Về công nghệ tạo hỗn hợp nhũ tương nhiên liệu nước và khả năng ứng dụng tại việt nam

Về công nghệ tạo hỗn hợp nhũ tương nhiên liệu nước và khả năng ứng dụng tại việt nam

Tiiu ban: Mdi tru&ng vd Ndng lugng ISBN: 978-604-913-013-7 VE CONG NGHE TAO HON HOP NHU TlTONG NHIEN LIEU-NU^OfC • • • * VA KHA NANG iTNG DUNG TAI VIET NAM • • • Nguyen Thuy Nga, Ngo Tuan Kiet Vien Khoa hgc nang lugng 18 Hoang Qudc Viet, Ciu Giiy, Ha Ndi Email: ngthuyngafSjgmail.com Tom tat: Bdi viit gidi thiiu kit qud cua di tdi hgp tdc nghien ciiu giiea Viin Khoa hoc ndng lugng (VKHNL) vd Viin Trao ddi nhiit-chdt mang tin A.V. Lukoy (ITMO) Viin Hdn ldm khoa hoc qudc gia Belarus vi cdng nghi vd thiit bi chi biin hdn hgp nhu tuong nhiin lieu ngdm nude dgng tdn sdc min (eodo-monnuemfi 3MyjibcuH - BT3) cho Id hai nhd mdy nhiet diin. Id hoi cdng nghiep vd cdc thiit bi diin tdu thuy (Id nhiet ndng, trgm. Id hoi nude, ddng co tdu thuy). Viec sie dung BT3 trong nhd mdy nhiet diin vd Id hai cho phep tiit kiim ddu mazut, ddng thdi cdc thiit bi Id hai cua nhd mdy nhiet diin vd ndi hoi tdu thuy chi cdn diiu kiin thich ieng tdi thiiu, chi phi ddu tu dugc hodn vdn trong thai hgn 1 ndm. Abstract: The grticle introduces the results of the collaborative research project between the Institute for energy science (lES) and the A. V.Luikov Heat and Mass transfer Institute (ITMO) - National academy of science of Belarus about technology and equipment process hydrated emulsified fuel mixture (form of fine dispersion) (eodo-monjiueHoa sMyjibcuM - BT3) for thermal power boilers, industrial boiler and ship electrical equipments (heat energy furnace, station, water boilers, engines for ship on marine and river). The use of BT3 in thermal power plants and boilers can save Mazut, and equipments of boilers of thermal power plant and ships only need a minimum adaptation condition, investment costs are paid in 1 year. 1. DAT VAN DE Nganh nang lugng the gidi ngay cang dat nhieu hy vgng vao nhien lieu dang nhii tuong nhu mdt ngudn thay the dau mazut va phe thai dau nang de sir dung lam nhien lieu cho cac nha may nhiet dien va cac thiet bi dien tren tau thuy. Mdt sd nude tren the gidi da iing dung rdng rai hdn hgp nhii tuong nhien lieu tir bitum tu nhien cd tai Venezuela. Viec sir dung hon hgp nhii tuong bitum-nudc cd rat nhieu uu the: ddt chay nhanh va hiu nhu hoan toan nhii tuong trong dieu kien du lugng khdng khi nhd nhd vao sir chuyen hda cacbuahydro mach vdng dai; nhiet do ddt ndng so bd hdn hgp nhii tuong thap; giam dang kl lugng phat thai vao khi quyen cac hgp chat gay ung thu va giam den 40%) phat thai NOx. Theo bao cao da cdng bo cua hang Volpe National Transporation System cua Hoa ky, phat thai cac hgp chit hiiu co thom va dl bay hoi giam tmng binh 100 lan, vi du Benzopyrene C20H12 tir 1160 din 3,5 |ig/kg. Luu huynh chuyen thanh tro va ndng do ciia luu huynh trong tro tang gip 3 lin tham chi so vdi tro cua nha may nhiet dien diing than. 388 Hdi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghi Viet Nam - Hd Ndi 10/2010 2. CONG NGHE TAO NHU TUONG NHIEN LIEU - NU6C Viec chuan bi dau mazut de ddt theo kieu tmyen thdng hien nay vl co ban bao gom 2 cong doan: khir nude va say ndng. Viec khir nude cho dau mazut bing phuong phap bay hoi nude doi hdi nang lugng ldn va dan den mit mat nhung phin tir de bay hoi cua nhien lieu. Viec khir nude dugc thuc hien chu ylu bang phuong thiic dl ling trong thdi gian dai nhim loai bd viec dua nude vao budng ddt, hoac vao ddng co. Tmdng hgp nude nhilu qua miic cho phep, cd thi dan den viec lam gian doan chiim tia nhien lieu cip vao 16 va dap tit vdi phun. Trong lin khdi dong thii 2, td hgp ndi boi cd thi phat ra nhiing tilng nd ldn, tham chi kem theo sir pha buy buong ddt. Sir phan chia theo pha cua hdn hgp dau mazut-nudc trong cac bl ling - tich trii cin thdi gian du dai va hieu qua thap do sir chenh lech ve ty trgng giiia diu mazut va nude la nhd. Van de sir dung hay loai bd nude nay khdng the dugc giai quylt bing phuong phap hda hgc va sinh hgc do nhu cau ve dien tich cho viec tien hanh cac phuong phap nay kha ldn, chi phi von va van hanh cao. Nude chiia mazut vugt dinh miic cho phep chua dugc sir ly thda dang thudng xuyen bi xa vao he thdng dng dan chung, trai vdi cac yeu cau ve bao ve mdi tmdng. Mdt trong nhirng hudng cd the giai quyet van de nay la sir dung nude cd chiia mazut khi sir dung cdng nghe san xuat nhii tuong mazut-nudc (BT3). Ty le pha nude - nhien lieu trong nhii tuong tiiy thudc vao yeu cau va loai nhien lieu, trong mdt sd tmdng hgp cd the dugc thay ddi trong gidi ban den 50%o nude. Ket qua nghien ciiu thir nghiem cho thiy, viec bd sung vao nhien lieu 10-15%o nude se dam bao hieu qua kinh te ldn nhit va dong thdi giam phat thai khi, cdn vdi miic nude pha vao nhien lieu den 30%) thi hieu qua ve mat sinh thai trong viec xir ly nude ban do cac san pham hiiu co la ldn nhit. Viec sir dung nhien lieu Idng ngam nude d dang nhii tuong (vdi do im din 30%)) la hgp ly ve mat kinh te do loai bd dugc yeu cau sir dung cac thiet bi lam bay hoi cdng kenh, cac thiet bi phan ly v.v Ngoai ra, viec nghien ciiu va phat trien cdng nghe dot chay nhii tuong da tao ra kha nang sir dung sd lugng ldn vang, can dau thai ngam nhieu nude (den 50%), viec xa va bao quan chiing trong cac hd md dan den viec lam ban he thdng be chiia nude va tao nguy co gay hda hoan. Mdt trong nhiing trd ngai chinh can vugt qua khi tao ra BT3 ben virng la viec tuan thu nghiem ngat cac quy dinh ve dam bao sir phan tan min ciia pha nude trong nhien lieu va sir phan bd ddng nhat, ben vung cua nd theo khdng gian va thdi gian (khong bi phan tang). Cdng nghe dugc nghien ciiu de san xuat hdn hgp nhii tuong nhien lieu - nude dn dinh tir dau mazut vdi sir hd trg ciia thiet bi cdng nghe ddc dao. San pham cudi ciing thu dugc la bdn hgp dung dich nude dang keo trong dau mazut khdng bi phan tach (mdt phan nude dudi dang ion phan tir) va nhii tuong nhien lieu cd sir phan bd ddng deu theo the tich cac phan tir nude. Sir tdn tai cua nude trong lien ket dau mazut cd do dn dinh ve thiiy lire vdi miic do phan tan anh hudng din co chi ddt tren 2 phuong dien. Thii nhat, khi nung ndng den 120-150°C diu mazut thu dugc cd do dn dinh thuy lire, trang thai vat ly cua cac phan tu nude va cac thanh phin chay dugc cua diu mazut trong lien kit bi thay ddi. Nhiet do sdi ciia nude thap hon nhiet do sdi cua diu mazut vao khoang 170-200°C, ket qua ciia sir chenh lech nay la phan de chay cua cac gigt lien kit dudi tac dgng cua hoi gian nd se bi xe ra thanh timg phan nhd (xay ra vu nd cue nhd). Su phan chia bo sung cac gigt lien kit nay lam tang cudng qua trinh dot chay cac thanh phin chay dugc cua diu mazut nhd vao sir tang be mat bay hoi, sir cai thien qua trinh trdn cac nguyen td chay dugc vdi khdng khi va anh hudng xiic tac cua hoi nude cho qua trinh ddt chay diu mazut. Thii hai, nude sinh ra khi ddt chay hon hgp nhii tuong nhien lieu - nude se tham gia vao qua trinh oxy hda khir. Cdn chinh phan cacbon dugc nung ndng (than cdc) trong dilu kien nhiet do 850-900°C dugc khi hda thanh oxit cacbon va ddng 389 Tiiu ban: Mdi truong vd Ndng lugng ISBN: 978-604-913-013-7 thdi hydro dugc giai phdng tir nude. Trong tmdng hgp nay dk khi hda 1 moi cacbon (than cdc) tieu tdn 131,2 kJ nhiet nang. Tuy nhien, trong khi ddt chay, oxit cacbon dugc tao thanh trong qua trinh khi hda cacbon (than cdc), va hydro dugc giai phdng tir phan tir nude, sir mat mat nhiet cho qua trinh khi hda nay dugc bii trir. Vi vay, nang suat tda nhiet dac trung cho kha nang ve nang lugng cua hdn hgp nhien lieu khdng khi cua dau mazut dn dinh thuy lire thu dugc cd tinh den hieu qua qua trinh thuc hien trong budng ddt ddng co hoac Id hoi ldn hon nang suat tda nhiet cua dau mazut tieu chuan 5-8%) mac du nhiet nang ddt chay cua dau mazut dn dinh thiiy luc nhd hon loai dau tieu chuan la 15%). Nggn lira khi ddt chay dau mazut dn dinh thiiy lire trong budng ddt, nhu cac thir nghiem trong mdt loat thi nghiem thiet bi budng chay cho thay, da gia tang ve mat the tich. Hdn hgp nhu tuong nhien lieu nude thu dugc khdng ddi hdi phai cd Id hoi, he thdng nap khdng khi trong Id, he thdng hiit khdi, he thdng nap lieu va cac thiet bi chay khac, khi sir dung nd vdi tu each la budng ddt dau mazut. Hdn hgp nhii tuong, nhu cac thii nghiem cho thay, nhd vao su ddt chay hoan toan, loai trir dugc viec cdc hda he thdng kim phun, bd ghi td hgp Id hoi va giam viec thai chat gay d nhiem nhu oxit nito - giam 14%), oxit luu huynh - 20%), oxit cacbon - 50%), chat lo limg - den 87%, giam hieu qua chung cua tac ddng an mdn V2O5, Na20, oxit nito va luu huynh, khoang chimg 3-4 lan tren cac nhan td phan tir luu thdng cua kim phun va trong thiet bi budng ddt. Dii lieu so sanh ve viec ddt nhien lieu khdng chiia nude va nhien lieu nhii tuong cho thay rang: viec nhien lieu cd chiia 10-20%) nude phan tan min tang cudng dang ke qua trinh ddt chay ma khdng can cd sir thay ddi trong che do nhiet do cua khu vuc chay. Ngudi ta cd the sir dung voi phun thang ddng it hao tdn, cho phep tiet kiem khdng it hon 5%o nhien lieu. Mgt trong nhiing van de nghiem trgng nay sinh khi ddt chay mazut dung cho ddt 16 la trong mazut cd nhieu luu huynh. Lien ket luu huynh cd mat trong budng khi gay nen sir an mdn sunfat thiet bi va lam ban khi quyen. iTng dung BT3 cd kha nang giai quylt vin dl nay. Mdt mat viec sir dung BT3 lam giam qua trinh thdi khdng khi, do vay bao dam giam nhiet do diem tao suong ciia khdi thai. Mat khac tao ra kha nang sir dung chit bd sung lien kit luu huynh vao trong thanh phan cua BT3. Vi phan ldn chat bd sung tan dugc trong nude, vi the viec them vao nude nhii tuong nhiing cau tir re tien vdi ham lugng 1kg/IT dau mazut cho phep bing phuong phap don gian nhit lien ket luu huynh va sir dung dau mazut chat lugng thip. 3. THIET BI TAN SAC CO HOC Md hinh thir nghifm cdng nghe san xuit hdn hgp nhii tuong mazut - nude do ITMO va lES nghien ciiu dugc thiet ke dua tren sir chuyen dich co hgc cua cac ldp nhien lieu lien tuc trong che do tao bgt khi va dap thuy luc, dan den viec hinh thanh nhii tuong nhien lieu nude phan tan mdng ddng nhat va dn dinh theo thdi gian. Thiet bi dugc hoan toan tu ddng hda va may tinh hda gdm 2 thiet bi ddng nhat phan tan ddc lap, dap iing tit ca yeu ciu boat ddng phdng chdng chay nd cdng suat den 30T/h BT3 (xem hinh 1). 390 Hdi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghi Viet Nam - Hd Ndi 10/2010 Hinh 1: Md hinh thit nghiem thiit bi sdn xudt nhu. tucmg mazut-nudc: (a) Md hinh thii: nghiem thiit bi sdn xudt nhii tuang mazut-nudc; (b) Cdu tgo thiit bi tdn sdc ca hoc ITMO-IES Thdng sd ky thuat dugc tdng hgp tren hinh 2. Nhii tuong mazut-nudc dn dinh va dong nhat, khdng bi phan tang, cd the dua nd vao noi bao quan hoac bom vao tec van chuyin din noi tieu thu. Cdng nghe san xuat nhii tuong mazut-nudc vdi thiet bi tan sac co hgc da dugc thir nghiem tren thuc te tai nha may nhiet dien Minsk 5 cho cac trudng hgp: - Mazut dua vao Id hoi ddt theo so dd binh thudng vdi ty le nude 2,6%), 3%) va 8% khdng qua xir ly bang may tan sac co hgc; - Mazut dua vao Id hoi ddt theo so dd binh thudng vdi ty le nude 2,0%o, 14,0%) va 16,6%o cd qua xir ly 1 lan bang may tan sac co hgc. Ket qua thir nghiem cho thay: su cd mat cua cac phan tir nude dugc them vao mazut lam cho nhien lieu mazut cd do am vugt gidi ban tieu chuan cho phep bang phuong phap xir ly qua may tan sac co hgc, khdng dan den viec giam hieu suat cap hoi ciia Id hoi va khdng lam gia tang nhien lieu tieu hao cua Id (so vdi lugng nhien lieu khdng qua xir ly). '^. Mazut ngam nu 6c Nhii tu ong mazut-nu 6c (khoang each giiia cac vach - 100 ^m) + La thiet bi cong nghiep dieu chinh duoc, co tinh nang tao bpt khi va thuy dong luc dung de che bien nhQ tuong mazut-nuoc; + Pham vi tiet kiem nhien lieu mazut; 3-12 %; + Vod he so hieu suat 16 hoi tang 0,5-2,5 %; + Day kich thuoc cac phan tu pha nuoc 1 -5 \mi; + Cong suat tieu thu: den 50 kW; + Hieu suat: den 30 tan/h; Hinh 2: Thdng sd ky thudt ciia md hinh thit nghiem 391 Tiiu ban: Mdi tru&ng vd Ndng lugng ISBN: 978-604-913-013-7 Ket luan cua Hdi ddng nhu sau: 1) Cdng nghe de xuat va thiet bi mng xam khi de xir ly nhien lieu dam bao ddt hoan toan mazut, trong dd gdm ca cac loai nhien lieu mazut do luu giii lau ngay cd do ngam nude cao (hon 15%), ciing nhu triet tieu lugng nude cd san tich tu trong cac be chiia nhien lieu mazut. Cac thdng sd lam viec cua thiet bi Id hoi trong qua trinh ddt mazut cd ham lugng nude cao hon tieu chuan cho phep va dugc xir ly bang thiet bi tan sac tot hon so vdi khi ddt mazut thdng thudng; 2) Khi them nude va hon hgp mazut (den 15%o tdng do ngam nude), cd qua xir ly bang thiet bi rung xam khi (tan sac co hgc) dam bao che do lam viec dn dinh cua thiet bi Id hoi khdng lam giam nang suat cap hoi cua Id, giii nguyen hieu suat va lugng tieu hao nhien lieu. 3) 4. KHA NANG ITNG DUNG CHO CAC NHA MAY NHIET DIEN TAI VIET NAM Theo thdng ke [4] trong tdng sd 915 Id hoi cdng nghiep dang sir dung d 8 nganh cdng nghiep la Giay, Co khi-gdm sii, San xuat vat lieu xay dung - khai khoang; Det may; Hoa chat - dugc pham - phan bdn; Rugu bia nude giai khat; Che bien luong thuc - thuc pham va San xuat hang tieu dimg thi 51%) la Id ddt than, 47%) ddt dau FO va DO, chi cd 2% ddt khi. Ngoai ra, d cac nha may nhiet dien than ludn phai sir dung dau FO de du phdng va thudng xuyen phai dot kem dau khi phu tai thap. Do vay, viec chuyen giao cdng nghe da thir nghiem thanh cdng cua de tai hgp tac nghien ciiu giiia ITMO-IES se mang lai hieu qua kinh te cao, ddng thdi giam dang ke d nhiem mdi trudng. Nhdm de tai dudi su chi dao cua Vien sy Martunhenco O.G. hien dang tiep tuc xay dung quy trinh ky thuat va hudng dan van hanh thiet bi trong thuc te. Du kien den thang 10/2010 se thdng qua Hdi ddng qudc gia Belams ve tieu chuan va quy pham ky thuat sir dung nhien lieu. So dd cdng nghe du kien ap dung tai Viet Nam dugc trinh bay tren hinh 3. Ghi chu: 1 - Thung chua; 2 -Bd gom; 3-Bg lgc; 4 - Thiit bi tdn sdc ca hgc; 5 - Bam cung cdp; 6 - Ddng hd nuac; 7 - Voi phun; 8 - Duong cdp nu&c. Hinh 3: So do kiin nghi cho hi thdng thiit bi sie ly mazut Theo so dd tren cd the thiy ngoai thiit bi tan sic co hgc, cac thiit bi cdng nghe khac diu thdng dung d Viet Nam. Ngay ban than thiet bi tan sac co hgc nganh co khi Viet Nam ciing co thi tu cbl tao theo thiet ke cua nhdm de tai. Vi vay, chi phi diu tu se giam dang kl, tinh kha thi cua viec sir dung d nude ta la rat cao. 392 Hdi nghi Khoa hgc ky niem 35 ndm Viin Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghi Viet Nam - Hd Ndi 10/2010 5. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. OTHCT O HayHHO-HCcneaoBaxejibCKoM padoxe «noBbimeHHe HaaoKHOCxn 3HepreTHHecKoii cncxeMbi 3a cnex aHBepcH(|)HKauHH ncnojitsyeMbix BH.aoB xonjiHsa: paapadoxKa xexHOJiornH KOHBepcHH .ijjiHHHOiienoHHbrx MOJicKyji acH^KHx yrjieBO.ziopo;iHbix MaxepnajiOB npn HHxeHCHBHbix aKycxHHecKHX n MexaHnnecKHx BOSZieiicTBHax)) /l^oroBop c BPOOH M T08B-003 ox 01.02.2008 r., 3xan 4, HaynnbiH pyKOBOflHxejib, 3aB. ox^aejieHHCM 3Hepro4)H3HKH, aKajieMHK O.F.MapxbiHeHKo; 2. AKX npoBeaeHHH HcnbixaHHii no xexHonorHH npeaBapuxejibHoii odpadoxKu odBoaHCHHoro MasyxHoro xonjinsa na BHdpoKaBuxaiiHOHHoii ycxanoBKC «BKH-BKr» Ha MHHCKOII T3L1 5 PYH «MHHCK3Hepro», 27 anpejia 2010 ro^a; 3. "Ndng cao do tin cdy cita hi thdng ndng lugng tren co sd biin ddi thudc tinh ddu ndng bdng cdng nghe chuyin hod phdn tu hydrocacbon Idng mgch vdng ddi dudi tdc ddng tich cue cua sdng dm vd co hoc ", Bao cao tdng ket nhiem vu HTQT nam 2008- 2009 cua Vien Khoa hgc nang lugng vdi Vien Trao ddi nhiet - chat mang ten Lukov A.V. thudc Vien Han lam khoa hgc Belams nam 2008-2009 (Chii nhiem de tai: TS. Ngd Tuan Kiet) 4. "Nghiin cdu, ddnh gid tinh trgng phdt thdi khi cd hgi tit cdc Id hai vd Id gia nhiet trong mdt sd ngdnh cdng nghiep Viet Nam ", Bao cao tdng ket de tai NCKH cap Bg. 393 . Viet Nam dugc trinh bay tren hinh 3. Ghi chu: 1 - Thung chua; 2 -Bd gom; 3-Bg lgc; 4 - Thiit bi tdn sdc ca hgc; 5 - Bam cung cdp; 6 - Ddng hd nuac; 7 - Voi phun; 8 - Duong. Mdi tru&ng vd Ndng lugng ISBN: 97 8-6 0 4-9 1 3-0 1 3-7 VE CONG NGHE TAO HON HOP NHU TlTONG NHIEN LIEU-NU^OfC • • • * VA KHA NANG iTNG DUNG TAI VIET NAM • • • Nguyen Thuy Nga, Ngo Tuan. oxit nito - giam 14%), oxit luu huynh - 20%), oxit cacbon - 50%), chat lo limg - den 87%, giam hieu qua chung cua tac ddng an mdn V2O5, Na20, oxit nito va luu huynh, khoang chimg 3-4 lan tren