Ứng dụng năng lượng mặt trời trong đời sống nhằm tiết kiệm năng lượng và bảo vệ môi trường
Khoa hoc Si Cdng nghe Ufng dung ndng li/dng mgl trdi trong ddi song nliam tiet l<iem ndng li/ting va bdo ve moi tri/dng PGS.TS. HOANG DUONG HUNG Trffdng Dai hpc Bdch khoa Dd Ndng I- DAT VAN DE Ndng Iffdng vd Mdi trffdng la nhffng van d'e cd moi hen quan mat thie't vdi nhau, md'i quan be ndy ngdy edng dffdc the hien rd rang bdn vd dang anh hffdng rat ldn de'n sff sd'ng cdn ciia bdnh tinh chiing ta. Sff khai thdc vd sff dung cdc ngudn ndng Iffdng truy'en thd'ng qud mffc da vd dang tac dpng rat xau de'n mdi trffdng sinh thdi tren trdi da't ma cu the dd la sff bie'n ddi khi hau tren tddn c'au ngdy mdt nghiem trpng. Do vay van d'e nghien cffu khai thdc va sff dung mdt each hdp ly cdc ngudn ndng Iffdng truy'en thd'ng d'dng thdi nghien cffu ffng dung cdc ngu'dn ndng Iffdng mdi thay the dan cdc ngudn ndng Iffdng hda thach Id nhiem vu vd trdch nhiem ciia mdi qud'c gia, mdi ngffdi dan ehung ta. Ndng Iffdng mat trdi (NLMT) Id ngu'dn nang Iffdng sach va vo tan, ne'u dffdc nghien cffu sff dung mpt each hdp ly thi chiing ta cd the tie't kiem dffdc mpt Iffdng Idn v'e ndng Iffdng va gdp ph'an dang ke vdo viec bao ve mdi ffffdng sinh thdi ngay mpt dang xau di do viec khai thdc va sff dung cdc ngu'dn nang Iffdng truy'en thdng. Ngdy nay cdc nffdc tren the gidi da va dang nghien cffu sff dung ndng Iffdng mat trdi dffdi nhi'eu dang khdc nhau nhff; - DCing ndng Iffdng mat trdi de cung ca'p dien. Pin mat trdi Id la thie't bj dffa tren phffdng phdp san xua't dien trffc tie'p tff NLMT qua thie't bj bie^n ddi quang dien sff dung bd thu phang hay bd thu tap trung. Pin mat trdi cd ffu diem la gpn nhe cd the Idp ba't ky d dau cd dnh sdng mat trdi, dde biet Id tiong Khoa hoc &phdt trien 9, _ Iinh vffc hdng khdng vii tru. O Viet Nam, vdi sff ho trd ciia mpt so' td cbffc qud'c te da thffc hien thdnh cdng viec xay dffng cdc tram pin mat trdi cd cdng sua't khdc nhau phue vu nhu c'au sinh boat vd vdn boa ciia cac dja phffdng viing sau, vung xa. Tuy nhien hien nay pin mat trdi van dang cdn la mdn hang xa xi dd'i vdi cdc nffdc dang phdt trien nhff chiing ta. - Sff dung ndng Iffdng mat tidi dffdi dang nhiet ndng. Hien nay NLMT dffdc ffng dung khd phd bie'n dffdi dang nhiet ndng nhff trong linh ndng nghiep de say cdc san pham nhff ngii cdc, thffc pham nham giam ty le hao hut vd tdng chat Iffdng san pham. Mdt ffng dung phd bie'n vd dang dffdc sff dung nhi'eu hien nay Id diing NLMT de dun nffdc ndng, ngoai viec sff dung nffdc ndng cho sinh boat thdng thffdng trong cdc hd gia dinh, be thd'ng cung cap nffdc ndng cdn dffdc sff dung trong ede khdeh san, benh vien vd ham nffdc cho cdc be bdi. Ngodi ra ndng Iffdng mat trdi cd the ffng dung vdo thie't bj chffng ca't nffdc va cdn cd the cung cap nhiet cho cdc he thdng lanh nhff lam nffdc dd va di'eu hod khdng khi. Nhin ehung cdc thie't bj Nhiet NLMT ed hieu sud't cao, gid thdnh hdp ly nen ngay cdng dffdc nghien cffu sff dung nhi'eu. Cdc tinh mi'en Trung Viet Nam ndi ehung va thdnh phd Dd Ndng ndi rieng la mdt trong nhiing dja phffdng cd ngu'dn NLMT ra't d'di ddo, vdi sd'gifl ndng trung binh 2200gid/ndm vd cffdng dp bffc xa cao nha't cd the de'n 960V//m2 (binhl). 26 Khoa hoc Si Cdng nghe .Stigi&nang: den 1.500 gid/nfim Cadng do bffc xa MT: den 500 W/m^ Tong bffc xa trona nam: 4.5 Gi/m- S6'gid nang: den 2.200 gid/nam Cudng do biic xa MT: den 960 W/m^ Tong biJc xa trong nam; 6,4 GJ/m- Sd gid nang: den 2.600 gid/nam Cifdng do bffc xa MT: den 980 W/m- Tong btfc xa trong nam: 7.3 GJ/m- Hlnh 1. Bd'e xa mat trdi d cdc vung Viet Nam Trong liic dd ngffdi dan d nhffng viing nong thdn, mi'en mii cdn rat ngheo va d dd nhien lieu chat dot chii ye'u Id cdc phu pha'm ndng nghiep nhff rdm rsf, than cay va chat cay rffng lam ciii. Do dd cupe sdng ciia ngffdi dan lai cang vat va hdn, them vao dd van d'e chat phd rffng Idm chat ddt da va dang gay anh hffdng ra't ldn de'n mdi trffdng ngdy mot nghiem trpng. Hdn nffa y thffc ciia ngffdi dan v'e viec sff dung cdc ngu'dn nang Iffdng mdi nhdm tie't kiem ndng Iffdng vd bao ve mdi trffdng cdn rat ban che. Nen chiing ta can phai tap trung nghien cffu ffng dung cdc thie't bj diing NLMT vdo trong thffc te' nhdm giiip cai thien ddi sd'ng ciia ngffdi dan va gdp ph'an bao ve moi trffdng. Do vay tff ndm 1998 trffdng Dai hpc Bach khoa Da Ndng da tap trung nghien cffu ffng dung cdc thie't bj nang Iffdng mat trdi vdo thffc te d di'eu kien mi'en Trung Viet Nam nhff: - He thdng cung cap nffdc ndng diing ndng Iffdng mat trdi. - Cac loai Be'p nau diing nang Iffdng mat trdi. - He thd'ng bdm nffdc diing ndng Iffdng mat ffdi. - Thie't bj ldm lanh diing ndng Iffdng mat trdi. - Cdc he thd'ng sa'y ndng, lam, hai san bang ndng Iffdng mat trdi. n- QUA TRINH NGHIEN ClfU VA TRIEN KHAI ifNG DUNG Tff nhffng di'eu kien thffc te v'e ngu'dn NLMT san cd ciing nhff tinh binh sff dung cha't dd't eiia ngu'di dan d nhffng viing ndng thdn mi'en mil Viet Nam, chiing tdi da cd y tffdng nghien citu ffng dung cdc loai be'p nau de'n tan ngffdi dan ma trffdc mdt Id nhffng hp dan ngheo d cdc vilng ndng thdn, mi'en mii. Tff nhffng kinh nghiem thffc te van d'e trien khai ffng dung rdng rai cac thie't bj va cdng nghe mdi nha't Id viec sff dung cac ngu'dn ndng Iffdng mdi (sach) vao thffc te'gap rat nhi'eu khd khdn nhff: kinh phi trien khai, y thffc ciia ngffdi dan trong viec thay ddi thdi quen sff dung cac thie't bj vd ngu'dn ndng Iffdng truy'en thdng. Do vay muc tieu bffdc d'au ciia chiing tdi la nghien cffu cdc thie't bj ddn gian, re ti'en, de sff dung va thie't thffc vdi ddi sd'ng hang ngdy ciia ngffdi dan, cdn kinh phi thffc hien Id tim cdc ngu'dn tdi trd de cd the cung ca'p mien phi cho ngffdi dan cac thie't bj va hffdng dan, dao tao hp trong viec sff dung, bao dffdng, sffa chffa cac thie't bj dd, nham giai quye't va'n d'e cha't dot dem lai ldi ich cu the cho ngffdi dan, d'dng thdi tuyen truy'en cho ngffdi dan v'e van d'e tie't kiem nang Iffdng vd bao ve mdi trffdng. Thiet bj d'au tien chiing tdi nghien cffu trie'n khai dd Id be'p hinh hop sff dung NLMT. Be'p cd nguyen ly ca'u tao nhff hinh 2. Hinh 2 : Be'p hinh hop I -Hop bao vc ben ngoai 2-Mflt phan xa ben trong 3-N6i chu'a IhiJc an 4-Tani kinh trong S-GiTOng phan xa 6-TriJC xoay 7-VaI lieu each nhiet 8-Dedatn6i Tff ngudn kinh phi (dffdc tdi trd tff td chffc tff thien Hd Lan) chiing tdi cbe tao be'p tff nhffng thie't Khoa hoc &phat trien 27 Khoa hoc Si Cdng nghe bi va vat lieu sitn co nhff hop bao ve lam bdng rd tre. mat phan xa trong lam bang thau nhdm cd dp bong cao, Idp vat lieu bang rdm, trau Vdi loai bep nay cd gia thanh khoang 200,000VND/ bep (nam 2000). M(?1 phdn xg Tgni noi (tieu diem) Hinh .•(. Sep hinh hop d'au tien c/iC./c i. he lao vd tint nghiem D'au lien che tao va thff nghiem 30 be'p hinh hop ddn gian trien khai d huyen Dien Ban vdi nhffng ke't qua bffdc d'au ra't td't, ngu'di dan nhiet tinh ling hp. Doi vdi bep hinh hop nhiet dp tdi da cbi den 120"C nen phii hdp vdi viec nau cdm, canh, nffdc va kho nau thffc an, cdn mud'n chien, xdo va nffdng thffc dn thi gap nhi'eu khd khan vdi nhffng ngay nang yeu thi khdng thffc bien dffdc, Nen chiing tdi da thie't ke mot loai be'p khac cd nhiet dp cao hdn dd la Bep nau Parabdn. Bep parabon cd dp tap trung bffc xa mat trdi cao nen nhiet dp thu dffdc ca vai ha'p thu cao hdn Bp phan quan trpng nha't ciia bep la mat parabdn J^Hinh 5: Sep ndu Parabdn 1-De dat noi 2-N6i chffa thffc an — 3-Mat phan xa 4-Khung dd ^5-Thanh ehong dieu chinh 6-He thd'ng chan dd phan xa (hinh 6), ne'u san xua't hang loat thi mat nay tdt nha't la lam bang nhdm va dap vdi bien dang theo yeu c'au r'di sau dd danh bdng mat trong that nhdn va sang (nhff gffdng). Vdi Be'p hinh hop dung na'u nau cdm, nffdc va Bep Parabdn dung de xao na'u thffc an chiing tdi da trien khai ffng dung rpng rai ca hai loai be'p na'u nay ••<' CHUY: • ; Co the clie tgo moi phan XQ theo cac bien dang khac nhung • • _ ! •" bien dang cua mai phan xa phdi co dqng: y ^"^' Cach ghep cdc lam Ihdnh mdt phdn la voi t Id too do cua tieu diem (tdm noi) Hinh 6. Bien dang mat parabdn phdn xa de'n tan ngffdi dan cdc tinh mi'en Trung tff ndm 2001 de'n nay vdi hdn 1500 bep hinh hop va 800 be'p Parabdn. ' m Hinh 8. Trien khai hon 100 hep d Qiidng Tri ndm 2UihS-2iJl» Hien nay chiing tdi dang dffdc Sd Khoa hpc va Cdng nghe cac tinh KonTum, Ninh Binh, Quang Nam, Tay Ninh, Ba Rja Viing Tdu quan tam va mud'n dffdc hdp tac de trien khai trong ndm 2009. Thie't bj sff dung ndng Iffdng mat trdi, dd'i vdi h? thd'ng nay chiing tdi da nghien cffu tff ndm 1998. Nhffng do y thffc ciia ngffdi dan v'e viec tie't kiem nang Iffdng va bao ve mdi trffdng chffa cao, hdn nffa gia thanh he thd'ng thie't bj cdn tffdng ddi cao nen van de trien khai ffng dung rpng rai bj ban che. Tuy nhien de'n nhffng nam g'an day do gid nhien lieu tang cao, va tinh trang thieu but ndng Iffdng ngay cang tram trpng, hdn nffa van d'e cap bach v'e 6 nhiem mdi trffdng do sff dung cdc ngu'dn ndng Iffdng truy'en thd'ng da trd thdnh van d'e todn c'au, nen cdc thie't bj cung cap nffdc ndng dung ndng Iffdng mat trdi ngay cang dffdc ngffdi dan hffdng ffng sff dung nhieu. Den nay he thdng thiet bj cung cap nffdc ndng da dffdc thffdng mai hda. Ngoai cac thiet bj Be'p na'u vd He thd'ng nffdc ndng sff dung nang Iffdng mat trdi, chiing tdi da 28 Khoa hoc &phat trien Khoa hoc Si Cdng nghe nghien cffu ffng dung thanh edng eae thiet bj sff dung ndng Iffdng mat trdi khac nhff : He thdng lam lanh va cac be thdng sa'y dung ndng Iffdng mat trdi. Cac thiet bi nay eung ed the trien khai ffng dung rat tdt vao thffc ted cac tinh Mi'en Trung. Hinh 9: He thong nUdc ndng dung clto hd gia dinh Ul. KET LUAN Qua qua trinh nghien cffu trie'n khai ffng dung chiing tdi nhan tha'y viec nghien cffu ffng dung eae thie't bi sff dung cdc ngudn ndng Iffdng sach cd mot y nghia ra't ldn v'e mat kinh te va xa hpi va hdn nffa cdn giiip ngffdi dan nhan thffc ro hdn v'e y nghia ciia viec tie't kiem ndng Iffdng va bao ve mdi trffdng. Hinh 11: Thiet hi sdn .uidl nUdc dd sddimg ndng luimg mat trdi De tao cdng an viec lam cho nhffng ngffdi khuye't tat chiing tdi da md Cd sd che tao be'p ndng Iffdng mat trdi ma d dd cdng nhan la nhffng ngffdi khuye't tat. Qud trinh trien khai ffng dung da gdp ph'an ra't ldn giiip ngffdi dan tie't kiem nang Iffdng trong viec dun na'u hang ngay. De nang cao y thffc ciia ngffdi dan v'e van d'e bao ve mdi trffdng vd lam quen vdi cac thie't bj sff dung ndng Iffdng mat trdi, chiing tdi md Idp tap hua'n cho ta't ca nhffng hd gia dinh dffdc phdt be'p v'e nguyen 1^ boat ddng, hffdng dan sff dung va cdeh sffa chffa \' Hinh 11: Thiet hi say ndng .wn, thuy sdn si^ dung ndng lUitng mat trdi thong thffdng ngoai ra chiing tdi cdn cung ca'p them cho ngffdi dan ve eac kien thffc vdi npi dung lien quan de'n va'n d'e anh hffdng ciia viec sff dung ciia Hinh 14. Su dung hep ndu trimg sinh hoat hdng nguy cac ngu'dn nang Iffdng truy'en thd'ng de'n mdi trffdng vd ich Idi ciia viec sff dung cdc ngu'dn nang Iffdng sach. Ngoai ra qua trinh trien khai ffng dung cdc thie't bj NLMT cdn gdp ph'an giiip ngffdi dan ngheo ndng thdn, mi'en niii dd vat va trong viec tim kie'm nhien lieu, ban che tinh trang chat pha rffng lam chat dot, gdp ph'an vao viec bao ve mdi trffdng ehung. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO /- Hodng Ducmg Hitng, Nghien cdu trien khai cdc thiet hi Ung dung ndng lUOng mdt trdi, 2006, Du dn Uirm tao cdng nghf cap Bd. 2- Hodng DU(mg Hung, Ndng lUi/ng mdt trdi - Ly thuyet vd dng dung. 2007, NXB KHKT. 3- Hodng Du<mg Hung, Nghien cUu trien khai Ung dung thiet bi ndng lU(mg mat trdi tai cdc hd gia dinh vung ndng thdn, mi'en nui thdnh phd Dd Ndng, 2008, D'e tdi nghien cdu khoa hgc cap thdnh phd. Khoa hoc &.phat trien 29 . xa trong nam; 6,4 GJ/m- Sd gid nang: den 2.600 gid/nam Cifdng do bffc xa MT: den 980 W/m- Tong btfc xa trong nam: 7.3 GJ/m- Hlnh 1. Bd'e xa mat trdi d cdc vung Viet Nam Trong . ngoai viec sff dung nffdc ndng cho sinh boat thdng thffdng trong cdc hd gia dinh, be thd'ng cung cap nffdc ndng cdn dffdc sff dung trong ede khdeh san, benh vien vd ham nffdc cho cdc be bdi 2 : Be'p hinh hop I -Hop bao vc ben ngoai 2-Mflt phan xa ben trong 3-N6i chu'a IhiJc an 4-Tani kinh trong S-GiTOng phan xa 6-TriJC xoay 7-VaI lieu each nhiet 8-Dedatn6i