711) Van hgc nghe thuat dua tri thirc va chan ly den vdi ngudi mdt each nhe nhang va de tham thau vao ddi sdng xa hdi han la cac hinh thai y thiic xa hgi khac

Mdt chiic nang nira ciia van hgc nghe thuat la churc ndng tham my, Angghen viet: "Sach nhan dan cd sii menh phai lam cho

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ndng dan vui hg met mdi sau lam viec nang ne trd ve budi chiiu tdi, giiip hg giai tri, lam cho hg tuoi tinh, bit hg quen lao ddng nang nhgc cua hg, bien canh ddng sdi da cua hg vudn cay qua tham tho; nd cd sii menh bien xudng ciia ngudi thg thii cdng va can budng sat mai tham hai cua anh thg hgc viec kiet siic the gidi tho ca, cung dien vdng " (Sdd, t.41, tr.23) Van hgc nghe thuat giiip ngudi y thiic dugc cai dep ciia cugc sdng, lam cho cudc sdng tinh than ciia hg them phong phii

Cimg vdi nhung chiic nang ndi tren, van hgc nghe thuat cd chiic ndng quan trgng la giao due ngudi Angghen cho rdng, sii menh ciia vdn hgc nghe thuat la phai lam sang rd tinh cam dao diic cua ngudi, lam cho hg nhan thiic dugc siic manh va quyen han cua chinh minh, sy tu cua ban than va khoi day ldng diing cam cua hg, tinh yeu ciia hg ddi vdi Td qudc Thdng qua cac hinh thiic van hgc nghe thuat, nhiing tinh cam tdt dep de dang di vao ldng ngudi, giiip hg cd niem tin d tuang lai, theo Angghen: "Chi cd nen van hgc cua td qudc mdi cho thiy tuang lai tuoi dep" (Sdd, t.2, tr.754)

Tir nhiing chiic ndng ndi tren, Angghen da chi nhiem vu cua van hgc nghe thuat, dng cho rang, nha van khdng cd nhiem vu phai cung cap cho ngudi dgc dudi hinh thiic cd sdn su giai quyet cd tinh chat lieh sir nhiing xung dot xa hgi ma nha van mieu ta Angghen ciing ndi them rdng: "tieu thuylt cd khuynh hudng xa hdi chu nghla, theo quan diem cua tdi, hoan toan thuc hien sii menh ciia nd nd mieu ta diing cac quan he thuc tl, pha huy nhirng tudng tugng trung thdng tri ve ban chat cua nhiing quan he dd, lam lay chuyen su lac quan ciia thi gidi tu san, tao nen su hoai

nghi vl tinh bit di bit dich cua cac ca sd cua cai hien tdn" (Sdd, t.36, tr.526) Nhu vay, nhiem vu cua van hgc nghe thuat la phan anh thuc te khach quan, qua dd tac dgng din nhan thiic, y thiic cua ngudi, hudng ngudi vao cai tao the gidi

Nghien ciiu quan diem ciia Mac va Angghen ve van hgc nghe thuat, can luu y din nhiing y kien ciia cac dng ve hoat dgng sang tac van hgc nghe thuat Cac dng phe phan viec mdt sd ngudi tuyen bd tinh biet lap cua lao ddng khoa hgc va lao ddng nghe thuat Angghen viet: "Su tap trung hoan toan tai ndng nghe thuat d nhirng ca nhan rieng biet va tinh trang tai nang nghe thuat quan chiing rgng rai vi the ma bi ehen ep deu la hau qua ciia su phan cdng lao ddng Tham chi neu nhu nhiing quan he xa hdi nhat dinh mdi mgt ca nhan deu la mdt hga si xuat sac thi dieu dd hoan toan khdng loai trir kha nang mdi mgt ca nhan ciing trd mgt hga sT ddc dao, nhu vay thi d day su phan biet giira lao ddng "cua ngudi" va lao dgng "cua Ke nhat" la mdt diiu vd nghia thd thiln" (Sdd, t.3, tr.575-576) Angghen ciing cho rang, chinh su phu thudc vao phan cdng lao ddng ay lam cho hoat ddng cua nlia nghe thuat bi han chl, va dng du bao rang, xa hdi CSCN dnh trang dd se dugc khac phuc Mac va Angghen dua mdt sd yeu cau sang tac van hgc nghe thuat nhu sau:

Mgt Id, yeu cau chung ddi vdi mgt tac

pham nghe thuat la phai cd su dung hgp giiia dg sau cua tu tudng vdi ngi dung Iich sir va su sinh dgng, phong phii vl hinh thiic bieu dat

Hai Id, doi vdi chii nghia hi?n thuc

sang tdc vdn hgc nghe thuat, Mac va Angghen yeu cau ngoai tinh trung thuc cua

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nhimg chi tiet, phai tai tao mgt each tnmg thuc nhirng tinh each tieu bilu nhirng tinh hudng tieu bieu Cac dng cho rdng, cac quan diem ciia tac gia cdng dugc che kin nhieu chirng nao thi cang tdt cho tac pham nghe thuat Chii nghia hien thyc cd the the hien ca mdt each ddc lap vdi cac quan diem ciia tac gia

Ba la, hoat ddng sang tac vdn hgc nghe

thuat can phai mang tinh thdi dai Tinh thdi dai d day dugc hieu la ngoai nhiing phim chat ma tit ca mgi thdi dai deu cd mdi tac pham thi yeu cau ddt la tac phim phai phii hgp vdi thdi dai minh

Bon la, yeu cau ve phong each hien dai

trong hoat ddng sang tac, Angghen viit: "Nen vdn hgc Xrk, tudi cd mgt thii vii lam cho nd khdng the bi chien bai va tap hgp dudi cd ciia nd tat ca nhiing tai ndng tre Tinh chat cu the sdng dgng ciia nd, ldi dien dat sdc sao, su da dang ve sic thai dem lai cho mdi nha vdn tre dia ban de phat trien ty thien tai cua minh" (Sdd, t.41, tr.93-94)

Ndm Id, sang tac van hgc nghf

thuat, vdn nghe sT phai cd the gidi quan rd rang The gidi quan rd rang se giiip hg nhin nhan va phan anh diing cdc hi^n tugng, su ki^n mgt each khach quan, cac mdi lien he phd bien

Mdt y kien nira cua Angghen ma chiing ta can luu tam dd la ve quyen tu ngdn luan vd chl kiem duy^t ddi vdi vdn hgc chl dg tu ban Cdc nudc tu ban chii nghTa van cho rdng d hg ty^ ngdn luan va ty sang tao la quyen tu tuy?t ddi, nhung thyc te lai dien ngugc lai Tinh trang mit ty ma cac dng de cap khdng phai la hi?n tugng rieng re d mgt noi nao ma biin va trd ban chat cua che

do tu ban, mdt chl xa hdi han chl va ddi lap vdi siic sang tao nghe thuat Trong cac tac pham chinh luan ciia minh, cac dng neu rd rang, dudi che tu ban, cac thii van nghe dugc tu phat triln la loai van nghe da ban minh va tu nguyen lam bdi biit cho giai cap tu san DT nhien, diiu kien hien nay, giai cap tu san da cd nhieu cai bien, cd nhimg hinh thiic nguy trang kheo leo cho cai ggi la "ty ngdn luan", nhung ve ban chit, tfnh giai cap van hgc nghe thuat van khdng thay ddi

Theo y kien cua Mac va Angghen, ty ngdn luan, ty sang tdc se phat huy dugc vai trd ciia van hgc ddi vdi xa hgi De cap den van de nay, cac dng ciing ndi tdi su tat yeu cua giao luu vdn hgc, den y nghla va hinh thiic, ngi dung cua giao luu van hgc Trong dieu kien che chinh tri khdng dai dif n cho lgi ich ciia nhan dan lao ddng, thi sy phan bien xa hdi la can thiet Giao luu vdn hgc se gdp phan vao thiic day sy phan bien xa hgi dd

Giao luu vdn hgc cd the dugc thyc hien qua hinh thirc trao ddi, tiep nhan sach bao nudc ngoai, lua chgn nhiing tac pham cd gid tri, td chiic dich vd xuat ban nudc, ciing nhu gidi thieu cac tdc pham nudc nudc ngodi Angghen viet: "De lam cho nhimg tdc pham ma ndi dung cd gia tri va cdn hodn toan mdi me ddi vdi ngudi Diic trd de hieu thi can phai chgn lgc va chinh ly nhu ngudi Phap da lam ddi vdi tit ca nhirng tdi lieu nhan dugc ciia nudc ngoai Nhirng tac pham quan trgng nhat sach bao xa hdi chii nghTa nudc ngoai da qua chinh ly nhu vay se dugc xuat ban thdi gian sip tdi" (Sdd, t.2, tr.787)

Nhiing y kien ciia Mac va Angghen vl vdn hgc nghe thuat cho den van cdn

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nguyen y nghia, nhat la thdi ky giao luu hdi nhap qudc tl dugc md rdng Vai trd ciia van hgc nghe thuat dugc Dang ta danh gia rit cao, vi thi dd la ITnh vuc dugc Dang ta quan tam xay dung va phat triln Dang ludn tdn trgng tu sang tao ciia van nghe sT, nhung ddng thdi ciing hudng hg gdp phan vao phuc vu su nghiep xay dung va bao ve dat nudc, phuc vu lgi ich cua dan tgc

Nghi quyit 23-NQ/TW 16-6-2008 cua Bd Chinh tri khoa X vl Tiip tue xdy

dung vd phdt triin vdn hge nghi thuat trong thdi ky mdi da neu rd: "Van hgc,

nghe thuat la ITnh vuc rat quan trgng, ddc biet tinh te cua van hoa; la nhu ciu thiit yeu the hien khat vgng chan, thien, my cua ngudi; la mdt nhung ddng lyc to ldn true tiep gdp phan xay dung nen tang tinh than cua xa hdi va su phat trien toan dien ngudi Viet Nam" (Bao Nhdn Ddn, 24-6-2008) Vdn hgc nghe thuat la mdt bd phan tinh te cua van hod, cd cac chirc ndng nhan thiic, giao due, tham my, giai tri, giao tiep, td chiic va dieu chinh xa hgi Van hgc, nghe thuat tac ddng tryc tiep den ngudi vao the gidi tinh cam, tam hdn, cam xiic cua hg thdng qua cac hinh tugng nhan vat, cac hinh tugng nghe thuat cac tac pham van hgc vdi yeu td tu tudng la sgi chi dd xuyen sudt dd Vai trd ciia vdn hgc, nghe thuat viec giao due chu nghTa yeu nudc va chu nghTa xa hdi d ehd xay dyng va khdng dinh nhiing gia tri chuan muc cho ngudi vuon tdi, tir dd hinh cac pham chat, nhan each cua ngudi, dd, tu tudng nhan van, ldng yeu que huang, dat nudc, dire hy sinh vi Td qudc, anh hiing chiin diu, can cii, sang tao lao dgng dugc coi la nhiing gia tri tdt dep

Quan triet tinh than Nghi quyet 23 cua Bd Chinh tri ve Tiip tue xdy dung vd phdt

triin vdn hgc nghi thuat thdi ky mdi,

cac CO quan chiic ndng d trung uong va dia phuang, nhu Ban Tuyen giao, Sd Van hda -The thao va Du lieh, Hdi van hgc, nghe thuat va cac van nghe sT, cac tap chi, cac bao van nghe da va se phai tiep tuc khac phuc nhirng yeu kem, bat cap quan ly va sang tac vdn hgc, nghe thuat nham lam cho nen van hgc, nghe thuat nudc nha phat trien lanh manh, vira bao dam tinh tien den, vira giii dugc ban sac dan tdc Can thudng xuyen td chiic cac lap tap huan, bdi dudng ve cdng tac ly luan, phe binh van hgc, nghe thuat trudc het cho dgi ngii van nghe sT va nhirng ngudi dang tham gia quan ly, chi dao van hgc, nghe thuat d trung uong va dja phuang, nang cao nhan thiic cua hg ve tinh dac thii ciia vdn hgc, nghe thuat va vai trd ciia nd su phat trien ben viing xa hdi; ve dudng ldi, quan diem ve van hda, vdn nghe ciia Dang, nhat la vai trd ciia cdng tac ly luan, phe binh giai doan dit nudc ddi mdi, hdi nhap; ve nhirng vin dl ndi bat thuc tien kinh tl - xa hdi ciia dat nudc Trach nhiem cua van nghe sT va cac nha ly luan, phe binh van nghe la phai phdt hien, de cao nhimg nhan td tich eye cudc sdng de loai bd nhimg tu tudng di ngugc lai nguyen vgng va lgi ich ciia nhan dan Phai phan biet dau la khat vgng ddi mdi thuc su, dau la y dd nhan danh ddi mdi de phu nhan truyen thong tot dep cua dan tdc, phii nhan nhiing qua each mang ma cha dng ta da gianh dugc bing xuong mau Chinh vi vay, ciing vdi viec tdn trgng tu sang tac, cin dl cao y thirc trach nhiem cdng dan cua ngudi cim but, trach nhiem cua nhirng ngudi lam cdng tac quan ly van hgc, nghe thuat