Doanh nghiệp nhỏ và vừa

Theo Nghi dinh nay, trong thdi gian tdi nha nflde ap dung 8 ehinh sach can ban de hd trp cac D N N W phat trien, gom: Chinh sach trp giup tai chinh; mat bang san xua't; ddi mdi, nan[r]

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,'*- k t

DOA^^'

la tru cot eua kinh te dia phUtfng, ne'u nhU doanh nghiep ldn thudng dat ctf sd d nhflng trung tam kinh te eua da't nflde, thi D N N W lai cd mat tf khap cac dia phuo'ng va la ngUdi ddng gdp quan trpng vao thu ngan sach, vao san lupng va tao cdng an viec lam d dia phuong Vai trd cua D N N W nen kinh te rat quan trpng, vi vay can cd nhflng chinh sach hd trp de cac D N N W phat trien Thue te' cho tha'y ehinh phu cac nUdc, ke ca cae nUdc ed nen kinh te phat trien nhu: My, Nhat, Singapore, Hong Kdng hay Dai Loan eung deu xac dinh vai trd khdng the thie'u cua cac D N N W nen kinh te, cd md'i quan he khdng the tach rdi md'i quan he vdi cac doanh nghiep ldn Tai Singapore Chinh phu da cd nhieu chinh sach doi md'i, dd phai ke de'n nhflng chinh sach ho trp D N N W , tao dieu kien eho khu vi/c kinh te' phat trien Bd'i vi, D N N W cd kha nang khai thac ed hieu qua cac tiem nang, ddng gdp dang ke eho nen kinh te, dong thdi gdp phan giai quye't hang loat cac van de xa hdi khae nhU: Giai quyet viee lam cho lao ddng, giam cac te nan, eai thien ddi sd'ng ngUdi dan Viee hd trp eua chinh phu khdng chi danh cho cae doanh nghiep nude ma cdn tao nhieu dieu kien thuan lpi eho ea doanh nghiep nude ngoai dau tU vao Singapore Hien tai sd D N N W chiem tdi 99% tong sd doanh nghiep; 62% tong sd

lao ddng; 48% tong so gia tri gia tang cua Singapore Trong nhflng nam qua Dang va Nha nUd'e da cd nhieu chinh sach khuyen khich va tao mdi trudng thuan Itfi de phat trien cae doanh nghiep ngoai qud'c doanh ma ehu yeu la cac D N N W Ben canh Ctf che chinh sach chung, chinh phu da ban h a n h Nghi dinh sd 90/2001/ND-CP 23/11/2001 ve trp giup phat trien D N N W , Thu tudng Chinh phu cung ed cae Quyet dinh so 193/2001/QD-TTg, 20/11/2001 va Quye't dinh sd 115/2001/QD-TTg, 25/6/2004 ve ban h a n h Quy che lap, td ehflc va hoat ddng cua Quy bao lanh tin dung dd'i vdi D N N W va 21-1-2009, Thu tudng Chinh phu cd quye't dinh sd' 14/2009/QD-TTg ban h a n h Quy che bao lanh eho doanh nghiep vay vdn cua ngan hang thuong mai (NHTM), giao eho Ngan h a n g P h a t trien Viet Nam thuc hien nghiep vu bao lanh ddi vdi doanh nghiep cd nhu eau vay vd'n tai cae NHTM de thUe hien dU an dau tU, phUtfng an san xua't kinh doanh; 23 thang 01 nam 2009 cua Thu tUdng Chinh phu quyet dinh sd Quyet dinh sd 131/QD-TTg, theo dd, nam 2009, nha nude hd trp lai suat eho cac to chfle, ca n h a n vay vd'n ngan hang dd san xua't - kinh doanh, nhdm giam gia san pham hang hda, tri san xua't, kinh doanh va tao viec lam, dieu kien nen kinh te bi tac dpng eua khung hoang tai ehinh va suy thoai kinh te the gidi; Ngay 30/06/2009, chinh phu ban h a n h Nghi dinh sd 56/2009/ND-CP, quy

Cong nghe ngan hang Wffi

NGHIEN cufu - TRAO DOI

dinh cac chinh sach trp giup va quan ly nha nflde ve trp giup phat trien D N N W Chinh sach trp giup bao gom cac giai phap va kinh phi thue hien, dflpc dfla vao ke hoach hang n a m va n a m cua cac bd, nganh, dia phfltfng va nen kinh te qudc dan Mue tieu cua chfltfng trinh flu tien trtf giup cae D N N W , nha't la flu tien cae doanh nghiep phu nfl lam chu va doanh nghiep sfl dung nhieu lao ddng nfl Theo Nghi dinh nay, thdi gian tdi nha nflde ap dung ehinh sach can ban de hd trp cac D N N W phat trien, gom: Chinh sach trp giup tai chinh; mat bang san xua't; ddi mdi, nang cao nang luc cdng nghe, trinh dp ky thuat; xuc tien md rdng thi trudng; tham gia ke hoach mua sam, eung flng dieh vu cdng; thdng tin va tfl van; ngudn nhan Ifle; vUdn Uom doanh nghiep; 29/07/2008, lien Bd Ke hoaeh va Dau tu, Tai ehinh, Cdng an da ban hanh Thdng tU lien tch sd 05/2008/TTLT-BKH-BTC-BCA ve co che phdi hpp de giai quyet dang ky kinh danh, ma sd thue va khac dau cho doanh nghiep hoat ddng theo Luat doanh nghiep Nhflng eai each da lam giam chi phi, thdi gian va tien bac gia nhap thi trudng

Cac NHTM cflng da cd nhflng ehinh sach nham ho trtf va phat trien cac DNNW^: BIDV se tang du ntf cho vay dd'i vdi cac D N N W len khoang 60 ngan ty ddng, chiem 30% du np; Ngan hang Lien Viet dat muc tieu de'n cud'i nam 2009 se CO khoang 700-800 D N N W cd quan he tin dung, dfl np tin dung dat khoang 4.000 ty ddng, tang hon lan so vdi nam 2008 va du ntf binh quan ddi vdi mpt doanh nghiep la ty dong; Vietinbank xay dung chuo'ng trinh tin dung tai trtf eho D N N W vdi du np khoang 1.100 ty dong, ed Uu dai khaeh hang td't ve lai sua't, dieu kien vay vd'n, the cha'p bdng tai san hinh vd'n vay va thdi gian vay len de'n 10 nam Vietinbank xac dinh D N N W la khach hang muc tieu tuo'ng lai nen ed rat nhieu chinh sach hd trp nhu dao tao, khuyech truo'ng thUo'ng hieu, chuydn giao edng nghe; Ngan hang Phat trien Chau A (ADB) da ky ke't hpp dong eho Sacombank vay 25 trieu USD thdi han nam de cung cap lai cho cac D N N W cfla Viet Nam; Ngan hang PROPARCO se cung ca'p khoan vay 15 trieu USD trung dai han de" Teebcombank ed them ngudn vd'n phue vu chien lUpc hd trp cae D N N W theo ehu truong eua Chinh phu va Ngan hang Nha nUde Viet Nam;

AgriBank dat mue tieu de'n n a m 2010: Dfl ntf cho vay D N N W tfl 120 - 140 ngan ty VND chiem 35%/tong du np cho vay, sd lUpng khach hang la D N N W chiem khoang 30% tdng sd doanh nghiep, tUtfng duong khoang 150 doanh nghiep, de thUe hien dupe muc tieu vdi sU trp giup cua ADB, Agribank da xay dflng chien Iflpc hoat dpng dd'i vdi D N N W nham dua eae giai phap phu hpp va each tiep can td't nha't dd'i vdi D N N W

Mac du, ehinh phu, UBND cac tinh, phd', cae bd nganh va cae NHTM da cd nhflng chinh sach va bien phap eu the de hd trp D N N W tie'p can ngudn vdn ngan hang, nhien, viee cho vay cua ngan hang vdi cae D N N W v i n khd khan, van de vd'n ludn ludn la md'i ban t a m va thie'u vdn la khd khan ldn nha't cua cac D N N W tfl khdi sir doanh nghiep eung nhfl sudt qua trinh hoat dpng kinh doanh Vay dau la nguyen n h a n ctf ban va la rao can dd'i vdi D N N W tiep can vdn ngan hang ?

1 Ve phfa cac ngan hang

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ban t h a n cae ngan hang chfla tht/c sfl cd nhflng ehinh sach Uu tien cu the dd'i vdi cac D N N W hoac ne'u cd, thi dd mdi ehi dflng lai tren gia'y td, chinh sach chung ehung;

- Mdt sd ngan hang cdn thu dpng tie'p can, n a m bat, phan tich hoat dpng cua D N N W , ed ngan h a n g nang ve tfl cu, chi cho vay nhflng D N N W truyen thd'ng cd quan he td't va mat thiet vdi ngan hang

- Chinh sach khach hang chfla rd, chfla sat dupe the hien quy dinh ve xep loai khach hang; ve cho vay, lai sua't

- San pham ea gdi eho D N N W edn dtfn dieu, han che, he thd'ng cdng nghe phan tan da khdng cho phep tao san pham mdi, hien dai, phu hpp vdi tinh da dang cua D N N W

- Tam ly cac ngan hang eung khdng mud'n cho vay nhflng dt/ an nhd le, phan tan, khd quan ly, khdng ban kem dupc cac san pham dich vu khae nhU: Thanh toan qudc te, ban n^oai te cho ngan hang va sfl dung cac dieh vu the

- Ngan hang chi dflpc ctf cau td'i da 40% vd'n ngan han de cho vay trung, dai han Tuy nhien

cac D N N W thfldng xuyen cd nhu cau vdn trung, dai han, nen ngan hang chfla dap flng dupc nhu eau vd'n cua eae D N N W

- Dac biet la ddi vdi cae D N N W mdi lap, chfla cd lich sfl tin dt/ng rd r a n g vdi ngan hang thi cae ngan hang r a t e ngai t h a m dinh va xem xet eho vay

2 Ve phfa cac DNNVV

- Mdt nhflng nguyen nhan ctf ban khie'n viee tiep can vd'n tin dung eua cae D N N W Viet Nam cdn r a t h a n ehe xuat phat tfl ehinh ban than cac D N N W Cae doanh nghiep khdng hieu ve ctf che tin dung eua NHTM, cd t a m ly sp thu tuc vay vd'n cua ngan hang rfldm ra, phfle tap, viec giai quye't cho vay eua ngan hang khd khan

- Phan ldn cac D N N W thie't lap thu tuc vay vdn eua ngan hang khdng dung quy dinh ma ngan hang yeu eau

- Nhieu doanh nghiep, nha't la cac edng ty TNHH, tai san phap nhan va tai san ca nhan l i n ldn, thie'u minh bach nen ngan hang r a t khd tham dinh, danh gia ve nang Ifle thflc sfl cfla khach hang - He thd'ng sd sach ke toan, ndi dung va phfltfng phap hach toan ke toan cua doanh nghiep thfldng khdng day du, ehinh xae va thie'u minh bach

- N a n g It/e t a i ehinh ndi t a i cua doanh nghiep yeu, cac he so t a i ehinh khdng d a m bao theo yeu cau cua ngan hang, khdng xac dinh rd r a n g dflpc ddng tien luu chuyen Do vay rui ro cua doanh nghiep edn gan lien vdi rui ro cua ca n h a n chu doanh nghiep Nhieu D N N W dang hoat ddng kinh doanh thuan lpi, nhUng ehi vi chu doanh nghiep gap rui ro (tai n a n , b e n h t a t , che't ), da gap khd khan, thua Id, t h a m ehi dan de'n giai the, pha san Bdi vay ngan h a n g khdng tinh toan dupe k h a n a n g t r a np cua doanh nghiep tUtfng lai

- Viee tieu thu hang hda cua cac D N N W gap rat nhieu khd khan vi day manh tieu thu ndi dia khdng d i dang, bdi sfle mua giam sut va sfle ep canh t r a n h vdi h a n g n h a p ngoai eang gia tang Ho'n nfla, vdi dae diem quy md nhd, nen D N N W thfldng chi tap trung kinh doanh mot vai loai mat hang Dieu tao nen rui ro kha ldn gia ca mat hang dd bie'n ddng, n h a t la tinh hinh lam phat hien Ben eanh dd, thi trudng canh tranh, D N N W de bi cae doanh nghiep ldn hon thdn tinh, sap nhap

NGHIEN cufu-TRAO DOI

- Cae DNNVA'^ khdng du hda dtfn chflng tfl chflng minh viec vay vdn thi se r a t khd eho ngan hang cho vay hd trtf lai suat theo ehu trUtfng eua ehinh phu

- Phan ldn eae D N N W lap phuo'ng an, ke hoach san xuat kinh doanh, dt/ an dau tU cdn mang nang tinh chu quan, ap dat cua lanh dao doanh nghiep, hoac dt/a tren kinh nghiem thuan tuy, npi dung cua phUtfng an, ke hoach san xuat kinh doanh, du an dau tu thie't lap so sai thie'u tinh kha thi, bdi vay thie'u thuyet pht/c ngan hang xem xet tham dinh cho vay

- Mdt sd doanh nghiep, viec dieu h a n h san xua't kinh doanh cua lanh dao thie'u bai ban, mang nang tinh gia dinh Hau he't D N N W cd bd may quan ly r a t dtfn gian, phUtfng thflc quan tri ehu yeu theo nguyen tac thuan tien

- Doang nghiep sfl dung vd'n sai muc dieh, cd tien sfl phat sinh np xau (tren he thdng thdng tin phdng ngfla rui ro tin dung CIC cua ngan hang), nen ngan hang khdng dam eho vay

- Trong quan he vdi ngan hang cdn thie'u kinh nghiem, viec bd tri can bd quan he giao dich vdi ngan hang khdng hpp ly, can bd cd tu tudng e

ngai, thie'u tu tin quan he, kha n a n g thuyet trinh, dam phan vdi ngan hang

Tren day la mdt sd rao can dd'i vdi D N N W vay vd'n eua ngan hang, de giai quye't dupe va'n de tie'p can vd'n tin dung ngan hang can ed sU phdi hpp tfl phia: Nha nude, doanh nghiep va ngan hang

Ve phia ngdn hdng:

Cac ngan h a n g can doi mdi ctf ehe, ehinh sach tin diing theo nguyen tac t h i trUdng va n a n g cao quyen tu chu va tiT chiu t r a c h nhiem cua cac td chfle tin dung, cai tien thu tiic cho vay dd'i vdi cae doanh nghiep nhd va vfla theo hfldng dtfn gian, rd r a n g ho'n, tie'p tuc cai tien quy trinh cho vay n h a m rflt n g a n thdi gian xet duyet cho vay cua cac n g a n h a n g hien Dong thdi can da dang hda htfn nfla cae hinh thflc bao dam tin dung de thich flng vdi dae diem cua cae D N N W , tiep tue n g h i e n cflu va t r i e n k h a i m a n h viec p h a t trien va hoan thien cac dich vit ngan hang mdi nhfl dich vu tfl van, mdi gidi dau tfl chflng khoan, bao quan v a t ed gia, cung cap cac dich vu san p h a m bao hiem, uy thac; Cung vdi dd la chu trpng tdi h o a t ddng marketing, quang ba san p h a m dich vu n g a n h a n g de'n edng ehung cung nhfl tdi cdng dong eae doanh nghiep, dae biet la eae D N N W ; trien khai mdt so dfl an hd trtf ky t h u a t eho cac NHTM thflc h i e n n h a m t a n g cfldng n a n g li/c lap dir an, phUtfng an kinh doanh cho D N N W va n a n g cao n a n g li/c t h a m dinh du an cho can bd tin dung Day la mdt giai phap hd trp tich cUe cho D N N W dieu kien hien nay, tao tien de de cae ngan h a n g cd the ehuyen dan tfl phfltfng thflc eho vay dfla vao the' chap sang ke't htfp phfltfng thflc eho vay t r e n ctf sd dfl a n kha thi; ngan h a n g can t h a m gia eung doanh nghiep tfl khau l a m dfl an, giam sat thflc hien, t h a m chi p h a i hfldng dan, dao tao cho doanh nghiep, bdi r a t nhieu doanh nghiep du dieu kien nhflng khdng bie't each lam, n a n g cao n a n g lUc t h a m dinh du an eho can bp tin dung ngan hang

Ve phia nhd niCdc:

ngan hang, chinh sfla quy che' hoat ddng eua quy bao lanh tin dung eho D N N W dam bao tinh thflc thi, hieu qua mang lai lpi ich cho D N N W va ngfldi gdp vd'n vao quy bao lanh cung nhfl chinh sfla cac quy dinh ve thue', che dp bao eao ke toan chinh xac, minh bach bao cao tai chinh eua D N N W ; tang cfldng hoat ddng trtf giflp D N N W doi mdi cdng nghe, cung nhfl dao tao n a n g cao nang Ifle quan tri, dieu hanh, ngudn nhan Ifle cho DNNW , quy dinh cu the ve chinh sach da't dai va hd trtf mat bang san xua't dd'i vdi D N N W va xay dflng he thd'ng thdng tin thd'ng nha't ve quan ly dd'i vdi D N N W ;

- Dd'i vdi UBND eae tinh, t h a n h phd: Khan trfltfng ehi dao de trien khai dong bd co che' mdt cfla lien thdng dang ky gia nhap thi trfldng cua doanh nghiep, kip thdi phan anh nhflng vfldng mac vfltft tham quyen de lien Bd Ke' hoach va Dau tfl, tai chinh, cdng an xfl ly; Hoan thien va cdng khai quy hoaeh sfl dung dat, quy hoach eae khu cdng nghiep, cum cdng nghiep.Thflc hien dau thau cac dfl an cd sfl dung dat, dau gia quyen sfl dung da't mpt each edng khai, minh bach; Thflc hien gian hoac giam gia thue dat ddi vdi cac D N N W cd hpp dong thue dat vdi cae ctf quan quan ly nha nflde nham chia se khd khan tai chinh hien cho cac D N N W

- Dd'i vdi Phdng Thfltfng mai va Cdng nghiep Viet Nam, Hiep hdi D N N W can phat huy htfn nfla vai trd cua minh hoat ddng cung cap thdng tin, marketing lam cau ndi cho doanh nghiep vdi thi trfldng va ngoai nflde, dac biet la hoat ddng dao tao nguon nhan Ifle cho cac D N N W ; cai tien ctf che va phfltfng thflc xuc tie'n dau tfl, xfle tie'n thfltfng mai, coi cdng tac dfl bao va cung cap thdng tin thfltfng mai cho doanh nghiep la mdt nhiem vu trpng tam cua cae ctf quan cd chfle nang quan ly nha nflde ve doanh nghiep, trflde het la quan ly nha nflde ve thfltfng mai va thi trfldng nham hd trp doanh nghiep md rdng thi trfldng, day manh xuat khau, tieu thu hang hda

Ve phia cdc DNNW:

Khdng cd each nao khac la phai thay doi tfl duy, each thflc ma hp v i n lam tfl trflde tdi de tiep can nguon vd'n ngan hang Dieu quan trpng nha't la cae D N N W the hien dflpc tinh minh bach, rd r a n g ve tinh hinh t a i chinh va b o a t dpng san xua't kinh doanh bang mpt he thd'ng ke toan ehuan hda; nang cao n a n g luc

4

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quan tri dieu h a n h va chat lupng ngudn n h a n li/c; kha n a n g xay dUng va thUc hien ke hoach kinh doanh; cd chien lupc marketing, chien lUtfc ban h a n g phfl hpp vdi kha n a n g va thi trfldng Cai tie'n cdng nghe de t a n g kha nang canh tranh day la dieu kien tien quyet de hp tiep can vdn Mae du r a t khd k h a n de cd the xay dflng dflpc ldng tin vdi eae ngan h a n g nhflng cac D N N W se phai lam, se phai thay doi Doanh nghiep nao thay doi se cd nhieu dieu lpi cho hp viee p h a t trien kinh doanh, cdn doanh nghiep nao khdng thay doi se bi tut hau, nha't la bd'i canh hdi n h a p vdi nen kinh te' the gidi; Cac D N N W can nd Ifle htfn nfla de n a n g cao n a n g It/c, ehu ddng viec xay dflng dfl an, phfltfng thflc dau tfl phu hpp vdi n a n g li/c ve vd'n, cdng nghe va ngfldi Can phai thuyet phuc dflpc ngan hang ve m a t hieu qua cua phfltfng an mdt each rd r a n g nhfl: khd k h a n va thuan lpi cua dfl an, ehi phi ban dau, doanh thu, ke hoaeh t r a np ; Cac D N N W can cd t a m nhin dai h a n , chfl khdng chi tha'y lpi nhuan ngan h a n , mong mud'n lpi nhuan n h a n h va mang lai lpi ich chtf doanh nghiep eang sdm cang tdt dang la nhflng rao can p h a t trien cua cac D N N W

(xem tiep trang 53)

DAU Tl/TAI CHiNH

Haste- Index

phtic, lpi nhuan doanh nghiep ldn cua my t a n g kha m a n h trd lai, c i c ebi b i o v l n h i d a t t a n g trfldng lien tuc trd lai, t h a t nghiep dang g i i m dan, kinh te My t a n g trfldng a m 1% quy 11/2009, mfle t a n g trfldng td't htfn so vdi dfl bio am 1,5% cua cic chuyen gia Ve t a n g trfldng kinh te n h i l u kha n a n g quy tdi r a t kha quan va My se ed m i u xanh GDP quy tdi l i dieu g i n nhfl chac chan, quy II eua 2009 n i y h i u b e t deu ddng chung quan diem l i d i y cua khung b o i n g My

Mpt nhflng lo ngai ldn n h a t cua NDT giai doan hien chinh l i k h i n a n g t h a t chat tin dung cua ehinh phu, d i n den viec thu hep ddng tien dd vao TTCK se khie'n cho thi trfldng khd t a n g trfldng m a n h vi g i n day cum tfl "lam p h i t " dang dflpc n h a e de'n c i n g nhilu Them v i o dd, t h i n g n g a n h i n g nha nflde (NHNN) da g i i m lai s u i t t r e n t i e n gfli dfl trfl b a t budc b a n g t i e n ddng tfl 3,6% xud'ng cdn 1,2%/nam, chinh phu dieu chinb t a n g trfldng GDP 6,5% xud'ng 5,5%, t h i n g

(tiep theo trang 33)

C i e D N N W Viet Nam hien r a t khd khan tie'p can vd'n ngan bang vi cd nhflng rao can nhat dinh, de giai quye't va thao gd nhflng rao can can cd sfl phdi hpp tfl phia: N h i nflde, doanh nghiep va ngan hang nbu da de cap d tren Cd nhu vay, mdi p h a t trien dupe cic D N N W va cic D N N W t r a n h dupc si/ p h i san dieu kien nen kinh te bi t i e ddng cua khung hoang tai

NHNN g i i m ty le t a n g t r u d n g tin dung 30% xud'ng 25% - 27% l i nhflng bflde di hfldng de'n viee d a t dflpc muc tieu v l GDP, kiem s o i t l a m p h i t v i c h a t Iflpng tin dung cho ca n a m 2009

Dpng t h i i t a n g cfldng g i i m sat tien te dflpc thflc bien se i n h hfldng trflde n h a t den lpi nhuan cua he thd'ng ngan h i n g thfltfng mai (NHTM) Sir tang manh cua cbi phi vd'n d i u vio d i u bi han che' bdi ty le tang trfldng khdng che d mfle 27% va lai suat t r a n khien cho lpi nhuan bien cua cic ngan b i n g giam Dieu se tao sfl an toan c i n thie't cho he thd'ng tin dung, d i m b i o mfle tang trfldng b i n vflng htfn

Sfl g i i m s i t chat tfl NHNN budc cac NHTM phai he't sfle can trpng viec huy ddng d i u v i o va g i i i ngan cic k h o i n vay Qua dd muc tieu g i i m s i t chat Iflpng tin dung cung phan n i o dflpc thflc hien N g o i i ra, lai s u i t ctf b i n van gifl nguyen 7%/nam t h i n g eho thay chfla p b i i bd hep t i l n te v i l a m p h i t n a m v i n t i m an toan

Tdi cbo rang se ed sfl bung nd sdng trflde ky nghi 11 2/9/2009, bdi le theo thdng le Viet Nam tren eic s i n chflng k h o i n thfldng cd sdng trflde mdt ky nghi l l ldn Them vao dd, dip cdn cd nhflng tin hieu kha quan tfl chd bfle tranh kinh te the gidi s i n g sua, TTCK the gidi vfltft dinh g i n nha't, chflng k h o i n My trien vpng va quan trpng nhat la xu hfldng lpi nhuan tang manh cua cdng ty niem yet*