Ben canh stt gidng nhau vl tSn gpi, trong nhidu trttdng hop, cdc kien true cbn ed stt tuong ddng vl mdt cong ndng: ehinh diSn thi trilu (Trieu Nguyen - Cdn NguySn - Thien An), nghe chi[r]
(1)Tap chi NghiSn cUu vk Phkt trifin, sfi 8-9 (97-98) 2012
ANH Hl/dNG CUA MO HINH DO THANH LAC Dl/dNG VA KHAI PHONG DEN QUY HOACH HOANG THANH THANG LONG THOil LY-TRAN
Pham Le Huy" Ldi md d a u
TCr tri/dc de'n nay, nghien ctJu so sdnh van thtlctng dugc nhdc de'n nhu mot hudng tiep cdn quan de nghidn cUu hodng thdnh Thing Long Tuy nhien trfin thuc te, hien vdn chua cfi nhieu cong trinh nghien cUii di theo hufing tie'p cdn ndy Khfi khdn trudc h6't ndm vd'n de doi tuang Ne'u so sdnh Thdng Long viJi cdc mo hinh thdnh d Trung Quoc, chung ta co cdc mo hinh Lac Ducfng thfii Hdn-Bdc Nguy, Kien Khang thdi Luc Trieu, Trudng An - Lac Duong thfii Dufing-Ngfl Dai, Khai Phong - Lac Duong thfii Bde Tong v.v Van de Id chung ta se phai lUa chon mfi hinh ndo dfi^ so sdnh, tie'p theo Id so sdnh trfin phuang dien ndo vd so sdnh nhu the nao Kho khdn de'n tif va'n dl tU lifiu cung nhu khoang vl kien thufc ciia chung ta dfi'i vfii cac ke't qua nghien ciJu dfi thdnh ciia Trung Quo'c nfii rieng vd khu vUc Dong Bde A nfii chung
Trong quang thcfi gian tCr ngdy 10 d§'n ngdy 21 thang nam 2011, theo chuang trinh ctia Quy Tin thdc UNESCO, dudi sU hudng ddn cua cac Giao su Nguyen Quang Ngoc (Dai hoc Quo'c gia Hd Noi), Momoki Shiro (Dai hoc Osaka), Yao Takao (Dai hoc Hiroshima), mot s6' nghiSn cdu vien tre ngUdi Viet Nam vd Nhat Ban dd c6 duoc mdt chuyen Idiao sdt ve cdc thdnh Trung Quoc tai Khai Phong, Trinh Chdu, Lac Duang vd Tdy An Trong chuyd'n khao sat nay, chung toi dd cd dieu kien tie'p xiic vdi nhieu ngu6n tu lieu, bao gdm ca tU lieu chd vi§'t, hinh ve, tu lidu diin dd vd khao co hpc vl cac dd thdnh Trung Qud'c tdn tai tif thdi Hdn de'n Bde Td'ng Qua dd, chung tdi dd thu hoach duac mdt so y tudng vl nghien cdu hodng thdnh Thdng Long td gdc so sanh Bdi vie't la sU the nghiem mpt phan cac y tudng dd, cu the Id nghien cdu so sanh ten goi, vi tri (bd' cue), edng ndng eua cdc cdng trinh kien true (eung dien, lau gdc, thdnh mdn, didn mdn) gida hodng Thdng Long thdi Ly-Tran vdi dd thdnh Khai Phong-Lac Dddng thdi Dudng - Ngu Dai - Bde Td'ng
Phuong phdp md chung tdi dp dung la: ne'u da cd sir dong nhd't ca vl ten goi vd cdng ndng (hodc tdn gpi vd vi tri) kien true, ed the xdc dinh md hinh dd anh hudng de'n quy hoach hoang Thdng Long thdi Ly-Tran Tren co sd do, nlu ton tai diem tuang dong vl mpt, hay mdt so' yeu td ndo dd, ed the loai suy cae yeu to' cdn lai Vi dli, ne'u gid'ng vl mat ten gpi - vi tri hodc ten gpi - kien true, cd the loai suy dupc cdng ndng sd dpng cila kien tnic dd Ben canh dd, nghidn cu^i so sanh eung giup chi cae yeu to' "gd'c" (original) quy hoach kinh dd Thdng Long
(2)Tap chl NghiSn cdu vk PMt trifa, stf 8-9 (97-98) 2012
Td't nhidn, phuang phdp lo^i suy khdng phdi sS chinh xdc tA cd moi trudng hap Tuy nhidn, dilu ki$n tU li$u hSl siic han hep hidn nay, nd it nhieu se cung cd'p cho chiing ta mdt sS kid'n thdc vd hinh dung rd han vl khdng gian hodng thdnh Thdng Long thdi L^-Trdn BSn canh dd, nghidn cdu cung hy vpng cung cd'p mdt sd' diu md'i giup gidi md cdc di cd'u ki^n true phdt Id tai khu vUc 18 Hodng Di0u vd dinh hudng eho hoat ddng khai qudt thdi gian sdp tdi
1 Chinh di$n C&n Nguyfin - T r i l u Nguyfin - Thifin An
Anh hudng eiia md hinh Lac DUdng vd Khai Phong dd'i vdi kinh dd Thdng Long the hi|n rd nhd't qua tdn gpi chinh di^n thi trilu (coi chdu)
Theo TSng sa vk TSng h^i yiu,'" chinh di^n thi trilu cua Lac Dddng -Tdy kinh thdi Bde Td'ng Id di^n Thdi Cue Thdi Tuy, didn ndy ed ten Id di?n Cdn Duong, dd'n ddu thdi Dudng dddc ddi tdn thdnh di^n Cdn Nguyin Ndm 688 (Thuy Cung 4), didn Cdn Nguydn bi Vd Tde Thidn phd di d l xdy Minh Dudng.'" Ndm 716 (Khai Nguydn 5), Dudng Huyin Tdng xud'ng chicfu dSi Iai tdn cu Cdn NguySn, ndm 721 (Khai Nguydn 10) lai dSi thdnh Minh Dudng, ndm 738 (Khai NguySn 27), phd tdng trSn eua Minh Dudng, d6i tdng dudi thdnh dien Cdn Nguyen.'" Ndm 909 (Khai Binh 3) ddi Hdu Luong, dien dupc doi ten thdnh dien Triiu Nguyen.'" Ndm 924 (Ddng Quang 2), nhd Hdu Dudng Ifu doi ten thdnh Minh Dudng Ndm 942 (Thidn Phiic 7), nhd Hdu Td'n d6i tSn thdnh dien Tuydn Dilc,"" sau lai khdi phuc ten Minh Dudng Ndm 978 (Thdi Binh Hung Qud'c 3), Bde Td'ng ddi tSn thdnh didn Thdi CiTc NhU vay, ehiing ta thdy rdng tai chinh didn ctia kinh dd Lac Duang thdi Dudng-Hdu LUdng da tdng cd tSn gpi Cdn NguySn vd Trilu Nguydn
Cung theo Td'ng si? vd Td'ng hdi yiu,'^' chinh didn thi trilu cua Khai Phong - Dong thdi Bde Td'ng Id dien Dai Khdnh Dipn Dai Khdnh nguySn thdi Hdu Luang ed tSn Id dien Sung Nguyen De'n ndm 922 (Cdn Dilc 2), nhd Td'ng tiln hanh trung tu vd doi ten thdnh didn Cdn Nguyen Ndm 984 (Thdi Binh Htdig Qud'c 9), dien bi chdy, duac trung tu vd ddi ten thdnh didn Trieu Nguyen Ndm 1015 (Dai Trung Tudng Phu 8), nhd Td'ng lai d6i tSn thdnh dien Thien An Ndm 1034 (.TSng sa chdp Id Minh Dao 3, Td'ng hdi yiu chdp Id ndm Canh HUu nguyen niSn), dien dupc ddi tdn thdnh didn Dai Khdnh Ndi tdm lai, tai kinh dd Khai Phong thdi Bde Td'ng, chung ta eung thdfy cd sU thay ddi ten gpi chinh dien tU Cdn NguySn sang Trieu NguySn vd sau dd Id ThiSn An
Tai Viet Nam, cd the' xdc nhdn su tdn tai cua mpt dien (lau) tai kinh d6 Hoa Lu cd ten Id Cdn Nguyin Theo Bai Viit sa ky todn thu, thdng Gieng mua Xudn ndm 992 (Nhdm Thin),'" "nhd vua ngU di^n Cdn Nguydn xem ddn" Dgi Viet sa lttgc cung chdp vl su ki?n ndy, nhung vid't Id "ldu Cdn Nguyen"."' Chung tdi eho rdng didn/lau Cdn NguySn ndy Id ehinh diSn cua Hoa Lu
Sau ddi dd ve Thdng Long, Ly Thdi To da eho khdi edng xdy dung mdt loat cung diSn mdi tai Thdng Long Muc thdng ndm Canh Tua't (1010) cua Dgi Viet sa ky todn thu vd muc ndm Canh Tud't (1010) cua Bgi Viet sU lux chdp ve sU kidn ndy nhu sau;
(3)Tap chl Nghi8n cttu vk Phat trifa, sd 8-9 (97-98) 2012
iiK-jift««2rteatsK, fieiKsie, &,b,m\zm. SHS'KK, trasitt K, xe=?iffiniaia!i*s, nmfHiiis.iMf'i^ ms&mnm gHtsig, if^i^j^isnia g, lEiHH, $i.yimkfi.mt: tB«r.is, nKiimnznt s.&uit» mnmm ise-ƠƠ, ằsô-s \;j.ufiiczs nam it>m wiBBSHi"! Matm H Biste, i*i3*«- itam'iS xfs-«i*ig«*»#- Ji.)as«, «wsiHfliJiigiis#
Dieh nghia (ed tham khdo ban dich cua Vien KHXH);
LSI xdy dung cde cung di^n kinh Thdng Long, phia trudc dung diin Cdn Nguyin ldm chS coi chiu, bin td ldm diin Tap Hiin, bin hau difng diin Gidng Vd Lgi md cfc Phi Long thdng vdi cung Nghinh Xudn, caa Ban Phugng thdng vdi cUa Uy Viin, hudng chinh nam dung diin Cao Minh, them ggi la them rdng, them rdng cd hdnh lang ddn xung quanh bSn phia Sau dien Can Nguyen dung hai diin Long An, Long Thuy ldm nai vua nghi Ben td xdy diin Nhdt Quang, bin hOu xdy diin Nguyet Minh, phia sau difng hai cung Thuy Hoa, Long Thuy ldm chd d cho cung nh Bung kho tang, ddp thdnh, ddo hdo Bd'n mat thdnh md bd'n ciia: phia ddng ggi la cUa Tudng Pha, phia tdy ggi Id cUa Qudng Phuc, phia nam ggi Id cUa Bgi Hung, phia bde ggi la cHa Biiu BUc Lgi d thdnh ldm Hung Thien NgU Tu vd Ngd Phugng Tinh Ldu Ngodi thdnh vi phia nam dung chita Thdng Nghiim
- Sil Udu 2; Bgi Viet sU lugc, Canh Tuat, Thudn Thien (1010);
n-m.M\>nimiim. £ M ô ằ K ^ãs.ms.m tejsisn *f?fl-ap^ IEB K tiiflnfls, is*Ơws mzmmsmPi maim, aaffiii, ô E I * « , :jt
Dieh nghia (tham khao ban dich cua GS Tran Qud'c Vupng):
7'rong kinh Thdng Long xdy diin Trieu Nguyen, ben trdi dung dien Tap Hiin, bin phdi dung diin Gidng VU, bin trdi md ciia Phi Long, bin phdi md cOa Ban Phugng, chinh bde md Cao Biin Thim ggi la Long Tri, hai ben Long Tri cd hdnh lang chgy chung quanh Phia sau diin Cdn Nguyin dung hai dien Long An, Long Thuy, bin trdi xdy diin Nhdt Quang, bin phdi idy dien Nguyit Minh, ddng sau cd eung Thuy Hoa Bdn phia thdnh md bSn ciia: phia ddng ggi Id Tudng Phu, phia tdy ggi Id Qudng Phuc, phia nam ggi Id Bgi Hung, phia bic ggi la Biiu DUc ihdnh lgi Ardy cAiia Hung Thiin, Ngu Phugng Tinh Ldu, phia nam thdnh xdy chiia Thdng Nghiim
Theo Dgi Viet sa ky todn thU, chinh dien thi trieu eua kinh thdnh Thdng Long duac khdi xdy ndm 1010 c6 ten Id dien Cdn Nguyen Dgi Viit sa lugc cung chep vl sU kien nay, nhUng d phdn dau ghi Id diSn Trieu Nguyen Tuy nhiSn, tdn diSn Trilu NguySn khdng xua't hien them mdt lan ndo nila Boi Vje( sa lugc Ngay nila sau cua ghi chep trSn, Dgi Viit sa lugc lai chep ten dien Cdn Nguyen
(4)Tap chl N g h i f a cd'u vk Phit t r i f a , sd 8-9 (97-98) 2012
Trong trudng hop ndy, cdch gidi thich hpp 1^ nhd't Id ddi dd tCr Hoa Lu vl Dai La, Ly Thdi f S dd cd f dl ddi tdn chinh didn Cdn NguySn, vdn tdn tai d kinh dd Hoa Lu, thdnh didn Trilu NguySn Tuy nhiSn, vi^c ddi tdn ndy hodc Id khdng tridt d l (vHn tiS'p tuc dCing song song vdi tSn cu Cdn NguySn k^ thda tir kinh dd Hoa Lu), hodc vi§c ddi tSn mdi chi Id dU dinh khdi cdng vdo thdi die'm thdng ndm 1010, trSn thilc tS' qud trinh thi cdng, tda chinh di$n ndy da dUde ddi lai thdnh didn Cdn NguySn."" DCl thS' ndo di chdng nffa, ghi chdp cua Bat Viit sa lugc Id dd'u vS't phdn dnh sU tdn tai dii ngdn ngiii cua tdn
chinh didn Trilu NguySn tai kinh dd Thdng Long * Nhu chiing ta diu bie't, didn Trilu NguySn - Cdn NguySn dd hi sdt ddnh
vdo ndm 1017 (Dinh Ty) vd roi vdo tinh trang hU hai, khiS'n Lf Thdi Td phdi coi chdu d diSn phia ddng.'"" Sau dd, dudng nhu nd dd dupc triing tu, vi Loan tam vutmg ndm 1018, chung ta thd'y cd nhilu ghi chdp liSn quan dd'n cdc su kidn dien tai di$n Cdn NguySn Trdi qua Loan tam vUtmg, mdt nguySn nhdn ndo dd (nhilu khd ndng USn quan dS'n nhffng khud't td't vide tranh doat ngdi vi), didn dd bi Ly Phdt Md (tffc Lf Thdi Tdng) cho san bdng DSh thdng ndm 1029 (Ky 'Ty), nhdn sir kidn rong thdn xud't hidn trSn nin diSn cu, Ly Thdi Tdng cho hidj ty "md rdng quy md", "chinh lai phuang hudng", tiln hdnh trung tu vd ddi ten thdnh dipn Thiin An.'^"
De tien theo ddi, chting tdi li$t kd qud trinh thay ddi cdc tdn gpi chinh dien d Lac Duang, Khai Phong cda Trung Qud'c vd Hoa Lu, Thdng Long cua Viet Nam theo bang dudi ddy
Lac Duong Khai Phong Hoa LU - Thfag Long Thdi Tuy PS
Dudng so l^i In 688 (Vo Chu) iSia 909 (HSu Lirong) i{ « 922 (BSc Tfag) J t S 924 (Hiu DUOng) itiilt 942 ( H S u T f a ) i t t 978 (Bde Tdng) « » 984 (Sdc Tfag) i t * 992 (BSc Tdng) iff 1010 (BSc Tdng) i t * 1015 (BSc Tfag) i t * 1029 (BSc Tfag) i t * 1034 (BSC Tfag) i t *
Can Duang IlK Can Nguydn ^ji lulinh DUOng mS CSn Nguyen tftjt Tri€u Nguyfin ^ ; i :
lulinh Dudngit^i^ Tuy^n Ddc S i i Th4iCi/c K»
Sung Nguydn iSjL Cdn Nguydn Vin
TriSu Nguydn ffi^i
Thifin An X $
Dal Khfah * »
Cdn Nguyfin (?) (Hoa l-U) ffiS ( « l i l )
T r i l u Nguyfin - Cdn Nguyfin
Thifin An JcS
Qua bang trSn, cd the rut dupc mdt sd' ket ludn nhu sau;
(5)Tap chi Nghien cflu va Fh^t trifa, sd 8-9 (97-98) 2012
Doi voi ten got Cdn NguySn d Hoa Lu vd Trilu Nguyen - Cdn NguySn d Thdng Long giai doan 1010-1029, viec xdc dinh md hinh dnh hudng tuong do'i phuc tap Cd hai mo hinh ma hodng thdnh Thdng Long giai dogn 1010-1029 CO the chiu dnh hudng: la mo hinh Lgc Duong th&i Budng (Cdn Nguyen) • H^u LUOng (Trieu Nguyen) vd mo hinh Khai Phong thdi Bde Tong (Can Nguyin • Trieu Nguyen) NS'u xdt de'n viSc cdc dodn sd gid ciia nhd Dmh - TiSn LS - Ly liSn tuc sang nhd Td'ng (thd'ng ke tff TSng sU vk TSng hgi yiu cho thay tinh dSn ndm 1022 ed it nhd't 14 lan sff gia Giao Chdu tffc Dai C6 ViSt sang nhd Td'ng vdo cdc ndm 968, 980, 982, 985, 988 990 1001 1004 1007, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1014, 1022), cung Id tu nhien quy ho'ach Hoa Lu-Thdng Long chiu nhieu anh hudng true tiep tir md hinh Khai Phong eua Bde TSng Mdt khdc, cung khdng the loai trii khd ndng quy hoach Hoa Lu-Thdng Long cung^mang tinh "hodi cd" vd chiu anh hudng tff mdt so' md hinh ed dien hon, eu the Id md hinh Lac Duong thdi Dudng-Hdu Luong Chung tdi cho rdng quy hogch Hoa LU hay Thdng Long (ddc bi^t Id Thdng Long giai doq.n 1010-1029) khong nhat thii't chiu dnh hudng tU mgt mo hinh nhdt md ed the tit ca hai md hinh Lgc Duang vd Khai Phong Anh hudng cua ca hai md hinh Lac Ducfng vd Khai Phong de'n Hoa Lu-Thdng Long se duac chiing tdi phdn tich ky han d ede phdn sau
VI fen gpi dien ThiSn An ndm 1029, theo khao sat tu liSu ctia chung tdi, ngodi kinh dd Khai Phong thdi Bde Tdng, tSn dien Thien An ehi xud't hien tai Lac Duong thdi Bde Nguy Tuy nhiSn, chinh diSn thi trieu eua Idnh dd Lac Ducfng thdi Bde Nguy la diSn Thdi Cue, dien Thien An ehi ed chdc ndng nhu mot tam dien eua nha vua Cd t h i thd'y dieu dd qua ghi chep cua Bde sa cho biS't didn ThiSn An la nai Nguy Thdi Td bdng ndm 407 (Thien Tff 4)."» Chinh vi vay, cd the khang dinh sU xud't hidn cua dien Thien An quy hoach Thang Long ndm 1029 khong lien quan de'n dien Thien An d Lac Duang thdi Bac Nguy Vifc doi ten chinh difn Cdn Nguyen thdnh Thien An ndm 1029 tgi Thdng Long chiu dnh hUdng trifc tiep td viec nhd Bde Tong doi ten chinh diin Cdn Nguyen thdnh Thien An tgi Khai Phong ndm 1015 Cd the tdi xac nhan anh hudng eua md hinh Khai Phong dd'i vdi quy hoach kinh dd Thdng Long nam 1029 qua ten gpi vd edng ndng mpt so eung dien va kien true khac md ehung tdi sS phan tich ky han d phan sau
Mdt khdc, sau duac doi tSn ndm 1029, ten gpi dien Thien An da duac sd dung sudt thdi Ly vd ea thdi Tran."^' Trong Dgi Viit sa ky loan tha, ghi chep eud'i eung dl cap de'n sU t i n tai eiia diSn ThiSn An la su kiSn ddi yS'n vd ban thudng cho ede quan ndm 137i dudi thdi Tran Nghe Tdng NhU vdy, viic nhd Bde Tong d6i tin chinh diin Thien An thdnh diin Bgi Khdnh d Khai Phong ndm 1034 cUng nhu nhiing thay doi sau ndy vi tin gpi chinh diin dUdi cdc thdi Nam Td'ng, Nguyin, Minh dd khong dnh hudng din kinh Thdng Long thdi Ly-Trdn
(6)Tap chi Nghien cd'u vk Phit trifa, sd 8-9 (97-98) 2012
sa cung cd quy md "9 gian"."'" NhU vfty, ed di^n Thiin An d Thdng Long vd diin Thiin An tgi Khai Phong diu cb ki't c&i chinh di$n gian
2 Cong chfnh n a m c d a c u n g t h d n h : Tit Minh Diic Mdn, Ngii Phi^i^ng Ldu dfi'n DUdng Minh M6n
BSn canh tSn gpi ehinh didn, cd thd xdc nhdn dnh hudng cua hai md hinh Lac Ducfng vd Khai Phong dd'i vdi cdch ddt tSn edng ehinh nam cung thdnh Hoa Lii thdi Tiln LS vd cung thdnh Thdng Long thdi Lf-Trin So sdnh vdi mo hinh Lac Duang vd Khai Phong, chung ta cung ed thd ldm rd chffc ndng vd ddc trffng kiS'n true cdng chinh nam eung thdnh eua cdc kinh dd Vidt Nam
2.1 Minh Diic Mdn - c6ng chinh nam cung thdnh Hoa LU Qua nhilu ngudn tU lipu, cd thd xdc dinh tSn cdng chinh nam cua cung thdnh Hoa Lu Id Minh BUc Mdn Nhu chung ta dd biS't, ndm 990, nhd Tdng cil sff gid Id Tdng Cdo dd'n Hoa Lu TSng sa dd ghi lai hdnh trinh cung nhu nhffng trai nghiSm cua Td'ng Cdo, nhffng ghi chdp ndy sau dd eung dupc LS Tdc trich luc sdch An Nam cht lugc Theo ldi td'u eua Td'ng Cao vdi hodng dd nhd Td'ng, "phu thu [cua LS Hodn, tiifc Hoa Lu - PLH] trung hep, edng dl chff Minh Dffe Mdn"."" Ngodi ra, Minh Dffe Mdn eung dUde nhdc ddn ghi chdp cua Dgi Viet sr? ky todn thu Theo Todn thu, bpn Td'ng Cao dem che sdch eua hodng dS' nhd Td'ng dd'n Hoa Lu sdc phong cho LS Hodn, "dS'n cda Minh Dffe, vua [tffc Le Hodn - PLH] bffng chS' thU de ISn tren dien, khdng lay, ndi doi la ndm vffa roi di ddnh gidc Man, bi ngd ngUa dau chdn".""
Nhff vdy, qua md ta cua TSng sa vk Dgi Viit sii ky todn tha, cd the xdc dinh Minh Dffe Mon la cdng chinh nam cua cung thdnh Hoa Lu
Chung tdi mudn lUu y rdng Minh DIJCC Mdn vd'n Id tSn edng thdnh dupe sd dung d ea Lac Duang vd Khai Phong Tai Lae Duong, ban ve Lgc Dugng cung tlidnh hodng thdnh dS thdi Dudng cd sdch Vinh Lgc dgi diin cho thay Minh Dffe Mdn Id mpt cdng d phia nam cung thdnh Lae Duang thdi Dudng Tuy nhien, Minh Dffe Mdn khpng phai Id cdng chinh nam Cdng chinh nam cua cung thdnh Lac Duang Id Ung Thien Mdn (sau ndy ddi thdnh Ngd Phupng Ldu), Minh Dffe Mdn Id edng ben trdi (phia ddng), ngodi cdn mdt cdng ben phai (phia tdy) Id Trudng Lac MSn (Hinh 1)
Tai Khai Phong, cdng chinh nam cung thdnh titag cd tSn gpi Minh Dffe Mdn Theo TSng sa vk TSng hdi yiu, cdng chinh nam cung thdnh ciia kinh dd Khai Phong vdo thdi Hdu Luang dupc gpi Id KiS'n Qud'c, sau ddi thdnh Ham An De'n dau thdi Hdu Tan ld'y ten Id Hien Dffe Mdn, theo Cuu Ngu dai sa de'n ndm 938 (Thien Phuc 3) dd'i thdnh Minh Bute Mdn."'' De'n ndm 9'78 (Thdi Binh Hung Qud'c 3) thdi Bde Tdng, edng dupe ddi tSn thdnh Dan Phupng Mdn Ndm 981 (Thai Binh Hung Qudc 9), nhd Td'ng ddi tdn thdnh Cdn NguySn MSn, nam 1015 (Dai Trung Tudng Phu 8) ddi thdnh Duong Minh Mdn Ndm 1034 (Canh HUu nguyen nidn) ddi tSn thdnh TuySn Dffe Mdn.'"" Cd the thay Minh Dffe Mdn la tSn edng chinh nam ciia eung thdnh Khai Phong sud't tff ndm 938 de'n ndm 978 (xem hinh 6-1)
(7)Tap chl Nghien cdu vk Phit trifa, sd 8-9 (97-98) 2012
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siitn
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it«n «3tn ^nHunJsims Hinh I: Vi tri Minh Ddc Mdn (phan ithoanh vudng phia dUdi, ben phai)
Lac Duong cung hoing thinh Nguon: Hiraol<a Tal<eo, Trudng An vi Lac Duong (dia do), Nxb Nhan dan Thiem Tay, 1957
vi tri chinh nam, ed le Minh Dffe Mdn eua Hoa Lu chiu anh hudng true tiS'p tff mo hinh Khai Phong
2.2 Ngd Phugng Ldu, DUOng Minh Mon - cdng chinh nam cung thdnh Thdng Long thdi Ly-Tran
2.2.1 Ngu Phugng Ldu thdi Ly
Ghi chep vl quy hoach Thdng Long ndm 1010 khong de cap true tiep de'n cdng chinh nam cung thdnh Tuy nhien, Bai Viet sU lugc va Dgi Viet sU ky todn thu cd nhdc de'n ten gpi mdt kiS'n true Id Ngd PhUgng Tinh Ldu dupc xay "thdnh npi" (sff HSu 1-2 da din) "Thdnh" chQ "thdnh npi" d day chi hodng thdnh Thdng Long, vdi bd'n cdng Tudng Phu, Quang Phuc, Dai Hung, Dieu Dffe Kid'n true Ngu Phupng Tinh Lau cdn xua't hidn ghi chdp ndm Gidp DSn 1014 eua Boi Viet sU ky todn tha Theo dd, thdng 10 miia ddng ndm 1014, Lf Thai Td "xudng ijhie'u phdt tdm trdm lang bae kho dl due hai qua chudng ddt tai chua Thdng Nghiem yd Ngu PhUgng Tinh Ldu".""
(8)Tap chl NghiSn cUu vji Fhit trifa, stf 8-9 (97-98) 2012
»tit, at
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•19' Chu thich:
1 T r i l u Nguydn - C&n Nguyfin Difin
3 Gidng Vo Di§n (phdn chO Hdn ghi nhdm thSnh Qudng V6) Nghinh Xufin Cung
7 Uy Vi5n Mdn Long Tri 11 Long An Difin 13 Nhfit Quang Di^n 15 Thiiy Hoa Cung 17 Tudng Phu MOn 19 Dai Hung M6n 21 Hung Thifin N g u T u
2 Tfip Hifin Difin Phi Long M6n Dan Phupng Mdn Cao (Minh) D l f a 10 Hfinh lang 12 Long Thyy Difin 14 Nguy$t Minh Difin 16 Long Thuy Cung 18 Qudng Phdc M f a 20 Di$u Ddc Mdn 22 Ngu Phupng Tinh Ldu Hinh 2: So dd phgc dpng quy hoach Thfing Long 1010 cOa Lfi Vfin Lan (2004),
duoc sda chda bdi Yao Takao (2007)i"i vd Momoki Shiro (2010)
(9)Tap chi Nghi&n ctfu v l Phdt tri^n, s6' 8-9 (97-98) 2012
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Hinh Ngp Mon (phfa tren la Ngu Phyng Lau) t^i Kinh Thanh Hue Nguon: www cuocsongviet com
cdng chinh nam cua cung th^nh \k Ngu Phugng L^u c6 anh hudng dS'n nhilu kinh d6 sau cua Trung QuS'c va Viet Nam, ti§u bi^u nhu Ngo M6n th&i Minh-Thanh hay Ngo Mon d Kinh Th^nh Hug' cung c6 kien true Ngu Phiftfng : (Phung) Lau
(10)Tap chf Nghidn cdu vh Phat tri^n, stf 8-9 (97-98) 2012
Do vSy, kiin trdc Ngu Phuqng Ldu dUac vua L^J Thdi TS xdy dt^ng ndm 1010 nhiSu khd ndng Id c6ng chinh nam cua cung thdnh Thdng Long, chiu dnh hudng tit md hinh Lac Duang Vf tri cda Ngu Phugng (Tinh) Ldu sS nd.m tr&n true trung tdm d phia bde cua Dq.i HUng M6n (tiic ciia chinh nam cda hodng thdnh), phia nam cda Cao Di?n (hay Cao Minh Di?n)^^'^^
Jr\6ii NguyAn-CAn NguyAn Dl^n
Cao (Minh) Dl$n
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HoAng th&nh
DQI Hung Mdn
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SO 66 1: Scf d6 tLfdng quan vj trf cua Ngu Phgng LSu vk cdc ki^n true khdc trdn trgc trung tdm t^i Thdng Long ndm 1010
Chinh DUdng Ldu Phvng ThIAn Si$Ti
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Ngu PhUQng Tinh LAu TLJULMfll
Hoftng thftnh Qttf
B^i Hung M6n
Thftnh D^
So dd 2: So 66 lUOng quan vj trf cua Ngu Phyng LSu vd cdc ki^n triic khdc trfin tryc trung tdm tgi Thdng Long ndm 1029
2.2.2 Duang Minh Mdn thdi Trdn
(11)Tap chi Nghien cu'u va Phat Irign, s6' 8-9 (97-98) 2012
^ f ^ = ^ " f ' ? ' ^ ' T''*''' <^hung ta thdy xud't hi?n khd nhilu ghi eh4p de cdp den mpt cong thdnh a pliia nam gpi Id Duong Minh Mon Trudc tiSn, theo flai Viet sa ky toan thu, ndm 1281 (Tan Ty), sU gia nhd Nguyen Id Sdi Thung da cuoi ngi^a vao thdng Duong Minh M6n, Ichi bi qudn si Thien Tru&ng ngdn lai ^i!;™?.''*,,^.""?,''?' "S,^^ 1"*' hp bi thuang d ddu Thung cu8i ngua chay thing den dien Tap Hien, thdy gidng bdy mdn trudng mdi chiu xudng ngua.™
Dtiang Minh Mon cung xud't hiSn ghi chdp ciia Trdn Phu, sU gid nhd Nguyen den Thdng Long ndm 1293 (Chi Nguyen 30) Theo Trdn Cuang Trung thi t^p Den noi d cua tu trudng [tUc vua Trdn - PLH], cdng viet Id DUOng Mmh Mdn, trSn cd gdc viet la Triiu Thiin Cdc BSn trdi o6 ciJa nho Id Nhgt Tdn Mon, phai c6 cura nho Id Vdn Hgi Mdn BSn cdng c6 giS'ng trdi rong vdl chuc trupng Di ISn tCr bde thdm, bSn dudi gdc cd bidn dl Tgp Hiin Diin tren c6 gdc ldn la Mmh Linh Cdc BSn phai dudng ed hdnh lang ddn dd'n dieii ldn gpi id di|n Dilc Huy, cdng trdi Id Ddng Nhac M6n, cdng phdi Id Kieu Cfng Mon, biSn deu la cho vdng "'2"
TruySn Luang Tdng - sd gid nhd NguySn sang Dai Vipt ciing vdi Trdn Phu ndm 1293 Wguycn sa cung chep: "Nudc e6 edng: giffa Id Duong Minh, trdi Id Nhdt Tdn, phai Id Vdn Hgi." Khi do, nudc ta mudn don sd Nguyen d cura Nhait Tdn, Tdng khong chiu Ta lai md ciia Van Hoi, Tdng van cd cha'p mudn vao bdng cila Duang Minh.""'
_ M3 ta quang canh hodng Thdng Long bi quan Nguyen tam chie'm ndm 1285, Nguyen sa vie't: "Cung thd't nai d cd edng, bien vifi't chff Bgi Hung Chi Udn, Td Hitu Dich M6n Chinh dien cd gian vie't cho Thien An NgtfDiin Cdng chinh nam (Chinh Nam Mon) viet cha Trieu Thiin Cdc:""
Thien An Ngy Dien Minli Linh Cftc Tftp Hi^n Di^n
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TriSu Thifin Cftc Nhftt Tftn M6n-Dadng Minh M6n-Vftn Hfli M6n
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D^r Hifng (Cht) Mdn
Thanh Dqii
(12)Tap chl Nghien ciiu vk Fh^t trifo, stf 8-9 (97-j
Theo cdc ghi chdp trSn, kiSn true philc hpp Duang Minh Mdn-Trilu ThiSn Cdc Id "Chinh Nam MSn" - cdng chfnh nam, ndm phia bde Dai Hung Mdn • thdn nhd NguySn m6i dS'n Duang Minh MSn v4 nguySn tdc phdi xudng ngudi Di qua Duang Minh MSn Id dS'n kiSn true Tdp Hiln Di§n - Minh Linh Cdc
Mdt khdc, nhu dd trinh bdy d phdn trudc, Duang Minh Mdn lai chinh Id tSn edng ehinh nam cua cung thdnh Khai Phong duac d^t ndm 1015 (tiln thdn Id Minh Ddc, Dan PhUpng, Cdn NguySn Mdn, ddn 1034 dupe ddi tSn thdnh TuySn Dilc Mdn)
Td'ng hpp cdc thdng tin nSu trSn, c6 t h i 3uy dodn DUang Minh Mdn chinh Id cdng chinh nam ciia cung thdnh Thdng Long thdi Trdn Nlii vi tri edng chinh nam cung thdnh khdng thay ddi, Duang Minh MSn thdi Trdn Id tSn gpi mdi eiia Ngu Phuang Ldu thdi Lf
2.3 Kiih true Ngu PhUgng Ldu vd DUOng Minh Mon
Hi0n nay, cdc cudc khai qudt ciia chung ta tai hodng thdnh Thdng Long vdn ehua phdt hi$n dupc vi tri ciia ed;ig chinh nam cung thdnh thdfi Ly-Trdn phan ndy, ehiing tSi mudn dUa mdt sd tiSu chi ve kie'n true d l cdc nhd khao cd tham khao qud trinh khai qudt
Mpt ede ddc trUng kien true tiSu bieu eua cdng chinh nam cung thanh tai cdc kinh dS Trung Qudc Id kien true **cvCa khuyet" c6 hinh CH, vdi cde khuyet ddi d hai bSn hudng vl phia bde hodc phia nam Kidn tnic "ciia khuyet" da duac du nhap vdo Viet Nam, hiSn c6 the quan sdt T&t ro tai di tich Doan Mon ciia hodng thdnh Thdng Long thdi LS (khuye't ddi hudng b ^ ) vd Ngp Mon eua Kinh Thdnh Hue thdi Nguyin (khuyet ddi hudng nam) Tai di ehi Ufng Thien Mdn (Ngu Phupng Ldu) d Lae Duang, cde nhd khdo cd hpc Tnmg Qudc da tim thay cd'u true "ciia khuyet" vdi ddc tnmg khuyet ddi hudng nam, "song hudng tam xua't khuyet", tdc Id khuyS't ddi gidt thdnh cdp vd vl hudng (Hinh 5)
Kien trdc Ngu PhUgng Ldu thdi Ly, DUang Minh Mdn thdi Tr&n rdt CO the cung dUgc a;dy dt^g vdi cdiu true "ciia khuyet" Cd t h i ndi khuyS't ddi se Id mpt tiSu ehi quan trpng d l cdc nhd khao cd hpc ViSt Nam
xdc dinh vi tri cdng chinh nam cua cung thdnh Thdng Long thdi L^-Trdn tuang lai
Duang Minh Mdn thdi Trdn Id hii'n triic dgng mdn-cdc, phia dudi Id c6ng, phia tren Id gdc Triiu Thiin Ngodi cdng chinh ^ cdn cd edng nhd, ben trdi Id Nhdt
Tdn MSn, bSn phai Id Van H6i Mdn, tile Id kiSn trdc tam mdn dgo So sdnh vdi di chi tJng ThiSn MSn (Ngu Phupng Ldu) d Lac Duong, chung ta thay rdng mdc du dia tdng d giai doan m u S n ^ ^ ^ f Hinh Hinh phgc Opng ijng Thidn MOnthOI DUdng,
(13)Tap chf Nghi6n ciiu v i Phit trife, sd 8-9 (97-98) 2012
dug vdi thdi van Dudng va Bde Td'ng) da bi phd hoai nghiSm trpng, cuoc dieu tra khao cd hpc ndm 2001-2002 cung da xdc dinh dupc tdng cpng mSn dao tdn tai vdo giai doan sdm (tuang ilng vdi thdi thinh Dudng)
3 KiS'n triic ng&n each chinh di$n va c6ng chinh nam cung thanh; Tic di^n Cao (Minh), di$n Phung Thien - gac Trilu Di^dng thdi Ly den di^n T|ip Hien - gdc Minh Linh thdi TrSn
Tai Lac Duang - Tdy kinh thdi Bde Tdng, theo TSng hdi yiu, phia cua Ngii Phuang Ldu Id Thdi Cue MSn, Id cdng vao ciia ehinh dipn Thdi Cue Cdng ndy thdi Tuy e6 tSn Id Vinh Thdi, de'n thdi Dudng ddi thdnh Thong Thien, Cdn NguySn Ndm 978 (Thdi Binh Hung Qud'c 3), cung vdi viec ddi tSn
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Chii thich:
1 Tuyen DUc M6n (Minh Ddc Mon)
2 D j i K h i n h Man (Trieu Nguydn, C i n NguySn, Thien An) _ Td Nhat Tinh Mon (J) " H O u Nguyet Tinh Mdn (7) D?i Khdnh Didn Chung L i u (lau chudng) 7 rA I 311 ItSii trrSnnl Van DUC Dl^n
9 : ™ y C i g e t arUOng X u i n Di?n) 10 PM== N i ^ S ' ^ r ^ ' - ' ^ T D ^ f D M ' 11 Tap Anh Di#n ( H i m Quang D i j n ) 12 T d Thaii Di#n (Sung DUc D.en) 13 SCing Chinh BiSn (Qiang Vo Dien) 14 Long D6 Cac
16 BOng Hoa M6n 18 T i y Hoa Mon 17 TUOng Phil Mon
(14)T?p chl NghiSn cUu vi Phit trign, stf 8-9 (97-98) 20^
chinh di$n thi trilu thdnh di^n Thdi Cue, nhd Td'ng cung ddi tSn cdng ndy thdnh Thdi Ciic MSn"" (Hinh 7-7)
Tai Khai Phong - Ddng dd thdi Bde Tdng, theo TSng h^i yiu, phia eua TuySn Dde Mon - cdng ehinh nam cung thdnh Id Dai Khdnh Mdn, Id cdng vdo cua chfnh di^n Dai Khdnh Cdng ndy thdi Luang gpi Id NguySn Hda, dS'n thdi Tdng tdn thudng dupc ddi theo tSn gpi chinh diSn.""
Nhu vdy, d cd Lgc DUang vd Khai Phong thdi Bde T6ng, chinh diin thi triiu vd cdng chinh nam cung thdnh khdng ki't nd'i triic tiip vdi nhau md dUgc ngdn cdch bdi m^t ldp hii'n trdc Id di^n mdn (Thdi Cue Mon hode Dai Khdnh MSn)
Trong quy hoach Thdng Long ndm 1010, phia trudc di^n Trilu NguySn - ThiSn An bd tri mdt kiln true gpi Id Cao Di^n (Dgi Viit sa lugc) hodc Cao Minh Diin (Dgi Viit sa ky todn thu) (sd li$u 1-2)."^' Tdm lai, quy hogch hodng thdnh Thdng Long ndm 1010, chinh diin Trieu Nguyin -Thien An vd cdng chinh nam Ngu PhUgng Ldu dUgc ngdn cdch bdi mgt kii'n true Id Cao (Minh) Di^n
Quy hoach Thdng Long ndm 1029 dupe md td khd chi tiS't ghi chdp eua Dgi Viit sa ky todn thu vd Bgi Viit sa luge
- Suf lieu: Dai Viit sU ky todn thu, Bdn ky, Ly ky, Ly Thdi TSng, Ky Ty ThiSn Thdnh (1029):
itskmzma g*n6iiE+*, 4>WBi/iSK*gte iEK*isi s t s i H « * S R £*ft-.fn«, wsffl/Mstsa'Sti, mzmm'^&Bm vxs^^tf^vzW9i- s K**K hiimmm amtsmz^ ajssfffs ±itsi!iHra, wasiisa zm ?h»(siigj«-a, aa^w
Dieh nghia (tham khao ban dich ciia Nxb KHXH):
(15)sirHW*-Tap chl Nghi§n ctfu vi Phit h-iSn, stf 8-9 (97-98) 2012
Dich nghia (theo ban dich eua Trdn Qudc Vupng):
Bim cho md rdng thim quy md, sOa chOa lgi diin [tac diin Cdn Nguyin] dd'i ten Id dien Thiin An Bin trdi diin Thiin An xdy dien Tuyin Diic, bin phd'i xay diin Diin Phuc, phia trade ggi Id Long Tri, phia ddng xdy diin Vdn Minh, phia tdy xdy di^n Qudng Vu BSi d hai bin td hUu Long Tri Id chung ldu (ldu chudng) di lin nghe viic oan khudt Bing trudc ddt diin Phung Thiin, d tren xdy ldu Chinh Duong ldm nai xem gid; ding sau xdy dien TrUdng Xudn, d tren xdy Long Cdc Bin ngodi ddp thdnh, ggi Id Long Thdnh
Nhu vdy, quy hogch ndm 1029, diin Thiin An cung dUgc ngdn cdch vdi cdng chinh nam cda cung thdnh bdng mgt kii'n true Id dien Phung Thien - ldu Chinh Duong
Budc sang thdi Trin, chung ta khong c6 nhffng ghi chdp mang tinh he thdng ve quy hoach hodng thdnh Tuy nhien, cdn cd vdo Dgi Viet sU ky todn thii va ghi chdp cua cdc sd gia nhd NguySn sang Thdng Long, co tlie xdc dinh dupc mot kie'n true ndm giffa edng ehinh nam cung thdnh vd chinh dien thi trieu Do la kien true phdc hpp dien Tdp Hiln - gdc Minh Linh
Nhu dd phan tich d phan trUde, ehinh dien thi trieu thdi Trdn Id Thien An Ngu Dien, duac xdy dung nam 1029 vd dupe sil dung it nha't dS'n nam 1371 Cdng chinh nam eda cung Thdng Long Id kie'n true Duang Minh Mon -Trieu Thien Cae, vdi hai cila hai ben Id Van H6i MSn va Nhat Tan Mon
Nhu sd lieu da trich d phan trUde, chung ta tha'y rdng nam 1281 (ThiSu Bao 3), sff gia nha NguySn Id Sdi Thung da eudi ngua vupt qua Duong Minh Mon, den sdn eua diSn Tap Hien mdi chiu xudng ngUa Tran Cuang Trung thi tap ciia Tran Phu eung mo ta di qua Duong Minh Mon la gie'ng trdi rong vai chuc trupng, sau dd dS'n dien Tap Hiln - gdc Minh Linh Dac biet, Thien Nam hdnh ky cua Til Minh Thien de'n Dai Viet nam 1289 cho biS't: "vao vUOng thdnh, de'n dien mon xudng ngUa, lai vdo mpt cdng la Tap Hien Diin" "DiSn mon" ma Tff Minh Thien phai xudng ngUa (ha ma) ro rang la Duong Minh MSn - noi Sdi Thung da bi quan Thien TrUdng ngdn lai nam 1281.'^^' O day, chung ta cung thay trinh tU: sff gia nhd Nguyen sau qua "dien mon" - Duong Minh Mon thi tdi dien Tap Hien
(16)220 Tap chl Nghi8n ctfu v i Phit trifa, stf 8-9 (97-98) 2012
Thp Quang - gdc Minh Hd ldm 16 trUdc, sau mdi "ra" gdc Trilu ThiSn, "xudng"' dipn Tdp Hiln du yS'n
Cde ghi chdp trSn cho thd'y mdt dilm thd'ng nh^t Dd Id cdc sff gid nhd NguySn sau qua Duong Minh Mdn dd tiS'n vdo m$t khdng gian mdi, chua phdi Id khSng gian cua didn ThiSn An md Id khSng gian cua di^n Tdp Hiln -gdc Minh Linh
Tdm lai, tUang ti^ nhU Lgc DUang vd Khai Phong, tgi Thdng Long thdi Lf-Trdn, giUa chinh di^n vd cSng thdnh phia nam cua cung thdnh ' tdn tgi m^t ldp kii'n trdc ngdn cdch, Dd Id diin Cao Minh (ho0c Cao Diin) ndm 1010, di^n Ph^ng Thiin • ldu Chinh DUOng ndm 1029 vd diin T^p Hiin • gdc Minh Linh thdi Trdn Tai Lac Duong vd Khai Phong, ldp kiS'n true trung gian dd Id kiln true edng - didn mSn (Dai Khdnh Mdn, Thdi Cue MSn) Tai Thdng Long, ldp kiln trde dd thudng dupe gpi Id "di^n", "gdc" Tuy nhiSn, cd mdt dilm ddng chd f Id Thiin Nam hdnh kf, Td Minh Thipn viet "lai vdo mdt cdng Id didn Tdp Hiln" (tdi nhdp mdn viS't Tdp Hiln Dien), tffc Id TCf Minh Thi$n cung coi di^n Tdp Hiln Id mdt kiln tnic "mSn"-edng Dilu dd khiS'n chung ta hinh dung cdc kii'n trdc di$n - gdc trung gian d Thdng Long khdng chi dan thudn Id cde kii'n trdc di$n n&m d^ lap md cbn ed chtic ndng nhu mgt dgng c6ng, ngdn cdch cdc khdng gian trong - ngodi.^^^'
4 KiS'n t n i c lau doi xihig va cd quan trdng coi gid khftc Long Tri
So vdi ndm 1010, mdt nhffng dilm khdc bi^t eua quy hoach Thdng Long ndm 1029 Id viSc bd tri thSm hai ldu chudng ddi xtlng qua true tnmg tdm eua Long Tri - t h i m rdng cua dipn ThiSn An Chung ta thdJy bd cue ndy cd su tuong dong vdi bd cue sdn trude chinh dien (Long Tri) cua Khai Phong vd Lac Duong thdi Bde Tdng
Tai Khai Phong, theo sdch Ddng kinh mdng hoa luc Manh NguySn Ldo biSn soan thdi Nam Tdng, "qua chinh mSn cua ldu TuySn Ddc Id dien Dai IQidnh [ndm 1015 ddi tSn thdnh di§n ThiSn An - PLH], sdn cd dftng hai tba lau, gidng nhu ldu de chuSng chua, bSn trdn cd quan Bao chuang ehinh cua Thdi Sff Cue xem vach nudc dinh gid (khdc Id), off den gid (thdi khdc) lai cdm bdi vdo tdu.""*'
(17)Tap chi Nghien ctfu v i Phat triSn, stf 8-9 (97-98), 2012
ldu Nhdt NguySt.™> Ngodi ra, phia tdy bde eua diSn Thdi Cue cd diSn Vdn Minh (ve mdt cSng ndng vd tSn gpi chdc cung tuang tu di$n Vdn Dffe - Vdn Minh d Khai Phong), trude dien ndy cung bd tri mdt ldu trS'ng d phia dong nam, mSt lau chuSng a phia tdy nam
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Doan Mon Ngu PhL/flng LSu , T h ^ i C l ^ M n 10 Nguyet Lau 13 Chung Lau (lau chudng) 16 Kim H ^ M d n 19 HSm Quang Di0n
Ngu6n: Hd Nam chf, TCing tha tap th&nh tgc bign, tap 54, Nxb ThUdng Hai thu diem, tr 42 TS Djch Mon
5 Hang Giao M6n Thdi e y e Di$n 11 V a n M i n h O i $ n 14 Dong ThUflng Cdp M6n 17 Thaong Long Mon
(18)Tip chl NghiSn cdu vi Phit trifo, stf 8-9(97(97(97(97(97
Qua nhOng phdn tieh nSu trSn, cd th4 thdy diim tUOng ddng giiia md hinh Lgc DUang, Khai Phong thdi Bde Td'ng vd guy hogch Thdng Long ndm 1029 vi^c bd' tri hai tba ldu cd kii'n trdc dgng ldu nam ddi xuCng qua tr^ hdc-nam cung nhU ca quan trdng coi gid khdc phia trUdc di4n Tuy nhiin, cd diim khdc biit Id tgi Khai Phong, vf tri trdng eoi gid khdc hoijx dUgc ddt tgi hai ldu ddi xitng (trttdng hgp di$n Bgi Khdnh), hodc dt^t tgi tdng dUdi tba ldu phia ddng nam (trUdng hgp diin Vdn Diic) Trong dd, tgi Thdng Long, chUc ndng trdng coi gid khdc lgi dugc d/jit tgi ldu Chinh DUang, hai kii'n trdc ldu dd'i xHtng thifc hiin chifc ndng "nghe vi^c oan khudt"
r Qua miSu td cua Ddng kinh fS" mdng hoa luc, chdng ta cung R* hilu han vl edch thffc "trSng e l J coi gid khdc" cua llu Chinh 'J Duong Phia trSn ldu c6 le F * cung bd tri mdt viSn quan ^~ phu trdch vide coi gid (d Khai yr" Phong Id Bdo chuang chinh I cua Thdi Sii Cue) Trong ban i » dich Dgi Viit sa lugc chl ghi i<^, dan gidn Id "xem gid", nhung ne'u doe ky, chung ta thdy HInhS: D6ng hd nudc cua Lil Til OOi Dudng sdng ohd g„ ^^^ ^^^ I j | „ ^ ^ ^ Nguon- Lgc kinh dd bdn Bit bi6n ioai sosn /VSSI»* ^^O «18 khdc" m9 "LS khdc" vdn Id ten gpi ddng hd nUdc, hoat ddng theo nguySn ly cho nUdc chay vdi mSt tdc dd cd dinh vdo mdt chiee binh (Id) ed khde vach (khde), dua vdo dd cd the tinh todn dUpc gid khdc Trong sdch Luc kinh dd Duang Gidp biSn soan ddi Nam Tdng (khde in ndm 1153) luu lai hai ban ve vl ddng hd nudc, mdt La Tdi che vdo ddu thdi Dudng, mdt Yen Tuc phdt minh ndm 1034 Do thilt ke ddng hd nude eua Trung Qud'c chi cd sil thay ddi ldn vdo ndm 1034, nen ddng hd nude ddt tren lau Chinh Duang d Thdng Long ndm 1029 cd 16 giS'ng loai ddng hd nude Lfl Tai phdt minh nhu hinh
5 Khdng gian thi h a n h chfnh si^
Anh hudng cua ede mS hinh Trung Qud'c dS'n Thdng Long thdi Ly-Trdn cdn the hiSn d tSn gpi vd bd tri cdc cung di§n khong gian thi hdnh chinh sU
5.1 Biin Gidng Vd vd chiic ndng "duyit si/t chi sd" • "duyit vo" Tai Khai Phong - Dong dd thdi Bde Tdng, phia sau cung cd diSn Sung Chinh, trude ndm 977 (Thdi Binh Hung QuS'c 2) cd tSn Id Gidng Vo (Hinh 6-13) Theo TSng sa, diSn ndy cd chffc ndng "duy^t sif chi sff' (nai duyet cong viee) hodc ^^duy^t ud".'^"'
(19)Tap chl NghiSn cUu v i Phil tri^n, stf 8-9 (97-98) 2012
Trong quy hoach ndm 1010 cua Thdng Long, bSn phai diSn Trilu NguySn - Cdn NguySn, nhd L5? cho xay dung diin Gidng Vo (sff lieu 1) Do han che vl tu lieu, chung ta khSng ro dien Giang Vo tai Thdng Long ndm 1010 ed cung cdng ndng "duy^t sU", "duyet vo" nhu dien Giang Vo (Sung Chinh) tai Khai Phong hay khSng Tuy nhiSn, sudt thdi Ly-Tran, khong gian Long Tri phia trudc diSn Thien An cd duoc sff dung dl nhd vua "xem cde vuong hau dd cdu'* ndm 1125 hodc "duyit cdm qudn" ndm 1351
5.2 Di$n Vdn Minh vd chiic ndng "chinh nha diin"
Tai Thdng Long, quy hoach ndm 1029, ehung ta thay phia dong cua khSng gian Long Tri, Ly Thdi TSng cho xdy dung diin Vdn Minh
Tai Khai Phong, phia tdy bde cua chinh diSn Dai Khdnh (Thien An) cd dien Vdn Dffe Id "chinh nha diin" (Hinh 6-8) Dien ndy vdn co tff thdi NgQ Dai, thdi Hdu Dudng gpi Id dien Doan Minh, ddng chu y la vdo ddu thdi Tdng, diSn ndy tttng ed tSn Id diin Vdn Minh Dien Vdn Minh bi chay thdng ndm 984 (Thdi Binh Hung Qudc 9), dS'n thdng dupc ddi ten thdnh dien Vdn Dffe Sdch Nggc hdi duac bien soan thdi Nam Tdng lai dan mSt tdi liSu khac cho bie't diSn Vdn Minh dupe hodn thdnh ndm 965 (Cdn Dde 3), dS'n ndm 984 (Ung Hi nguyen nien) duac ddi tSn thdnh Vdn Ddc.'""'
Tai Lac Dffang thdi Bde To'ng cung tdn tai mpt dien ed ten gpi Id dien Vdn Minh (Hinh 7-11) Dien thdi Dudng gpi la Chan Qudn, de'n thdi Luong gpi Id Vdn Minh, phia trUde ed bd tri mpt lau chuong va lau trdng (Hinh 7-12, 13) HiSn chung tSi chua tim dupc tu lieu eho thd'y eong nang cua dien nay, nhung ve vi tri eung nhU cd'u true lau chuong, cd t h i suy dodn dien ndy cung dong vai tro "chinh nha dien" nhU dien Vdn Dffe (Van Minh) tai Khai Phong.™'
Nhff vdy, nhieu khd ndng diin Vdn Minh dUgc Ly Thdi Tong cho xdy difng ndm 1029 cung vdi tU cdch Id "chinh nha diin" - bo trg chUc ndng cho diin Thiin An, gidng nhu diin Vdn Minh (Vdn BUc) - bo trg chiCe ndng cho chinh diin Thien An (Dgi Khdnh) tgi Khai Phong, hay diin Vdn Minh - bd trg chute ndng cho chinh diin Thdi Clfc tgi Lgc Ditang thdi Bac Tdng
5.3 Diin Thdy Cung - Thiin Khdnh vd chute ndng "thudng nhdt thi triiu chi sd" - "thinh ehinh"
(20)Tip chl NghiSn cdu v i Phit trifo, stf 8-9 (97-98) 2012
Tai Thdng Long, chinh didn thi trilu thdi LJr - Trdn Id didn Trilu NguySn - Cdn NguySn (1010-1029) vd didn Thidn An (ttt 1029) NhOng ghi chdp vl quy hoach ndm 1010 khdng eho bid't cdng ndng eua cde di§n, nhung ndm 1020, sau khi di^n Thidn An bi sdt ddnh vd ddng didn bi ddng dd't, Lf Thdi Td dd cho xdy dung ba dipn, di^n phia trUdc d l thi trilu, hai di$n phia sau d l Idm noi nghe chinh sU ((/!(n/i chinh)."" Su kidn ndy eho thd'y mudn nhft Id vdo ndm 1020, nhd Lf da cd f thdc xdy dttng ede khSng gian vdn hdnh ehinh stt thttdng nhdt ben canh ehinh didn thi trilu
Mdt ndm sau cho xdy dung lai chinh di$n Cdn NguySn vd ddi tSn thdnh didn ThiSn An, ndm 1030 (Canh Ngp), Lf Thdi TSng cho xdy dung tilp diin Thiin Khdnh d trttdc t i m di?n Trttdng Xudn d l ldm chd nghe chinh stt (thinh chinh) Didn ldm theo kilu bdt gidc, di kdm vdi kiln true ldu Phttang Hodng d phia sau (theo Dgi Viit sd lugc) hodc cdu Phuong Hodng d cd hai phia trttdc sau (theo Dgi Viit si2 ky todn thu).'"'
Nhtt vdy, ve m^t cdng ndng, diin Thiin Khdnh dugc hieu Id noi vdn hdnh chinh sif ngdy thUdng tUong tif nhu diin Thuy Cdng tgi Khai Phong Khdng chi cd vdy, diin Thiin Khdnh vd diin Thuy Cung cung cd sif tuang dong ve m^t vi tri Cd hai diu duge xdy difhg phia trttdc chinh tdm diin cua nhd vua Theo TSng hdi yiu, diSn Thuy Cung ndm trudc diSn chinh t i m cua vua Tdng Id dipn Phuc Ninh (odn cd ten Id Van Tui, DiSn Khdnh) Trong dd, tai Thdng Long, di^n ThiSn Khdnh dupc xdy trudc tim dien eua vua Ly Id dien Trudng Xudn."*'
5.4 Diin Tii Thdn vd chiic ndng "thi triiu chi tien diin" Tai Khai Phong, d phia bde ehinh dipn Dai Khdnh (Thien An), nhd Tdng da eho xdy dUng diin Tii Thdn Id "thi trieu ehi tien diin" Id nai hodng dl tdi trudc len chinh diSn (Hinh 6-12) Dipn Ttt Than nguySn cd tSn Id di?n Sung Ddc, de'n ndm 1032 (Minh Dao nguySn niSn) dttpc ddi tSn thdnh diSn Td Than."" Cd ttt USu cho thdy stt gid Dai Vi^t da tffng ddt chdn de'n di$n ndy Theo Nggc hdi, ndm 1012 (Dai Trung Tudng Phu 5), nhd Td'ng da tie'p sff gia cua Ly Cong Ud'n tai dipn Sung Dffe Theo TSng hdi yiu, ndm 1014 (Dai Trung Tudng Phu 7), Ly CSng Uan sai sff sang bdo tiSp vl vipe ddnh bai Hac Gid Man (Nam Chie'u - Dai Ly), vua Tdng dd cho mdi sff gid de'n diSn Sung Dttc (Td Than) de ban thttdng mu dai."°'
Tai Thdng Long, theo Dgi Viit sa lugc, thdng ndm 1070, nhd Ly ciing cho xdy dung mpt tda dien gpi Id dipn Tii Thdn.'"' Cd kha ndng diSn Til Thdn xay dttng ndm 1070 cung mang chffc ndng Id "thi trilu chi t i l n di^n" giS'ng nhu dien Tff Thdn d Khai Phong
5.5 Tieu ki't
(21)Tap chi NghiSn cdu v i Phit triS'n, stf 8-9 (97-98) 2012
cdc diin Gidng Vd, Vdn Minh, Thien Khdnh, Tu' Thdn nhiiu khd ndng cung dugc nhd Ly cho xdy difng nhdm titng budc hodn thiin khdng gian thi hdnh chinh sif (duyit sif chi sd - duyit vo, chinh nha diin, thinh chinh, thi triiu chi tien diin)
6 Khdng gian "yen di#n" (didn Ham Quang - Linh Quang) va kie'n true luc glac
Tai Khai Phong thdi Bde Tdng cd dien Tap Anh la "yen diin' Ddng chu y Id giai doan ttt ndm 990 (Thudn Hda nguyen nien) din ndm 1015 (Dai Trung Tudng Phil 8), dien Tap Anh cd ten Id diin Hdm Quang (Hinh 6-11)."'^' Tai Lae Dttang thdi Bde Tdng cung cd diin Hdm Quang vdi chffc ndng Id "yen diin"''" (Hinh 7-19)
Tai Thdng Long, ndm 1011 (Tan Hpi), LJi Thdi Td cung cho xay dttng mpt cung dien cd ten la diin Hdm Quang "Lo DSng BS" tffc Dong BS Dau (kiiu VUC ben xe Long BiSn vd ddc Hdng Than nay).'''" Ve chdc ndng cua diSn Hdm Quang, theo Dgi Viit sU lttgc vd Dgi Viet sa ky todn thu, ddy la noi nha vua "xem dua thuyen" vdo thdng ndm 1012, thang ndm 1013, thang nam 1037, thdng ndm 1038, cd le cd ndm 1080
"Dua thuyen" vdn la chff dffpc cdc dich gia sd dung de dich hai chff Han "canh dp" cua Dgi Viet sU lugc vd "canh thuyen" cua Dgi Viet sa ky todn thu Viec sff dung chfl "dua thuyen" ldm chung ta dS lien tudng de'n cac 11 hpi dua thuyen truyin thdng tren sdng van dupc td chffc hien Tuy nhien, tren thuc te, "canh dd" hay "canh thuyen" (trong nhidu trudng hpp dupc viet la "canh dp le" hodc "canh thuyen le")""'' Id mpt 11 hpi cung dinh doc ddo cua cdc vffong trieu Dai Viet xud't hien tff thdi Tien Le Ve each thffc tiS'nhanh nghi 11 nay, theo Bgi Viet sU lugc vd Dgi Viet sU ky todn thu, ndm 985 (At Ddu), vao sinh cua minh la ngdy Dinh Ty (ram) thdng 7, LS Hodn da "sai ngudi ddng thuyen, d gifla dung tre ldm nui gia d trSn thuyin gpi la Nam San, rdi bay canh dp 11" (Bgi Viet sa ky todn tha chep Id "canh thuyin hi 11").'"" Nghi 11 ndy "sau dd thdnh thudng IS" Nhu vdy, "canh dS le" hay "canh thuyen (hi) IS" la mSt IS hoi vui choi (hi IS), di kem vdi nd la cdc hoat ddng yen tiec Thttc te Id tfl ndm 1118, hoat dSng yen tiec eua "canh dS IS" hay "canh thuyin IS" cung da dupc nghi thffc hda dffdi tSn gpi "thu dien yen 11" (tam dich: tiec rffpu mua thu) cua thdng 7, song song vdi "xudn dien yen 11" (tam dich: tiec rupu mua xuan) td chffc vdo thang Day cung la mpt dilm tttang ddng vdi diSn Tap Anh (Ham Quang) cua Khai Phong vi theo sdch iVgpc hdi, diSn Tap Anh eung Id noi ban yen vdo cdc dip "xudn thu diin tiS't".'"' Nhu vdy, cd t h i thaiy giOa diin Hdm Quang d Thdng Long vd diin Hdm Quang (diin Tgp Anh) d Khai Phong khong chi cd sif gidng tin gpi md cbn cd sif titong dong chiic ndng to chUc mgt sdyin Hie cua trieu dinh, ddc biit Id "xudn thu dien yin" Tuy .nhiin, diin Hdm Quang d Thdng Long cd ddc diem rieng la gan liin vdi nghi li "cgnh dg" (hodc "cgnh thuyen") - mgt nghi li triiu dinh mang dgm net ddc triing cda cU ddn sdng nUde phuong Nam
(22)Tap chl NghiSn cdu vi Phit trifo, stf 8-9 (97-98) 2012
cua didn Linh Quang cd dl^n Kii^n Ld, bSn phdi ed di^n Sung Nghi Dde bi^t, phia trude didn Linh Quang cd kiln trde "ddc trg lgc gidc liSn hoa chung ldu".""' Trttdc ddy, mdt s l nhd nghiSn cttu dd chu f din kiln true "ddc tru luc gidc liSn hoa chung ldu" ndy vd lidn h§ vdi ede kiln trdc luc gidc phdt hien tai khu A vd khu E dia dilm khai qudt 18 Hodng Didu Tuy nhiSn, quan dilm ndy vd'p phai mdt sd y kien phdn bidn eho rdng Dgi Viit sa ky todn tha cd ghi chdp cho rdng didn Linh Quang ndm tai Ddng Bd Ddu, vd dd, cdc kidn true "ddc tru lue gidc USn hoa chung ldu" gdn vdi didn Linh Quang khdng thi ed lien quan din cdc kiln true luc gidc d 18 Hodng Di^u BSn canh dd, vdi ndm trd lai ddy, quan dilm cho rdng cde kidn true luc gidc tai khu A vd khu E Id "trd dinh" trd nSn khd phd biln nhilu tdi li^u nghiSn cffu vd hudng dan vl hodng thdnh Thdng Long
Tuy nhiSn, d ddy tdn tai mdt sd nhan thffc khSng ehinh xdc Thd nhit, hiin khdng cd bd't cii m^t tU liiu ndo cho thdy sif ton tgi cda mgt logi kien true ggi Id "trd dinh" cd kii'n true life gidc tgi kinh thdnh Thdng Long Thd hai, liSn quan den vi tri eua di$n Linh Quang, nguySn vdn ghi chdp ndm 1237 cua Dgi Viit sU ky todn thu Id: "di ddi vd xdy dung (di tao) dien Linh Quang tai DSng Bp Ddu, gpi Id dipn Phong Thuy".""" Dilu dd ed nghia Id trude ndm 1237, dien Linh Quang khSng ndm tai Dong Bp Dau "Canh dp 11" hay "Canh thuyin 11", nhtt dd phdn tich d tren, vdn Id nghi le dung tre ldm gia nui Nam San ddt trSn thuyin, tttang trung cho stt van thp eua nhd vua, tdc Id mpt nghi IS mang ndng tinh trang tri vd hinh thdc, vd vay, khong nhd't thilt phai td chttc bSn song Cd t h i tdi xdc nhdn dilu ndy qua ede ghi chdp cua Bgi Viet sa lugc cho thd'y "canh dp IS" hay "canh thuyen 11" da dttac td chdc khong phai ben ben song ma tai cung Quang Ttt cua Hodng Thdi hau ndm 1149 hay "hdu cung" ndm 1194."^"' Nhtt vay, hipn khong tdn tai bd't ctt ngudn tu lieu ndo cho thd'y trttdc ndm 1237, dipn Linh Quang ndm tai DSng Bp Dau Dilu do cung cd nghia Id cdc kie'n true life gidc phdt hiin tgi khu A vd khu E hodn todn ed khd ndng Id cdc "dgc trg lgc gidc liin hoa chung ldu" ndm gdn qudn the diin Linh Quang, Kii'n L^, Sdng Nghi dUgc ghi chip trong Dgi Viit sit ky todn thu
7 Mdt so kiS'n true cung di^n khdc 7.1 Gdc Long Do (1029)
Ndm 1029, quy hoach lai Thdng Long, Ly Thdi TSng da eho dttng diSn Trttdng Xudn lam tdm dien, phia tren dung Lon^ Cdc (theo Dgi Viet sU lugc) hodc Long Do Cdc (theo Dgi Viit sa ky todn thu) Hien nay, chung ta khong ro tSn ndo chinh xdc, nhung nlu Id Long Dd Cdc thi cd t h i xdc dinh dttpc mSt kiln true tuong ttt tai Khai Phong
Tai Khai Phong, d phia tdy diSn Dai Khdnh, Vdn Ddc Id qudn t h i Long Do Cdc, Thiin Chuong Cdc, Bdo Vdn Cdc (Hinh 6-14) Quin t h i cde gdc ndy Id nai cd't gitt kinh diin, stt tich, td thu, vdn tdp, dd hpa hodng eung
7.2 Cung Long Thgy cd ton tgi hay khdng?
(23)Tap chi NghiSn cdu vi Phit IriS'n, stf 8-9 (97-98) 2012
phai Id ddi tupng so sdnh true tilp, phan ndy, ehung toi mudn ban thSm vl stt tdn tai cua cdi gpi Id eung Long Thgy Cung Long Thuy xud't hien ben canh eung Thuy Hoa ghi chdp ndm 1010 eiia Dgi Viit s'U ky todn thu (sd liSu 1) Do vdy, nd da dttpe dtta vdo nhieu sa dd phuc dung, tieu bieu la so dd phuc dttng cua LS Vdn Lan (2004) md chiing toi da gidi thieu d phdn trudc Tuy nhien, chung tSi cho rdng cung Long Thuy ndy khdng tdn tgi trin thtfc te va chi la mSt nham ldn qud trinh ghi chdp cua Todn thu Nhan dinh dupc dua tren co sd nhttng nghi van nhtt sau:
Thtt nhd't, ghi chdp ndm 1010, ca Dgi Viet sU lugc vd Dgi Viet sa kf todn thu deu de cdp dS'n sU tdn tai cua diin Long Thgy ben canh dien Long An vdi ttt cdch Id td'm dien eua Ly Thdi Td Nghi van ddt Id liSu ca'm cd t h i tdn tai hai kie'n true cd ten gpi trung ldp nhtt vdy dttpc hay khdng? Ben canh dd, liSu mpt eung cua eung ntt cd the co chfl 'Long", hon nffa lai trung tSn vdi tam dien cua nha vua dupc hay khong?
Thtt hai, trSn thffc t l , tSn gpi cung Long Thuy khong xua't hien Bgi Viet sa lugc ma chi cd ghi chdp cua Bgi Viet sU ky todn tha (tham khao sd liSu 1-2)
Thff ba, Bgi Viet sU ky todn thu, vdo ghi chep thdng 12 nam 1010 ed nhdc dS'n viec hodn thdnh eung Thuy Hoa nhung lai khSng nhdc gi den eung Long Thuy
Cdn eff vdo cdc ly tren, ehung toi cho rdng ghi chip ve cung Long Thgy cd Dgi Viit sii ky todn thu la mgt nhdm ldn mang tinh trdng ldp (dien tif), khdng ddng tin cay
8 Cong va tifcfng t h a n h
8.1 Dgi Hiing Mdn - Doan Mdn vd Td-Hdu Dich Mdn
Dai Hung Mon Id tSn gpi cdng chinh nam cua hoang Thdng Long TrUdc tiSn, ve ca'u true cua Dai Hung Mon, can luu y cdc ghi chep cua Nguyen sU qudn Nguyen vdo chiS'm Thdng Long ndm 1285 (da dan d phan trttdc) Theo dd, Dai Hung MSn Id mpt cdng cd bien de chff "Dgi Hiing Chi Udn" Cung theo Nguyin sa, Elai Httng Mon cd hai cffa ngach la Td-HHu Dich Mdn Dilu ndy phu hop vdi ghi chep nam 1127 cua Bgi Viet sU ky todn thu Theo Dgi Viet sU ky tgdn thu, ndm 1127 (Dinh Mui), sau Ly Nhan TSng bdng hai, Hodng thai ttt (tffc Ly Than Tong) len ngoi, "ha lenh cho Vu v6 LS Bd Ngpc truyin bdo quan hau vd eac quan vdn vo lui ngoai Bgi HUng Mdn, sai cde ngttdi giff ddng cffa canh phdng ca'n mat, khong cho vdo Lai sai cdm qudn cam binh ddng d dffdi dien Thien An, rdi cho lenh md Hdu Dich Mdn, gpi cdc quan vao Long Tri".'""
BSn canh tSn gpi ehinh thffc la Dai Hffng (Chi) Mon, chung toi cho rdng co kha ndng cdng ehinli nam hoang thdi Ly-Tran cd mot tSn gpi khdc (khong ehinh thdc) Id Boan Mdn.""" Gia thuyet cua chung toi dtta trSn hai can cd nhtt sau:
(24)Tap chl NghiSn cdu vi Phit trign, stf 8-9 (97-98)98)98)98
eff vdo sdch Bgi Viit sa lugc, cd t h i xdc dinh hai hdi ddn Qudng Chidu dupc td chffc gdn vdi thdi dilm ndm 1121 nhd't Id vdo ede ndm 1110 vd 1116 Cd hai hdi ddn ndy, theo Bgi Viit sa lugc, diu dttpe md "bSn ngodi ctta Dai Httng" (Bai Httng mSn ngoai).'"" Mdt dd dttpc md bSn ngodi ctta Dai Hung, "Doan Mdn" cdu "httdng Doan MSn chi dinh thttpng" trSn vdn bia thdp Sung Thi^n DiSn Linh phdi dttdc hilu Id chi Dai Httng Mdn
Thtt hai, quan sdt trSn bdn vS TSng Tdy kinh thdnh dS, chdng ta thdy rdng d Tdy kinh Lae Dttang thdi Bde Tdng, Doan Mdn cung Id tSn gpi cdng chinh nam cua vdng thdnh thd hai (hodng thdnh), vdi hai ctta ndeh Id Ta-Hffu Dieh Mon (Hinh 3)
Nhu vdy, phdi chdng vdo thdi Lf, Doan Mdn hay Bgi HUng Mdn diu Id tin ggi cda cdng mdt kii'n trdc Id cdng chinh nam cua hodng thdnh Thdng Long? Dgi HUng Mdn Id tin ggi mang tinh chinh thutc (cd biin nggch, thi hiin qua ghi chip cua Nguyin sU) Lf Thdi Td ddt ndm 1010, thi hiin tinh sdng tgo khdng rdp khudn cua vUang triiu Lf xdy difng quy hogch Thdng Long Trong dd, Doan Mdn Id cdch ggi khdng chinh thiic, bdt nguon tU tin ggi cdng chinh nam hodng thdnh cua kinh dd Lgc DUOng thdi Bde Td'ng Viee tdn tai song song hai tSn gpi nay, theo ehdng tdi cung tuang tu nhu hipn tupng sff dung ddng thdi hai tSn gpi Thdng Long (chinh thttc) vd Trttdng An (khSng ehinh thttc) de chi kinh qua cdc trieu dai lieh sff Viet Nam
8.2 Ddng Hoa Mdn vd Tudng Phu Mdn
Ndm 1010, nhd Ly eho ddt tSn cdng hodng thdnh Id Dai Hung, Dieu Dffe, Quang Phdc, Tudng Phii 'Tai thdnh Dai Httng eua nhd Tuy cd mSt cdng tSn Id Quang Phuc, nhttng Id edng thdnh phia bde vd khSng thay cd liSn hS gi vdi Thdng Long Ve cdc ten gpi Di^u Dttc, Quang Phdc, khao sat ttt lipu cua ehung toi khSng tim thd'y ten gpi tttang ttt tai cdc kinh dS Trung Qudc Do dd, cd the eoi ddy Id ede tSn gpi cdng thdnh dde trUng cua Thdng Long
RiSng trttdng hpp cua Tttdng Phu Mon,'"" tai Khai Phong cung cd mdt cdng thdnh ed ten Id Tudng Phu Mdn, ehinh xdc Id Ta ThUa Thiin TUdng Phu Mdn (Hinh 6-17) Theo TSng sU, hai cffa DSng-Tdy eua eung Khai Phong la Ddng Hoa Mdn vd Tdy Hoa Mdn (Hinh 6-15, 6-16) Cae cd'ng bSn Dong-Tdy Hoa MSn Id Ta-Httu Thffa ThiSn MSn TSn gpi Ta Thtta ThiSn vdn cd ttt nien hi#u Can Dffe, ndm 1008 (Dai Trung Tttdng Phu nguyen niSn) vi cd thiSn thtt gidng xudng nSn vua Tdng xudng chiiu them hai chQ Tttdng Phu.'""' Nhu vdy, vl mdt phttang vi, ea hai edng Tttdng Phu d Khai Phong vd Thdng Long deu ndm d phia ddng Tuy nhien, ni'u nhit tgi Khai Phong, (Td ThUa Thiin) Tudng Phu Id mgt cdng ndm bin cung thdnh thi tgi Thdng Long, TUdng Phu lgi Id mdt cdng cda hodng thdnh Vi cac tSn gpi Dai Hung, Quang Phuc, Di$u Dttc khdng ed trttdng hap tttang tu tai Khai Phong, nSn chung ta cung khSng khing dinh dttpc tSn gpi Tttdng Phu tai Thdng Long cd phai Id stt md phdng Td Thtta fhiSn iSldng Phu Mon d Khai Phong, hay Id mdt tSn gpi rieng cua Thdng Long
(25)Tap chl NghiSn cdu va Phit trifo, stf 8-9 (97-98) 2012
Long vdo cudi the ky XVIH, diu the ky XIX Theo Pham Dinh Hd, tam biln cd but phdp hdn, Id ndt chfl cua vua Ly, khde vdi ldi chfl lan ca ldi chan ldi khai tren td'm biln "Dai Hung Mdn" mdi che eua thdi Hdng Ddc
Ne'u nhdn xdt eua Pham Dinh Hd Id chinh xdc, Thdng Long dttdi thdi Ly cung CO hai cdng phia dong cd ten Id Dong Hoa MSn vd Tudng Phu MSn LiSn quan de'n vd'n dl ndy, eung ein chd y ring Dong Hoa Mon vd Tdy Hoa Mon tai Khai Phong dupe k i t ndi bdng mdt dttdng ldn chay theo chieu dong-tdy cit ngang qua cam thdnh gpi Id "dgi nhai" Hien nay, ehung ta cung xdc dinh dttpc mdt eon dudng ed b l rdng ldn chay theo chieu dong-tdy xuyen sudt khu A, B (hien duac ddnh sd LY.B.DG027), khong ro ed phai Id mpt eon dttdng tttong tu vdi "dai nhai" d Khai Phong hay khSng? Vd'n dl ndy se cd cdu tra ldi sau TVung tdm Di san Thdng Long dp dung hS thdng GIS de sd hda cac ban ve khai qudt hodng thdnh Thdng Long thdi gian sdp tdi
8.3 Thiin Thu Mdn
Cung thdnh Lac Duang - Tdy kinh thdi Bde Tdng ngodi cdc cdng phia nam Id Ngu Phuang Lau, Httng Gido MSn, Quang Chinh Mon, d phia bac cd Cung Than Mdn, d phia dong ed Thuong Long Mon, tdy cd Kim Hd Mon Theo Td'ng sU, l i n cffa thff hai (dS nhi edch mdn) phia Kim Hd Mdn la Thiin Thu Mdn (Hinh 7-18) TSn gpi Thien Thu vdn xua't hien ttt thdi Tuy-Dttdng.'""
Tai kinh dS Thdng Long thdi Ly-Tran eung tdn tai mSt edng co ten gpi la ThiSn 'Thu MSn Theo Dgi Viet sU lugc, ndm 1156 (Binh Ty), nhd Ly cho khdi cong xdy dttng trttdng lang keo ddi tff Thiin Thu Mon de'n khdch ldu (khong ro vi tri).'""'
Thdng ndm 1209 (Ky Ty), ngudi Thudn Lttu, Khodi dem thuy quan danh kinh stt Tiln quan dd d bin Dong, theo "Ta Dich Mon" vao thang ca'm dl cudp bao vdt Dai qudn dd d ben Thien Ha, dinh theo "Thien Thu Mon" md vdo, de'n "Vu Sii Qudn" bi Cao Kha nd'p d "Cham Vien" ban ten nSn phai rut lui.'"»' Ngdy Dinh Ty thdng Chap ndm 1210, Do Trung Tu nghe tin bpn DS Quang, Phi LS mUu stt phd lapi ben dem quan den "Hung Thdnh Hang", gap Quang, LS dinh ddnh nhung thay Quang, Le cd qudn dong ben gia vd cung mUu vdi ho Sdng hSm sau, Quang, LS y hen de'n hpp trttdc d Bi Thu Cdc dpi Tp D5 Trung Ttt din "Ttt Dat Dinh", triidc his't sai ty tudng la Dao Phdn dem binh ttt "HQU Dich MSn" vao ddng d Sa Tri, Long Tri, sai NguySn Tu, Nguyen Dd La ddng d "Thiin Thu Mdn" Phi LS nghe tin ben cam gido de'n Long MSn, thdy qudn Ddo Phdn hd reo md vao LS tie'n ISn gilt dupc mpt ngttdi rdi lui giff ben trong ctta Lai nghe tha'y d "Thiin Thu Mdn" cd qudn ddng, LS ben theo Viet Mon ctta Dien Cu, ctta ThiSn Thu md thoat dttpc
(26)Tap chl NghiSn cdu v i Phit trifa, stf 8-9 (97-98) 2012
8.4 Ddng-Tdy Thugng Cdp Mdn
Tai Khai Phong, theo TSng hlfi yiu, hai bSn chdi didn Vdn Dffe (Vdn Minh) cd Ddng-Tdy ThUgng Cdp Mdn."'" Tai Lac Dttang, theo TSng sa, hai bSn dipn Vdn Minh cung dttpc bd tri hai ctta ndch cd tSn Id Ddng-Tdy Thiigng Cdp Mdn, nhin thdng hai cffa phia trttdc Id Td-HOfu DiSn Phuc Mdn."" ChO: "cdp mdn" vdn bdt ngudn ttt stt tieh Cdng Tdn Hodng ldm Thtta tttdng cd xdy dSng cde dd ldm npi ddn tilp hiln si
Tai Thdng Long thdi Lj>-Trln eung cd Ddng ThUgng Cdp Mdn Chung ta biet dttpc dilu dd vi phin Tu su cua sdch An Nam chl lugc, Li Tic eho biet ting td tiSn cua Tie Id Khdn, khodng cudi ddi nhd Ly ldm chffc Ddng Thugng cdp mdn aii Trong phin vdn chttc, LS Tie eung dl edp den mdt chttc quan vdn thdi Trin Id Ddng 'ThUgng cdp mdn sii Tuy nhiSn, dilu ki^n tu lieu hiSn nay, chtta thd xdc dinh rd vi tri cua DSng-Tdy Thttpng Cdp MSn tai Thdng Long Ne'u md phdng Khai Phong vd Lgc DUang, ed the Ddng-Tdy Thugng Cdp Mdn Id cdc kien true ciia ndch cua chinh diin Thiin An
8.5 Tudng thdnh vd nd tUdng
Nhin vdo ban ve TSng Tdy kinh thdnh dS sdch Hd Nam chi (Hinh 7), cd the dS ddng quan sdt cdc kiln true ntt tttdng Nhu dd trinh bdy bdi vilt ve thdnh Dai La,''^' ntt tttdng, theo dinh nghia cua sdch Tu tri thdng gidm, cdn gpi la "bdi" P* hay "ntt dau" ijH Id bffe tffdng thd'p ddp tren mdt thdnh."" Sdch Thich danh Lttu Hi ddi Hdu Hdn biSn soan giai thieh tSn gpi "nfl tudng" xua't phat tff quan dilm "nam ton nfl ty" thdi ed dai, theo dd ngudi xtta mudn so sdnh loai tudng nhd ndy vdi tttdng chinh gidng nhtt stt nhd bS ciia ngttdi dan bd trudc ddn ong."'" Dde biet, "ntt tttdng" cdn ed tSn gpi khde Id "be nghe" 8$BW, cd nghia Id len trong, trdng nghieng, cung b i t ngudn tfl y neu tren
Trong Trdn Cuang 'Trung thi tdp, Trin Phu viet: "Giao chau ud thdnh bich, thd tudng bi nghi nhi di", tttc Id "Giao Chdu khdng cd tttdng thdnh, chi cd thd tttdng, be nghS" "Thdnh bich" (tudng thdnh) theo quan niem cua Tran Phu cd le Id tudng dp gaeh dd, vd vi the dng eho rdng d Thdng Long khSng cd cdi gpi Id "thdnh bich", j ^ •fr /4^ •"* '^^^ '^^ tudng dd't (thd tttdng) vd ^ ^ - ^ ' "bS nghi" "BS nghS", nhtt dd giai
thich d tren, chinh Id chi nfl tttdng dip tren mdt thdnh
Ne'u tin vdo nhdn xdt eua Trin Phu, tudng thdnh Thdng Long thdi Ly-j — , I—;_ ,—I J—[ r—L T r i n Id loai tttdng da't (td't nhiSn ->" L":^-|j-'"t—1 ' " u r C j H j " ' CD ' • " i / ^ ~ '" b^n ed the gia ed gaeh, dd)
"! phia trSn cd dip nfl tudng d l tiSn cho viee phdng thu Cung can nhic lai rdng nfl tttdng da xuat hiSn trSn mdt thdnh Dai La tfl eudi the ky IX dttdi thdi Cao Bien, md theo Hinh 9: MOc nO tudng (xe c6 ldp nO tudng) gU chdp cda Bgi Viet sH lttgc Id cao
trong sich Vo kinh long ySu thOI Ttfng thttdc td'c ( k h o a n g 1,65m)
(27)T a p c h i N g h i & n cu'u v a P M t tri&'n, so 8-9 ( - ) 2012
Tri/dng X u i n Dl$n Long D Cdc (Chinh \in\ di^n)
Ti/flng bao LY.A.TB014 (7)
CThifin Khdnh D l ^ n l
Iil Mil!
Difln Phlic _ ThiSn An Ngy Difin Chrnh di$n gian
! n | j TuySn DUc I f 1 '»/).« n I
Phyng Thifin Di$n Chinh Duong Lfiu SJ^KS-irPUfll
(L^ i<h^c nm
• Cung thdnh
HoSng thfinh
T Dich M6n - Ogi Hi/ng Mon - HOu Olch Mon S l f t r i - A « ! " J - t W i f " l
(Doan Mon ^ F l )
So 4: So hinh dung trgc trung tam hoang Thang Long thdi Ly tCr nam 1029
Ti/flng bao LY.A.TB014(?)
Minh Ha Cac Thg Quang Oi^n
Thien An Ngi/Di$n Chinh di?n gian
(iTiasiai)
Minh Linh Cfic T § p H i l n D i $ n wsn9
Cung th^nh 'fifUit
Tri^u Thifin Cfic N h ^ l Tan M6n - DUOng Minh M6n - Vfin H6i Mon
\ ^ I
TS Djch M6n - B?i HUng Mon • HQu Djch M6n
£Jfil"i-:fc«l"l ^it«P^ (Boan Mon m^)
Ho^ng thiinh
Thanh
D?i
(28)Tap chl NghiSn cdu vi Phit trifa, sd 8-9 (97-98) 2012
Kd't lu$n
Trttdc ddy, mdt sd nhd nghiSn cttu dd ddt vd'n dl phdi ehdng quy hoach hodng thdnh Thdng Long thdi L^-Trln da ehiu dnh httdng ttt mdt sd md hinh Trung Hoa, ndi bdt Id ede md hinh Trudng An, Lae Dttang hode Khai Phong
Chung ta bidl rdng kinh dd Trttdng An cua nhd Dttdng cd mpt vi tri rdt dde biet lich stt xdy dttng kinh thdnh d Trung Qudc ndi riSng vd khu vUc Dong ijdc A ndi chung Vdi quy mS vd tinh hodn thi^n dttpc ddnh gid Id "vd tien khodng hdu", dai dS thdnh Trttdng An da cd nhttng dnh httdng rd't ldn ddn nhilu dS thdnh khdng chi d Trung Qutfc md cua cd nhilu nttdc khu vttc Vi du, cdc kinh dd Heijo cua Nhdt Ban hay Thttpng I^nh Long Tuyin phu cua Bdt Hai diu dttpc xdy dttng trSn co sd mS phdng hinh ddng, tSn gpi kiln true cua Trudng An Tuy nhiin, qua qud trinh so sdnh, chung tdi thdy rdng niu xet tit phuang diin tin ggi kii'n triic (cung diin, ldu gdc, thdnh mdn), hdu nhU khdng cd sif gid'ng vi tin gpi giUa cdc kiin trde (dgc bin Id cdc kii'n true ndm trin trgc trung tdm) cua kinh dd TrUdng An thdi DUdng vdi kinh dd Thdng Long thdi Lf-Trdn Ndi cdch khde, it nhdt vi cdch dgt tin, quy hogch hodng thdnh Thdng Long thdi Ly-Trdn rd rdng khong chiu dnh hUdng tU md hinh TrUdng An Dieu ndy cd thi gidi thich qua stt ehSnh lech vl niSn dai Cde kinh dS Heijo hay Thttpng Kinh Long Tuyin phu diu dupe xdy dttng vdo the ky VIII, nhd Dttdng cdn tdn tai vd Trudng An van ddng vai trd Id kinh dS cua d l qudc manh nhd't d khu vUc Ddng Bde A Cde dodn stt gia cua Nhdt Ban hay BSt Hai nhd vay cung dd cd nhttng trai nghiem thttc te vd dilu kipn thu thap thdng tin vl Trttdng An dl sau dd dp dung viec xdy dung kinh thdnh tai quS'c gia minh Trong dd, ede ehinh quyln dpc lap eua Viet Nam lai dttpe hinh thdnh nhd Dttdng da bttdc vdo nhttng ndm cudi eung eua qud trinh suy vong TrSn thttc te, cde dodn stt gia cua nha Dinh, nhd Tiln LS vd sau dd Id nhd Ly chi ed dieu kien den thdm cde kinh Lac Dttpng, Khai Phong ciia cdc vuong trieu Hdu LttOng, Bac Tdng, va dd chdc hdn khong ed tay nhilu thSng tin vl quy hoach cua Trudng An
Trong dd, cd the thd'y quy hogch hodng thdnh Thdng Long thdi Ly-Trdn dd chiu dnh hUdng khd dgm net tit hai md hinh Lgc DUang, Khai Phong
Anh hudng dd trttdc tien ed t h i tha'y qua edch ddt tSn cdc kiln true; cung dien (ttt chinh dien Trieu NguySn - Cdn NguySn - ThiSn An den cdc dien cd chttc ndng bd trp nhu dien Vdn Minh, di$n Hdm Quang), lau gdc (Long Dd Cde), thdnh mon vd dien mdn (Minh Dttc MSn, Ngu Phttang Lau, Dttong Minh MSn, ThiSn Thu MSn, DSng-Tdy Thttpng Cdp MSn, Ta-HflXi Dich MSn)
(29)Tap chi Nghidn cttu vi Phit trifa, sO' 8-9 (97-98) 2012
dupe ngdn cdch bdi mSt ldp kiln true dien - mon, dien nghe chinh su ndm sau chinh dien va trttdc chinh tdm dien, bd cue kiln true llu song ddi vd co quan coi gid khdng gian Long Tri)
NghiSn cttu so sdnh giup chung ta hilu ro hon cong ndng cua mpt sd kidn tnic tai Thdng Long (diin hinh nhtt boat ddng cua llu Chinh Duong vdi chttc nang coi gid) va nhilu trttdng hpp, loai suy dttpc eSng ndng eua mpt sd kie'n true tai Thdng Long (diin hinh nhu Ngu Phupng Ldu), giup ehung ta dinh chinh dupc mdt s6' diem ehua chinh xdc cdc so dd phuc dung quy hoach Thdng Long ndm 1010 vd 1029 Cung vdi phttong phdp so sdnh, ddi chiiu vdi ghi chep cua mpt sd stt gia nhd NguySn de'n Thdng Long vdo cudi thd ky XIII, bai vilt cung ldm ro vd xdy dttng duoc sa dd bd tri mot sd kien true quy hoach Thdng Long thdi Ly-Trin (So 4-5)
Bdng 2: Cong ndng cdc kiS'n true quy hoach hodng thdnh Thdng Long thdi Ly-TrIn
TT (1)
Ten kl^n true <2)
N i m xSy d i / n g
(3)
Cong nang (4)
Tgn kiS^n true tiiOng J n g Lgc Di/Ong Khai Phong
(5) (6) C^n Nguyen Di§n TK X
.2 Trieu Nguyen 1010 Di^n-C&n Nguyen
Qign Thien An Dien
Cao (Minh) Dien
Chinh di^n thi trieu Chinh dien thi trieu
4 Phyng Thien Dien 1029 Chinh DUdng Lau
5 TSp Hien Dien Minh Linh Cac LSu chudng - L^u
trfing (d6i xufng Long Trt)
1029 Chinh dien th| trieu 1010 Dien - mon ngan each
chfnh dien thj tneu va cdng ch[nh nam cung Dien - lau - mon ngSn each chinh di§n thj tri^u va cdng chinh nam cung Ndi dat dong h6 nudc (lo khac) TK XIII Dign - cac - mon ngSn
c^ch chinh di#n thj tri^u va cdng chinh nam cung 1029 Nghe ^n oan
c a n Nguyen Can Nguyen T r i l u Nguyen Trieu Nguyen Can Nguyen Can Nguyen
Thien An Thai Cue Mon Dgi Kh^nh Mon
Thai e y e Mon Dgi Khanh Mon
Thai e y e Mon Dgi Khanh Mdn
Nh&t Lau -Nguygt Lau (ddi xUng Long Tn cOa dien Thai eye) ho^c L^u chudng - Lau trdng (ddi xurng Long Tri cOa di^n v a n Minh)
(30)Tap cht Nghien cdu vi Phit trifa, sd 8-9 (97-98) 2012
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
7 G i & n g V & D i $ n v a n Minh Di$n Thidn Khanh Di$n 10 TCf Thfin Oi§n 11 Ham Quang Di$n 12 Linh Quang Di$n 13 Trudng Xufln Di$n 14 Long D d C a c
(gac trdn tim di$n) 15 MinhDtfe Mdn 16 Ngu Phuong LSu 17 Duong Minh M6n 18 Dgi Hung Mdn
(Doan Mdn?) 19 T a - HOu
Djch Mdn 20 TUdng Phu Mdn 21 Ddng Hoa Mdn 22 Thien Thu Mdn 23 Ddng - Tay
Thuong Cap Mdn 1010 1029 1030 1070 1011 1118 T K I X -XII 1029 T K X 1010 T K X I I I
1010 T K X I I I
1010 T K X I - X I
T K X I I T K X I I I
Ndi duy$t sy Duy$t vd Cfiu trudng Chinh nhadi0n Thinh chinh (Coi chfiu vdo thudng) Th{ trifiu chi tlSndl$n Yfiln difin (Cgnh dO lfi) Yfin Difin (Xufin thu difin yfin) Tfim di$n Ndi vui chdi Cdng chinh nam cung c d n g chinh nam cung Cdng chinh nam cung Cdng chinh nam hofing thfinh Hai ciia nach trfii-phfii cOa Ogi Hung Mdn Cdng phia ddng hoang Cdng phia ddng
Cdng phia ddng (?) CiJra nach hai phia ddng tay chinh difin
Gifing Vd VSn Minh
Ham Quang Hfim Quang
Minh DiJc Mdn Ngu Phuong Lau
Doan Mdn Tfi - HiJu Djch Mdn
Thifin Thu Mdn Ddng - Tay
Gifing Vo v a n Minh Thuy Cung TiJr Thfin Hfim Quang Hfim Quang PhUc Ninh Di$n Long Dd Cfic Minh DOc Mdn
DUdng Minh Mdn
(31)Tap chi Nghi6n ciiu v i PhSt trifa, sd 8-9 (97-98) 2012
(Tdng D a i T r u n g T u d n g P h u ) , n h d T d n g da cho ddi p h u i J n g ThiSn t h d n h Nam k i n h ' " ' Stt g i a D a i V i e t de'n K h a i P h o n g v a o t h d n g n d m d d , " " b i n da n i m dttpe p h d p I S n h m d i n d y eua n h d TS'ng vd s d m d u a t h S n g t i n dd ve Bai Viet
NS'u n h t t cdc t e n gpi T r i l u NguySn - Cdn Nguyen cd xua't hiSn t a i Lac Duong, t S n gpi T h i S n A n chi xud't hiSn t a i md h i n h Khai P h o n g D i l u dd cho
thay md hinh Khai Phong dd cd dnh hitdng rd net din guy hogch Thdng
Long ndm 1029 M d t k h d c , n h t t dd t r i n h bdy d p h a n 1, mdc du vdo n d m 1034,
nhd TS'ng d a ddi t S n e h i n h diSn ThiSn An t h d n h d i e n Dai K h d n h , n h u n g tSn dien Dai K h a n h dd k h S n g dupe du n h d p vdo Viet N a m T a i T h d n g Long, tSn gpi chinh d i e n T h i e n A n v a n t i l p t u e dupc gitt nguyen vd stt dung d e n he't thdi T r i n D i l u dd cd n g h i a Id muSn nhd't ttt n d m 1034, t S n gpi c h i n h dien cua kinh T h d n g L o n g d a k h S n g cdn chiu a n h h u d n g cua cac mo h i n h T r u n g Hoa Ndi cdch khdc, m d c du cd t h e v a n tie'p tue cd s u mo p h d n g d mSt cd'p ndo dd,
nhttng ro rdng tit gida the ky XI, dnh hUdng cua cdc md hinh Trung Hoa
dd md nhgt ddn dd'i vdi quy hogch cua hodng thdnh Thdng Long
N g a y t r o n g quy h o a c h n d m 1010, b e n c a n h nhiing t e n gpi, b d cue k i l n true chiu a n h h u d n g cua m d h i n h K h a i P h o n g - Lac Duong, chung t a eung tha'y xua't hien m p t so t e n gpi e u n g diSn, b d cue k h o n g xud't h i e n t r o n g cdc m o h i n h Trung Qudc, tieu bieu Id t e n gpi cdc cdng t h d n h n h u Dai H u n g Mon, Dieu Dttc Mon, tSn gpi cde cung d i e n n h t t d i e n P h u n g T h i e n h a y t h i e t k e h a i lau chuSng khSng g i a n L o n g T r i vdi ttt cdch Id noi n g h e o a n khud't cua d d n chdng Dieu ndy
cho thay tinh dgc ddo cdng nhU sif khdc biit giUa kinh dd Thdng Long
vdi cdc kinh dd thdi Budng - Ngu Dgi - Bac Td'ng
P L H
CHU T H I C K
(1) [lEKBjca ffifiwa, icTKia-:*:*) ("«a;" S A - H ? , mm ã, ftit, ffiffl) (iEKaicBE fSB
fiB, ôằnBô:aằia, f«iS#rL, !*B(iijs, SWBBSS, »BB(i, umiimsi k^mm-<T-m'->r,] rsftS" * « -)
(2) [BiFS-M.sajtis.ttXukiiS-Mai("ằôằ'ã eA,*K.fôx-qiE,*tằiaif-Mằ) (3) [araaffirtis, * t S » « i E i » » i r B * # - # A , t-ti, s s , rax-K<r-tH<f T » ) I*.+H'<IR S X
fUkv^nmmcsiMe- S A , VS, fflTo+TtM^a.*) [tr+n/smam^z^s strfTHft
(4) [pst, V E ± » K B t f * « * m « ' ? « , useusmnicmK, ajMnmrM] (ãằ!#" #ia, i ô , B8Ơ-^:!r-iEô*)
(5) [SajillSftKaifSliSl ctf ôã #A-t- ,*-ô, X-M-tff-t*lô)
(6) I * » K E f ? , « S , S;f«llU<r-attiSB(i7c, ATlKBIAif-iSWrt * + l»!1Air-«J:«, H S i l - f - a ^ ô](ã**ã ô A - n i , ằ a ã, ôô,ôô).[jEiSB*ô, SBSffi, lutmffmmitji: krm'MAf-.sfjRii;iS9irc,*+#fl'AƠiBôKô, "ô*;>;ô, ô * r t Ơ i E ô * ^ ô i ( ã ằ ô * " * ô ã)
(7) Trong bdi Viet n i y , doi vOi cdc s p l<ien cua Trung Qudc, chiing tai se ghi nam dUOng Uch v i nien hiSu Bdi vdi c i c sp i<i#n cua Viet Nam, c6 sp chenh l#ch n i m ve nien hi$u giiJa e?/ Vlil sO lugc vi Dai Vlil sCl kf loin thd, c h i j r g tOi thong nhat I<h6ng ghi nien hieu ma chl ghi nam duong ljch v i can chi
(32)236 Tap chl NghiSn ciiu vi Phit trifa, sg 8-9 (97-98) 2012
(9) Lifin quan ddn vi'n dd ndy, chiing tOI mudn luu y rdng c i c ghi c h i p vd cung di§n vdo thing nam 1010 cfin dupc hi^u nhu quy hoach ban dfiu MOt s6 cung di§n, d i i n hinh nhu cung Thily Hoa phdl ddn t h i n g 12 nfim 1010 mdi dope h o i n t h i n h [ * + - > , » « S « l ( " * e t K * r 1-lid ffii- *U klM.1S, « ) « « > ; ; i ¥ i - M , * )
(10) [ttSISI!! ia(»ISt«Mir*:tti:iId*|(f" l-td, <tZ-, fii KIM'ti TOMJcAT-ft) (11) i-*-trsii!i!ii,««, iEKtfi'i Miift >, i<jAxs««i("*tt'iiSd'i<-r 't-si; ffi2=, **;, ka-.f.is, d c
JilJi-lfAM*),
(12) [»+)irt« «ii)i«KS»ii >*T- i-Jii("Mir iar., icmil**, xWAV-'ft)
(13) ThSng i<4 D$l Vl^t sClki toin (httoho thfiy didn ThiSn An xufit h i j n cdc ghi chip nam 1029, 4 , , 7 , 1123, 1125,1127, 1128.1225, 1237, 1255,1263,1269, 1293, , ,
(14) [M/LBl, W!»KWI, « H W W A I K I (rBWOHHl ( " ' i - S r ' * M •) (15) [iE»A.IIDt>;SiWIII(l("jc!i;" fi-ff^L !''i|l#!l1A+A 1^%' B * ) (16) i r a i n ? ( i « B , KBItrir-lilliSPI] r « ' J i " ( i H H A + A , fi|l«, i-HSlia, « t t )
(17) [ioiian, ««*!», H«sji^fii, Mirraiitwastsw!, '>«MB,\ cxiftit^.f f-a nz -, KSd *:tf9«, l):W*(tt-<r)
(18) [«u, »a.t*f«riai»i«r'i, xiii«i«)8nJ-.M, i«nBu.o.«i«z»«) (-Bu-rtf ifB, s t + t , BIM x«-:«fi->lrtrt*)
(19) i*-:n +Bmii seiaaiiB, iôôôôô, twiasfia, xamis J<Ơ*(w-Ttôôftiô, ATtfl ô(S;T *+#(TA<rA>iaiEW, SffirLfEHiSO^lCJ:*!?-*!* )
(20) [*-^M, fflRBWASM, l.1Wrpfit»«#AK«*t»l r^dlitK**" ^Sd, - fSii Aft i?ô, i?i*ôflXK.Ơ + ô * )
(21) Yao Tattao Sa thio nghiin cilu thinh Thing Long Ihdl Li sd d Viit Nam, ThSng b i o Ljch sd phuong BSng Dai hpc Hiroshima, 12,2007 Alifit [ • ? * t- ^ i » « N S W « « « » « « ] « ] ( " K ^ J K i ^ i l ' ^ f f i ' " 12/2007¥ ) Momot<i Shiro, Xem x ^ t / ^ / c d c sd//du vin ban liin quanden kinh thinh Thing Long cua D^i Vi^t (Vi^l Nam) thdi Ly Machikaneyama tufin tdng (PhSn Lich sd), 44, 2010 t t - K i i W r * a ( ' i I - ^ i ) * f f l ' W l S l l i K i ^ W t 4 « l i i ; l ' ^ ! l B ; i - l C f i t l l l iôiS('aƠS8)"44/2010<T)
(22) [ H i S B I i a A B n H * B ? , S i » « M l H - P l i E i S B T i a W , W l / H l f i , I K B W f t i S B j l » , W W B f i l ( " * # S " * M ) VS t i n gpi Ngu Phupng Lfiu, xin tham l<h4o thSm Duong Hdc Huy, DUdng Dong dd cung thinh chinh mdn khio, B i o ViSn Su pham Dudng sfit 3, 1995 tSlfflW [IHlRU S K i E n ^ l ( " » ( i l m i K * « - 1995T!il3HI) TiSu MJo, NgO Phugng Liu danh thi/ckhio - Bilt ve ljch sd diin biin chSdd hinh thdc cung khuySt.J^p san Bdo tdng C d c u n g , 1984 I K [ H B t « ? , ! r * - * ! « S » « / B M l V j f f ' J i i S f t l r t t R W a R K H " 1984f.01 W)
(23) Hi Nam chlMlUM l i cuSn dja phuong chi vS H i Nam Tdng Mdn Cau ddi Bfic TSng biin soan S i c h nguySn c6 20 quyfin, hiSn cdn iuu dupc quyfin bS Vmh Lgc d^i diin (24) (iEi«BSs;i;n(n±j«is«!i!, nimtmaiMtm^f: axkm tfrMnmrn^miez mum, s e
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(25) VS vi$c treo ChuSng tai NgO Phupng L i u , cS thS liSn tudng dSn kiSn tnic ciia chiia BSi khfi (Thanh Oai, H i NSi) cung treo chuSng tai tam quan Id Idp cdng thd hai cua chiia (sau Ngu lulSn) KhSng rS bS cue gifi iam hiSn cda chiia c6 t d thdi ndo, nhung hiSn chOa vSn luu gitt duoc bd dfi hoa sen c6 minh van td thSi Trdn N g o i i Duong Bfi Cung s i c t i H i Ngi dia di/biSn soan v i o nda sau thS k j XiX cho rdng lfiu NgQ MSn thai Le chinh ifi NgO Phupng Tinh Lfiu thOi Ly (xin xem thSm D6 Thdy Lan, "Doan MSn" d Thang Long - H i N^l cd td bao gid, tap chl XUa vi Nay, s6 365,i2010)
(33)Tap chl NghiSn cttu v i Phat trifa, s6' 8-9 (97-98) 2012
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(32) VOi diSu kifin tu iiSu hiSn chiing ta khSng ro t i n gpi n i o chinh x i c Nhung nSu l i Cao Minh DiSn thi nhiSu khd n i n g , nS bfit nguSn ttt t i n gpi Cao Minh Man - cdng chinh nam cCia ci/u thfinh thdi Hfiu LUOng (dfin thdi Bde TSng l i Chu Tudc Mon, oSng chinh nam cua vSng thinh thtt hai - tttc "I;? t h i n h " hay "khuySt thinh") [BJitI?.|EIr-f-M -^H + li.^, liPf^fl^JflliS, tii
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(35) Ngoii trudng hop cOa dien T i p Hifin, vi T r i n Phu mieu ta ben phai cua dien Tap Hifin cd dudng dan sang dISn Ddc Huy nfin chOng toi ngd rang kien true dien Thp Quang - gfic Minh Hfi mo t i cOa TrUOng L i p Dao nam ben trai dien Tap Hien (36) [ A S a t t i E n , i J * i K , ia."4Mt«, Sll#ISSIt* ± W i ; i B t S ! * ' i E a « * l i B , a i # * I I A a " - B S l ( ã ô ằ
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(62) Trudc diy, tdng xufit hISn mpt s6 y kifin cho ring Doan MSn thdi Ly cd cung vj tri vdi Doan Man - cdng chinh nam cua cSm thinh thdi LS Gid thuyfit niy dudng nhu bfit nguon td m$t ghi chip sich Cdnp du tiip (cy Vu Phuong Dfi soan vio thfi kf XVIll, cho bifit "khi di (vio thdi LS) Boan MSn thfinh vd cic cda Dai Hung Ddng Hoa da dupc xiy dpng vfio thdi Ly" [HWrtJan^^lWiCVtSri, « ¥ W n | (-SettSi;" CiertffM) USn quan dfin Doan MSn thdi Le, xin tham khio Dd Thiiy Lan, "Cda nam v i cda tfiy cua Cam Thing Long thdi Ly - Trfin - Lfi" tap chl Nghiin aju Lich sd s6 2010
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(65) TUdng Phil MSn dupc xiy dpng nam 1010 ddn gifin, dfi'n nam 1068 mdi dupc khdi cSng xay mfim mSttSa lfiu S phia trSn.(;1£lJi»S«*^iFH<r-«i;«J;A*Hl»4li9ill, -;>JI«J»finK«W J;l("*«i«S" s + , li.antntkf-Ti.ir.^.Hii,)
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Trong dieu kien tu lieu h^t stJc han hgp hien nay, nhQng nghien cu'u so sanh it nhieu cung cap cho chQng ta mot so' krfe'n thiJc v ^ hinh dung ro net hdn ve khong gian cua hoang Thang Long thdi Ly-Tran Ben cgnh do, bai viet cung eung cS'p mot so' dau mo'i giup giai ma eac dau vet kien true cOa hoang ThSng Long phat ip tgi khu vyc 18 Hoang Dieu (Ha Noi) va gop phan dmh hudng cho hogt dpng khai quat thdi gian tdi
ABSTRACT
INFLUENCE OF THE MODELS OF THE CAPITAL CITIES OF LAC OUdNG AND KHAI PHONG ON THANG LONG ROYAL CITADEL PLANNING UNDER THE DYNASTIES OF LY-TRAN
In order to contribute to the accurate reproduction of Thang Long royal citadel planning under the dynasties of Ly-Tran, the author conducts research on the names, locations (layout), and functions of the structures between Thang Long royal citadel with the capital cities of Lgc Di/dng (Luoyang) and Khai Phong (Kaifeng) in China The results show that the planning and architecture of Thang Long royal citadel in the first phase (1010-1029) were evidently influenced by the models of the capital cities of Lgc DUdng and Khai Phong, bui from the mid-11th century on, those influences were gradually faded due to the strong growth of Dgi Viet