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Trinh dp chuyen mdn va kiln thure v l tilt kiem nang lupng ciia can bd va edng churc trong toan nganh dUdc nang cao thdng qua viec phd biln, tap huln, dao tao tuyen truyin cae ndi[r]
(1)DOI M I QUAN LY
KIEN TRUC XANH MOT CHIEN LI/0C QUAN TRONG NHAM TIET KIEM NANG LI/tiNG VA VAT LIEU TRONG NGANH XAY Dl/NG § VIET NAM
(Hoi thao khoa hgc toan quoc: Phat trien kien true nhiet 66i
; , chien liftic bao ve moi trudng va chifang trinh suf dung nang lifcing tiit kiem hieu qua)
G S T S N G U Y E N M A N H KIEM
Tom tat: Oa co luc, cdc tif "kien true xanh", "Ki§n true ben vffng vdi moi tri/c(ng" Id nhirng khdi niem co ve phu phiem Nhieu lap luqn: nhd chua du de d vdi ngudi thu nhqp thap, chua du dep vufo y ngudi thu nhgp cao , hoi ddu md nghT den "xanh", den "moi trudng"! Tuy nhien vdi nhffng gl dang dien bien xau di ve cdc thdm hoq moi tri/dng hien dd cho thay viec dp dung cdc chi§n luqc cua Ki§n true xanh Id v6 cung cap thiit
I Loai thu than thoai Ouroboros
Trong than thoai phi/cng l a y co dai co mot loai rong gpi ten la Ouroboros, nghla la rong tu" nuoi song minh bing each an duoi cua minh (theo tiing Hi Lap la ttr an duoi cua minh)
TL/ ti/ong ki§n true b§n vOmg hien dai di/a tren nguyen tie gidng nhi/ loai rdng tir an duoi ciJa minh de t6n tai th^n thoai Hi Lap Nhung ngoi nha hien co the thilt k l hoan toan theo tLTtirdng vdi cac ch§ dp nang li/png tii cung d p va tuin hoan Vl du: Burc xa mat trdi biln dien nang, sir phan huy chit thai hOru ctf (rac, chit thai rin, p h i thai nha bip ) se biln khf dit N I U cac dang nang li/ong tai tao khac nhif gio, thuy trilu, dja nhiet dirac sCr dung t i i da thi nguy ctf can kiet nang lirprig cung nhir nhilm moi trucmg se khong la dilu dang quan ngai Chfnh vi vay mpt
nhQng trao luu phat then manh me xay di/ng hien la "Kiln true xanh" (Green Building) dang dutfe nhilu nudc tren t h i gidi ap dung vdi muc dfeh tilt kiem d i n mufc t i i da nang lUdng va tai nguyen va than thien vdi moi trudng Rit nhilu Hiep Hpi Kiln true xanh diftfc lap nham hpi tu cac nha khoa hpc de truyin ba \u tudng thilt k l
IL Lqri fch tu" viec ap dung K i l n true xanh Tri/de het, kiln true xanh mang d i n cai ldi trtfc tilp chu" khong vien vong: gia dien cang eao va neu tuan thu thilt ke xanh, hoa don tien dien se giam rat nhieu ta giam dUdc may lanh, dien chieu sang, dien n l u nude ndng Chi phi y t l cang eao nen n l u thilt k l xanh, can nha se co blu khong khf sach, giam thieu bui bam va cac hoa chit (cd rit nhilu vat lieu xay dung, d l npi thIt, cac loai son, tham ) giup ta giurgln sure khoe, giam eac chi phf y t l
Thur hai, m i l de doa Xii sir xuing e l p cua moi trudng cang sat sudn: nhung lang ung thu mdi trudng Thdng tin v l lUdng bui lam giam chit lUdng khdng khf cua Ha Ndi d i n mirc ngudi d Ha Ndi 10 nam bj benh v l hd h i p cao gIp nhilu lin eua ngudi d dudi nam lai la mdt canh bao nura Su xuit hien nhCimg can benh nhu dj umg triln mien vl khdng khf d nha cang x l u di
Rdi tinh trang thilu dien nghiem trpng dang diln vai tuin g i n day lai la mdt canh bao khac nlu cur xay nha ma chi dua vao nang lupng dien de lam mat Rdi nhumg bao han hilm thiy thoi tung phd Oa Ning Nhung edn bao hilm hoi da bd vao Vung Tau, B i n Tre nhung nam trudc cung la mdt canh bao true tilp tir he luy trai d i t bi ndng len
Cac nha khoa hpc da cho thiy ring: 48% tieu thu nang lupng toan t h i gidi danh cho cac cdng nghiep xay dung (ehi 27% eho van tai, 25% cho ky nghe Thao nghT cd the nghi ngd nhilu thi?
(2)KllN TRUC XANH MOT CHlfeN LtfCiC QUAN TRONG-Song dd la su that vl chfnh la
nang lutfng cho san xuit vat lieu xay dung (san xuit xi mang, nung gach, n l u thep ), nang lUtfng de van chuyen cac thU l y d i n ntfi thi cdng, nang luang cho qua trinh xay dung, nang luang de van hanh edng trinh (dilu hoa, chilu sang, cung e l p nudc ) Va sau cUng cdn ea nang lUdng de pha bd cdng trinh va van chuyen chit thai r i n bo di
Vdi t i t ca nhung tac ddng g i n , xa, nhiJng trach nhiem cung quyin ldi khai quat tren, ta gan nhu doan chic rang, nhan thure va ap dung "kien true xanh" dang dung trude cifa ngo nha minh va khdng cd each nao khae hon la phai ehu y va dan ap dung nd thdi Day chfnh la trach nhiem ciJa kiln true su tir b i t d i u ban ve Phai can trpng giup giam ehi phf eho cdng trinh suit vdng ddi cua nd, qua dd giam anh hudng d i n mdi trudng
liL "Xanh" ia gi?
DUng nghT den kien true xanh vdi hlnh anh cua eae khu resort sang trpng rap mat hay eac toa
nha hi-tech cue hien dai Ngin gpn ed the diJng nhu nhumg eau hoi ma to chdc hang d i u cua gidi k i l n true sU My - American Institute of Architects - hang nam d i u hoi chpn cdng trinh trao giai top ten cdng trinh xanh: Co sCr dung nang luang hieu qua khong? Cd tan dung anh sang tU nhien va tilt kiem nudc khdng? Cdng trinh cd hoa nhap vdi cpng ddng chung quanh khdng? Tdm lai, cai ma ta xay cd tac dpng t h i nao d i n t h i gidi chung quanh ta? Dung nghT "xanh" la hoan toan khdng dung may lanh ma la each nhiet tit, che chin ning tit , de may lanh hoat ddng thip ma hieu qua cao Xanh khdng phai la khdng dung kfnh (vl kfnh giup dua anh sang vao nha giam chi phf chilu sang) nhung phai diJng kfnh hai Idp, phan quang, each nhiet, each am, chdng bui tdt
d nhOng ndi ed the, ngudi ta
tan dung tdi da thdng thoang tu nhien, ddi chd dung may bam nhiet (heat pumb), mdt loai thilt bj lam mat ft t i n kem htfn may lanh Cai tao vi khf hau quanh
nha bang cay xanh, hd nudc, tham cd TU dd t i l n dan den ngdi nha hoan toan dung thdng thoang tu nhien hay edn gpi la nhOng ngdi nha thu ddng (passive house)
C i n phai tranh thai dp cue doan v l kiln true xanh (xanh la mai nha tranh vudn cay xanh mudt) Vi ddi sing hien dai khdng phai lue nao cung nhu thi duac Chung ta v i n phai dung may lanh nhung phai lam t h i nao de sir dung nang lUdng chay may lanh hieu qua nhit Mudn vay phai eai tiln chile may lanh, each nhiet can nha that tdt Dung bao gid dung kfnh mdt Idp eho nha vung nhiet ddi C i n sCr dung cira so kinh ddi vl nd giup khdng thIt thoat hdi lanh, giam tiing dn (mot loai d nhilm) Ndi nao co the dupfc thi tan dung gid tu nhien DT nhien dilu khdng the diro'c mdt eao de van phong v6n ed qua nhilu ngudi
Khae vdi cung dn ddi: mat troi ludn d phfa b i c hay phia nam, thude nha d nam hay bic ban ciu nen phai md cCra sd v l hirdng de l i y nhiet, d vung nhiet dcri thi ngudc lai, chung ta cin tranh nhan nhiet Cu the, mat trdi nim d phfa ddng va tay nen tudng quay v l phfa dd va phai dUdc che chin each nhiet tdt Mai nha la nd bi chilu sang suit nen phai chdng ndng cho mai va co the xay be nudc tren mai vl nudc can ndng rit tdt DT nhien nd se sinh nhilu v i n d l nhu mudi chang han VI vay theo vj trf mai co the tim each cham sdc, bao tri nhu xem thCf cd tha ca diro'c khdng hay lam vudn canh
IV Tiet kiem nang lu'dng va nguyen vat lieu nganti xay dirng d Viet Nam
Tir quan diem tilt kiem nang lUtfng va tilt kiem nguyen vat lieu cua kiln true xanh, nhin lai thuc trang nganh xay dung Viet Nam nhung nam g i n day d l nh$n thay ring di ddi vdi su tang trudng cua san xuit, mUe tieu thu nang lUtfng va tai nguyen thien nhien eae khu vue xay dung
(3)KliN TRUC XANH MOT CHIEN Ll/OlC QUAN TRONG.,
ngay cang gia tang va rit khd kiem soat Theo s i lieu nghien curu, hien tong nang lUtfng tieu dung khu vuc xay dung Udc tinh chiim khoang XU 20-40% tong nang lUdng quic gia Kinh nghiem cua nhieu nude tren t h i gidi da eho thiy, nlu quan ly t i t khau thilt k l xay dung cdng trinh theo hudng sir dung nang lUtfng cd hieu qua se tilt kiem dudc tir 20-30% nang lUdng tieu thu khu vuc Ddi vdi cae ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien phuc vu san xuit vat lieu xay dung va tieu dung xa hdi, viee gia tang khai thac va sir dung lang phf thIt thoat dang lam suy giam, can kiet ngudn tai nguyen cd han va gay nhumg tac ddng x l u d i n canh quan mdi trudng
Nganh edng nghiep xay dung Viet Nam dang dirng trude nhung cd hdi va thach thure qua trinh hdi nhap quIc t l V i n d l tilt kiem va sir dung cd hieu qua nguyen lieu d i u vao va nang lUdng se ed y nghTa vd cung quan trpng viec giam gia va nang cao sufc canh tranh cua cac doanh nghiep De trien khai Luat Thuc hanh tilt kiem ehdng lang phf va thuc hien sir dung nang luong, tai nguyen tilt kiem va hieu qua ddi vdi cae ITnh vuc quan ly Nha nudc eiia Nganh Xay dung, Bd Xay dung da xay dung
chUdng trinh sir dung nang lUdng, tai nguyen tilt kiem va hieu qua eiia nganh xay dung ChUdng trinh dUdc trien khai tir 2007-2010 va se nang d p md rdng giai doan 2010-2020
Muc tieu cCia ChUdng trinh la nhim nang cao hieu qua su" dung, giam mufc tieu thu va thIt thoat de d i n nam 2010 phin d i u tilt kiem tir 5-7% tdng mufc tieu thu nang lUdng toan Nganh, ghlm ty le thIt thoat va lang phf viec cung d p nudc sach xuIng dudi mufc 15% vao nam 2015 va ghlm ty le thIt thoat nguyen lieu xuIng dudi 5% eae hoat ddng quan ly, san xuit, kinh doanh ciia cae ddn vj Cd sd toan nganh Xay dung va ban hanh dUdc cac quy chuan, tieu chuan, van ban hudng d i n , tai lieu tuyen truyin v l sir dung tilt kiem nang lUdng, nude sach va cae ngudn tai nguyen cae hoat ddng cua Nganh Xay dung Trinh dp chuyen mdn va kiln thure v l tilt kiem nang lupng ciia can bd va edng churc toan nganh dUdc nang cao thdng qua viec phd biln, tap huln, dao tao tuyen truyin cae ndi dung ciia Quy chuan Xay dung Viet Nam "Cac cdng trinh xay dung sir dung nang lUdng cd hieu qua" va cae van ban cd lien quan: ap dung va
thue hien eac ndi dung yeu eau e i n tuan thu cae Quy chuan eac ITnh vuc cua Nganh
Nghien curu phat trien va chuyen giao dUde eac edng nghe mdi, ung dung cae loai vat lieu mdi, edng nghe mdi tilt kiem nang lUdng, tilt kiem tai nguyen va than thien vdi mdi trudng cac ITnh vuc eua Nganh Xay dung va dua vao hoat dpng cd ne n i p cac md hlnh quan ly va sir dung tilt kiem, hieu qua ngudn nang lUtfng, nudc sach cae toa nha de nhan rdng theo cae giai phap va phUdng thufc quan ly Thanh lap dUdc trung tam tilt kiem nang luang eae dan vi su nghiep hien cd ciia nganh de tham gia thuc hien edng tac tu van, thilt k l , dao tao, nghien ciru, chuyen giao cdng nghe v l nang cao hieu suat sir dung nang lUdng va nguyen vat lieu
Nhan djp ky niem 50 nam truyin thing Nganh Xay dung, Bd Xay dung da ed ke hoach td chufc mdt cudc Hdi thao vdi ehu d l la "Sir dung nang lUdng, tai nguyen, tilt kiem va hieu qua xay dung" thang 04/2008 Nhu vay cd the thiy
ring tu tudng kiln true xanh thuc su da 6agc su quan tam rit Idn eua d p Nganh, elp Bd Viee trien khai thuc hien tDay gid cdn lai phan Idn se thude vao nhan thure va hanh ddng eiia cae ky su, kiln true su va chuyen gia xay dung
V kit luan
1 Khdng nen hieu kiln true xanh ehl ddn thuin la trdng cay xanh, hoac than thien vdi mdi trudng han
2 Khdng the ap dung may mde khai niem kiln true xanh cua eac nude han ddi vao dilu kien nudc nhiet ddi ndng am nhu Viet Nam dUtfc
3 C i n cd nhung chuang trinh va d l tai nghien edu cac tieu chf kiln true xanh cho Viet Nam