Bài viết nghiên cứu về Cửa Nam và cửa Tây của cấm thành Thăng Long thời Lý - Trần - Lê, vấn đề phân kỳ lịch sử hình thành Thăng Long... Để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết.
CQA NAM VA CQA TAY COA CXM THANH THANG LONG THdl Lf - TR^N - LE D THI THUY LAN* D ung mdt thien nien ky tnidc, vua Ly Thai Td ddi dd t i Hoa Lu vd Dai La, khai sinh Kinh dd Thang Long cua qud'c gia Dai Viet Cung t i tridu Ly, khoang thap nien 30 c i a thd ky XI, trd di Kinh Thang Long da dUdc hoan thi$n vdi p h i c hdp ba vdng thanh, dd la Dgi La, "thdnh Thdng Lon^' (tic Hodng thdnh t i the ky XV vd sau), vk Cdm thdnh Trong vi tri, pham vi c i a Ca^m cang dUdc xac dinh rd hdn (1), cae c i a c i a ca'm v i n chUa dUdc khao c i u va trinh bay mot each tdng the Ngoai cae c i a Doan MPn, Viet Thdnh, c i a dUdng thuy Ngdn Hd, chung ta da biet den mot c i a Huyen Vu b phia bic (2), mot Long Mdn b phia ddng, thd cdn c i a Nam va c i a Tay? Do vay, d nghien c i u nay, c h i n g tdi se trinh bay nhflng tim hieu c i a minh vd hai c i a Nam va Tay cua Ca'm Thang Long; ddng thdi dat chung bdi canh chung cua lich s i chinh tri, van boa, xa hoi Dai Vi$t vao hai giai doan: the'ky XI-XIV vk thi' ky XV-XVI Dd cung cd the coi la no liic khai quat mot p h i n quy hoach cua Cim ndi rieng, Hoang Thang Long ndi chung, dfldi cac thdi Ly - T r i n - Le Trong so' cac c i a C i m t h i n h , Doan MPn (cdn goi la Doan Minh, Ngu Mdn, Ngu Lau Mdn hoac L l u Ngu Mdn) la c i a phia nam, dfldc k h i c boa rd ndt tren cae Ban dd Thang Long thdi Hau Le, dUqIc cd' dinh vi tri qua thdi Nguyen, va di tich cdn tdn tai cho den tan Dudi thdi Ly, van bia thap Sung Thiin Diin Linh c h i a Long Doi Sdn (Duy Tien, H i Nam), nien dai 1121, cho bidt san rdng (Long Tri) tnidc Doan Mdn da la ndi Ly Nhan Tdng td chic hoi ddn Quang Chieu (3) Den thdi Le Sd, Hoang de Le Thanh Tdng da cho tu s i a Doan Mdn c i n g hai c i a Hoing la Dai HUng va Ddng Hoa, vd'n dU(?c xay diing t i thdi Ly, ma vao n i a sau the ky XV da trd nen dd nat (4) Khao cd hoc Doan Mdn nam 1999 cho tha'y rd viec nha Le Sd da bo b i n toan b9 cac vet tich thdi Ly - T r i n da hi hoang phe, ma xay diing mpt Doan Mon hoan toan mdi (5) Dac bipt hdn nfla, cac sach lich s i dia ly dfldi thdi Nguyen deu n h i n manh ring, cho ddn d i u the ky XIX, Doan Mdn v i n cdn hipn hflu va dd la di tich cd dinh tfl trieu Ly (6), ca vua Gia Long cho pha bo mot so' c i a c i a Hoang va ca'm de xay diing lai (7) C i a Nam: Doan Mon, Tam Mon, Trieu N g u y e n v a Chu Tu-dfc Phia nam ngoai Doan Mdn la Tam Mdn (cung goi la Tam PhUdng, l l u Tam PhUdng) Tam Mdn cd ba c i a , mot c i a Doan Mon vd Tam Mon ' Khoa Lich s i - Trfldng Dai hoc KHXH&NV - Dai hoc Qudc gia H i Noi e i a Ram va c i a Tay cia Cam thanh., chinh va hai c i a phu hai ben, tdn tai den thdi Nguyin Gia Long thi hi pha de xay Ky dai (Cpt Cd Ha Npi) Sach Long Biin bdch nhi vinh ciia Bii Lien Khe (Bid Cd Tic), soan nam Dmh M i i (1847), chdp: "b phia trUde l l u Ngu Mdn (tic Doan Mdn) \k nen cu c i a c i a Tam Mdn nha Ly Ddi Gia Long hoang trieu pha cia Ttim Mdn, nam t h i nam (1806) dflng cpt cd cia thanh" (8) Cd the ndi, neu Doan Mon la Idp e i a trong, nghiem cin hdn, thi Tam Mon cd the coi la gidi ban phia nam c i a e l m Thflc chit, ndu mud'n tim c i a chinh Nam c i a Cim Thang Long, thi dd phai la Tam Mdn Trieu Nguyen vd Chu Tudc Trong thfl tich cd Viet Nam va Trung Qud'c, c i a Nam Cim Thang Long, ngoai Doan Mdn va Tam Mdn, cdn cd hai ten khic la "Trieu Nguyen" va "Chu Tfldc" Trong chinh s i Dai Vipt, ten c i a Triiu Nguyin x u i t hien d i u tien nam 1355 vdi sfl kien bi s6t danh vao c i a chinh c i n g e i a nach hai ben ta hflu (9) Cae s i gia trieu Nguyen c h i r i n g day chinh la "cdng choi trfldc dien Thien An" (10), t i c cdng trfldc dipn Kinh Thien thdi Le vd sau Nam 1631, chua Trinh Trang td chic tap tran, mpt l i n n i a "cia Trieu Nguyen c i a trieu dinh d thanh" lai hi hoa hoan, khien vua Le Thin Tdng phai lanh khoi cung dien ma'y (11) Khong ehi chinh s i Viet Nam, sich s i Trung Qud'c (Nguyen sd), p h i n ndi ve An Nam, cung chdp c i a chinh Nam Cim Thang Long thdi Trin dfldc treo bien de "Trieu Thien Cac" (gac Tridu Thien, cd the la viet sai c i a "Trieu Nguyen") (12) Khdng x u i t hien sdm nhU ten Tridu Nguyen, phai den nam 1485, chinh s i mdi chdp den ten c i a Chu Tudc, g i n hen vdi hai cdng trinh Doan Mdn va Dan Tri cua Cim Thang Long thdi Le (13) Sang the ky 35 XVI, c i a Chu Tudc mdt l i n nfla x u i t hien bien nien s i riam 1528, cac thdlUc "phi Le" dem quan d i n h t h i n g vao Clin thanh, ndi Mac D&ng Dung t i mpt nam tnidc dd da lam viec "thi nghich" va "tidm ngdi" (14) vay, cac c i a Nam Cim thdi Ly - T r i n - Le la Trieu Nguyen va Chu Tudc la nhiing c i a nao? Dd la cac Idp c i a khac hay t r i n g vdi Doan Mdn va Tam Mdn? Ly giai v i n de nay, gidi nghien c i u Thang Long cho den v i n cd nhflng trinh bay khac Tuy nhien, vd cd ban cac nha khoa hpc deu thd'ng n h i t mpt nhan t h i c chung la, ngoai Ddng Trfldng An (DTA) va Tay Trfldng An (TTA), C i m Thang Long thdi Ly - T r i n - Le cd hai Idp c i a chinh la Doan Mdn va Tam Mdn Cdn Tridu Nguyen hay Chu Tfldc la ten c i a Idp c i a n i o thi theo y kidn c i a t i n g hpc gia: T i nam 1975, Gilo sfl T r i n Qud'c Vfldng va nha nghien cflu Vu T u i n San da cho r i n g gac Trieu Nguyen c i a Ca'm Thang Long thdi T r i n , qua ghi chdp Nguyin sd, \k b tren 'Dfldng Minh Mdn" (ma theo cac tac gia tflc la c i a Doan Mdn) (15); Nam 2004, nha nghien c i u Bioi Thiet da ddng n h i t Doan Mdn vdi Chu Tfldc, hdn thd lai cho r i n g c i a Chu Tfldc c i a C i m nhin hd Chu Tfldc bao quanh Qud'c T i Giam (tic hd Gilm) (16); Nam 2005, PGS.TS Nguyen T h i a Hy cho r i n g c i a Nam c i a Long Phfldng la e i a Doan Mdn, cung gpi \a Doan Minh, Chu Tfldc, Trieu Nguyen, l l u Ngu Mdn (phia trong) hoac c i a Tam Mdn (phia ngoai) (17) Nhfl vay, theo t i e gia, d i la hai Idp c i a (Doan Mon) va ngoai (Tam Mdn), nhflng deu cd the gpi chung la Doan Mon hay "cia chinh phia nam" Cim Dac biet, tac gia cho r i n g Tridu Nguyen va Chu Tfldc, cing vdi Doan Minh va Ngu Mdn, la cac ten khac cua Idp e i a 36 RghiSn curu Lich s i sg 7.2010^ Nhai" p h i Giao Chi thdi Minh thupc (tic Ddng Quan) (19) Qua thflc, tren cac Ban dd Trung thd ky XV-XVIII, Ddng - Tay Trfldng An khdng chi la mpt "khu vflc" ben ngoai phia nam ca'm t h a n h (A.2531, A.3034, VHt.41 (ehi cd DTA), ma cdn dfldc ve la hai c i a ngach b gdc dong nam va tay nam ngoai Hinh 1: Trich Trung Do chi do, k^ hifiu A.3034 C i m (diy d i n h i t la A.2499 vdi ca cia; Ngfldc lai thdi gian, nam 1990, t i c gia Pham Han cho r i n g Trieu Nguyen chinh la hoac chi cd c i a TTA nhfl A.3034) Qua hai c i a Tam Mdn, vi qua sfl kien nam 1855, cd c i a ngach la ddn chan tfldng the suy doan Tridu Nguyen cd c i a (mpt Ca'm va tien vao "cia Nam Cung thanh" b c i a chinh va c i a nach hai ben) (18) chinh gifla, ma theo Yao Takao, chinh la day, c h i n g tdi n h i t tri vdi y kidn cua Pham "Chu Tfldc Mdn" Phia c i a Chu Tfldc Han bdi hai ly sau: Thd nhdt, sfl kipn la Doan Mdn, m l thdi Minh la "Cd Lau" boa hoan nam 1631 cho t h i y d i m l i a chay n i m gifla Co Lau Ddng - Tay Nhai Nhfl t i P h i chua Trjnh, cac phd' phfldng, rdi lan vay, t i e gia da gian tiep k h i n g dinh Chu ddn e i a Tridu Nguyen c i a "trieu dinh" vua Tfldc khdng phai la Doan Mdn, ma la Idp Le Do dd, Trieu Nguyen phai la Idp c i a c i a ben ngoai c i a Doan Mdn Nghien c i u ngoai c i n g cua "thanh ndi"; Vii thd hai, cua Yao Takao, khdng dd cap den Tam ban Trung dd chi do, ky hipu A.3034 (Hinh Mdn, nhflng thiet lap cho chung ta nhan 1), ghi r i t ro cIc Idp c i a Nam C i m thanh: dinh: Tam MPn chinh Id cda Chu Tudc ngoai c i n g I i Ddng Trfldng An va Tay Nhan dinh cang dfldc cung cd' cl Trudng An; c i n g la Doan Mdn; va d n i a d i u the ky XIX, Dfldng Ba Cung viet gifla Doan Mdn va Ddng - Tay Trfldng An, r i n g : "Llu Ngu Mdn: b Vpng Cung, chinh b i c C i m tach ra, tao mpt cai gifla cd de hai chfl "Doan Mdn" Ben c i a (cd l l u gac) mang ten "Trieu Nguyen" ngoai la l l u Tam Mdn, the che cung tfldng Va vi tri dd chinh la Tam Mdn, gidi ban tu Nha vua [vua Le] thUdng sach v i n thi Tien sy [thi Dinh] d day T i thdi Le phia nam cua C i m Trung Hung trd di l l y cho lam dien Trong nghien c i u nam 2008, hpc gia thdi trdi d i t , thi tridu chuyen tdi edng Nhat Ban Yao Takao da tidn them mpt Kinh Thien, la Vong Cung Cac vi vua bfldc, phan dinh rd hdn ve cac Idp e i a c i a ddi trUde di t u i n thu thudng d i n g ngiia b Nam ca'm Theo dd, ngoai c i n g la day Bin ngodi co ky ddi [Cpt cd Ha Npi], Ddng Trfldng An va Tay Trfldng An, ma tac tUdng truyin xUa Id cdng Chu Tudc (cdn gia cho r i n g tidn than cua chung l i khu ggi la ldu Tam PhUdng)" (20) Vflc "Cd Lau Ddng Nhai" Va "Cd Lau Tay e i a Ram va c i a Tay ciia Cam Nhu vay, Trieu Nguyen hay Chu Tudc la nhiing ten gpi khac c i a Tam Mdn, cua Idp c i a ngoai c i n g phia nam Cim t h i n h Thang Long thdi Ly - T r i n - Le (21) C i a Tay: "Tay Mon" thdi Le va "Dai Trieu" thdi Ly - Tran? Cda Tdy cda Cdm thdnh thdi Le Ddi vdi c i a Tay c i a Cim Thang Long thdi Hau Le, viec nhan biet trd nen d i dang hdn nhd cd cac thd he Ban dd Hdng Die Tren ban dd, "Tay Mon" dUdc khic hpa rd ndt d gdc tay ble cua Cim thanh, lien kd phia ddng "Khan Sdn tU" Phd Giao sU Do Van Ninh nam 1983 da tflng gpi day la "cia Hau" de phan biet vdi "cia Tien" l i Doan Mdn (22) Tuy nhien, d i d vi tri k h u l t sau, nhflng ta khdng the p h i nhan vai trd quan trpng c i a c i a vi nd md khu quan sfl phia tay C i m Thang Long thdi Le Sd T i sau chidn t h i n g Ddng Quan nam 1428 den trfldc nhiing nam 1480-1490, d ben ngoai phia tay Cim thdi Le Sd da tdn tai ddng thdi hai khu thao luyen quan sfl (23) Thd nhdt, vk ed trfldc, la 'T)iin Vu x i " t i thdi Minh thupc dfldc chdp An Nam chi ciia Cao Hung TrUng cuoi tridu Minh (24), ma tidn than la khu Xa Dinh - Giang Vd Dudng thdi Ly - T r i n (25), dUdc md ta la d phia nam Dai La, tUdng dUdng khu vflc Giang Vo Bao/Ngpc Khanh nay; Thd hai, va cd sau, la khu Giang Vo dfldc lap vao tridu Le Sd, thupc khu vflc K h i n Sdn - Ngpc Ha, phia tay ble C i m (26) T i m bia Triing tu Huy Vdn diin Due Khdnh tU bi, Dfldng Ba Cung soan nam Tfl D i e t h i 17 (1864) dat d chua Huy Van (27), cho bidt khu vUc Ngpc Ha hien la "cho luyen tap vo nghe xUa", va chinh la khu quan sii t h i hai thdi Le Sd Khu Giang Vo - Khan Sdn n i y tdn tai khong lau, ddn nam 1481, Le Thanh Tdng 37 chuyen dien Giang Vo ve x i Dien Vu, t i c quy gpn khu quan sii phia tay Thang Long vd b i n Giang Vo - Ngpc Khanh (28) Cling vdi do, nam 1490, Le Thanh Tdng md rpng C i m ben ngoai Tnidng d i u vo (29) (tic ciiu Giang Vo - Khan Sdn), va md rong Hoang ben ngoai khu Diin Vu (Giang Vo - Ngpc Khanh) Cac Ban dd Trung Dd the ky XVII-XVIII phan biet ro hai khu vflc nay, vdi "Khan Sdn tfl" dfldc lap vao ddi Dfldng D i e (1672-1673) (30), va "Giang Vo dien" vdi "Hoi thi trfldng" (dfldc dat trfldc san dien Giang Vd) (31) d tay nam Hoang "Thflde thd" Hdn thd, hai khu vflc tfl sau nam 1490 cdn dfldc ngan each va ngoai khdng gian Cim, b i n g b i c tudng md rdng Phung t h i n h c i a Le T h i n h Tdng Tren Hdng D i e ban dd, h i e tUdng chia khu phia tay Hoang lam hai phin, p h i n phia ble la ndi "lap vUdn ThUdng Lam, vUdn cd hUdu va cac t h i khic" (32), va p h i n cdn lai phia nam, each biet vdi khu C i m md rpng b i n g Idp mdi d i p nam 1490 tren day (33) Do dd, "Khan Sdn tu" t i cho n i m ben ngoai phia tay ble PhUdng thanh, gid da thupc vao pham vi khdng gian Cim Nhu vay, t i n i a cudi the ky XV trd di, Kinh dd Thang Long c h i n g kidn sii "suy vi" c i a ca hai c i a phia Tay Neu c i a Quang Phuc cua Hoing bien m i t khdi ban dd vk thU tich thd ky XV-XVIII, thi Tay Mdn c i a Ci'm chi cdn dUdc md khu thUdng uyen c i a h o i n g gia tridu Le Khu vUe ed the thdng vdi p h i n Tay Nam cdn lai cua 'ThUdc thd" b i n g mpt cdng phu (Ban dd A.1081, A.1601), hoac dupe dUa trd lai khdng gian Hoang b i c tudng nam 1490 khdng tdn tai (cac ban A.2006, VHt.30-A.2716, A.584, VHc.01282), nhflng chic chin mpt khoang thdi gian dai, nd hoan toan 3S Rghien curu Lich s i sg 7.2010 each biet vdi n i a cdn lai c i a Tay Hoing (VHt.41, A.3034, A.2499, A.73) (34) Dieu dd cd nghia, tfl thdi diem trd di, vai trd va chic nang c i a Tay Mdn da bi suy giam, khdng cdn la c i a chinh c i a Cim nfla Hay ndi khac di, vdi sU x u i t hien c i a b i c tudng nam 1490, Tay Mdn chi cdn la mdt cac c i a thupc npi bp Ci'm thanh, de cac the he Ban dd Hdng D i e t i chd k h i c hpa mpt Tay Mdn heo lanh (A.2531, VHt.41, A.3034, A.2499, A.1081), ddn tham chi loai bo hang muc khdi hpa hinh (A.73, A.2006, A.2716, A.584, A.1601, VHc.01282) Cdca Dai Trieu Cae nghien c i u t i trUdc den deu h l u nhu chUa de cap den c i a Tay c i a C i m Thang Long trfldc the ky XV Duy nha't t i e gia Pham Han cho r i n g c i a Quang Phuc (hay Hoing Phuc) khdng phai la c i a Tay Hoing thanh, ma phai la c i a Tay cua Ca'm (35) Sd di c i a Tay Cim thdi Ly - T r i n chUa dUdc nhle ddn, hoac n h l e den chfla chinh xac, khdng phai VI nd kdm quan trpng (nhfl Tay Mdn sau nam 1490), ma la vi v i n de tfl lieu Tuy nhien, vai mau thdng tin vun vat tfl chinh s i dfldng nhfl cd the giup ta phan doan dfldc mpt dieu gi dd Theo bien nien s i , nam 1363, vua T r i n Du Tdng cho s i a sang vUdn Hau uyen, sai dao mot loat cac hd nhU Lac Thanh, Thanh NgU de nudi tha nhieu loai hai ngU, ca hiem t i Hai Ddng, Hoa Chau mang ve Cing vdi viec trang boing vUdn ngii hau cung mpt each xa xi, vua T r i n cho "lam day khach lang d Tay dien t h i n g den c i a Hodng Phuc", ddng thdi "diing day trUdng lang t i gdc Nguyen Huydn t h i n g den c i a Dgi Triiu phia t a y V i n d khu vUc phia Tay nay, nam sau (1364), nha T r i n cho xay diing mpt day khach lang b Tay dien t h i n g den c i a Quang/Hoing phuc Khdng chi la c i a Tay Hoing thanh, nam 1368, T r i n Du Tdng lai tidp tuc "lam hanh lang dai sudt t i gic Nguyen Huyen den tan c i a Dgi Triiu phia tay dd tipn cho cac quan vio chiu tranh n i n g mUa" (36) T i nhflng thdng tin tren cd the thiy: thd nhdt, nhiing l i n xay s i a tai T h i n g Long thap nien 1360 deu n h i m vao khu vflc an chdi thfldng ngoan c i a cac trieu Ly - Trin (va ca Le vd sau) d phia tay Kinh thanh, gin hen vdi cac c i a phia nay, dd it n h i t la cd c i a Quang Phuc; thd hai, cung mdt ddt xay dflng (nam 1363), cd hai c i a phia tay: mot I i c i a Quang P h i c l i cia Tay c i a Hoing thanh; cdn hai la e i a Dai Tridu, vay day Ik ciia gi?; vk thd ba, ciia Dai Trieu phia tay la ndi quan lai vao chiu, vi vay vua T r i n cho xay hanh lang (bin cd mai che) de cac quan tranh dfldc n i n g mfla Den day chung tdi dat gia thuyet ring, cda Dgi Triiu chinh Id cita Tdy cda Cdm thdnh Thdng Long thdi Ly - Trdn (hoac chi it vdo thdi Trdn), vd la ndi cdc quan vdo chdu mPi ldn vua thiet triiu C i a Tay Cim thanh, hdn the, cung la mpt cda quan trgng cua Thdng Long thi' ky XI-XIV, dUdc cdc vua Ly, Trdn (chi it la vua Trdn) sd dung di vdo Cdm thdnh, de td dd vdo kinh thdnh (37) Thflc ra, day khdng phai la phat hipn mdi, ma t i nam 1990, Pham Han da n h l e den ten "Dai Tridu" vdi tfl each la c i a Tay c i a Cl^m t h i n h thdi Trin Tuy nhien, t i e gia lai cho r i n g ca "Dai Tridu" thdi T r i n hay "Cia Tay" (Tay Mdn) thdi Lg ddu la vet tfch c i a c i a Quang P h i c thdi Ly, vk dfldc xay dflng tfl nam 1010 Hdn the, b thdi diem nha ngoai giao Pham Kim H i n g viet sach, tac gia da chfla quan tam den mot cdng trinh k h i quan trpng, lien quan den v i n dd c i a Tay Cim thdi Ly - T r i n Le: dd la Ddi Ldu vien e i a Ram va c i a Tay c i a Cam Dai Lau v i f n d ben ngoai ciia Tay cua H o i n g hay Cam thanh? Vipn Dai Lau la ndi quan lai tap trung, chd den l i e dfldc vao chiu d Trung Quoc, Dai Lau vien da c6 t i thdi Dudng, "lau" cd nghia \k nUde chay nho giot, de gid (38), cung phan anh thdi gian chd ddi tnidc thiet tridu Viet Nam, vipn Dai Lau dUdc xay diing d i u tien d Kinh dd Thang Long dudi thdi Le Sd, tridu Le Thai Td (1428-1433), dfldc cae sach Dgi Viit sd ky todn thU, Khdm dinh Viet sd thPng gidm cUdng muc chdp vao sfl kiSn thang nam 1497, sau Hoang ddLe Thanh Tdng qua ddi (39) Tuy chinh s i chdp rd nhU vay, nhUng cd mot thflc te la, cac nghien c i u t h i n h Thang Long t i trfldc den h l u nhfl ehUa quan tam nhieu den edng trinh n i y (40) Phai den cud'n sach Thdng Long - Hd Ndi - Mpt nghin sU kien lich sd, PGS.TS Vu Van Quan ciing tap the tac gia bien soan nam 2007, Dai Lau vipn mdi l i n d i u dUdc khao ciu Theo cac tac gia, vipn Dai Lau dUdc xay dung dUdi thdi Le Thai To (1428-1433), va dUde cd' dinh vi tri qua eac trieu vua Thai Tdng, Nhan Tong; Den thdi tri vi e i a minh (1460-1497), Le Thanh Tdng cho xay them hai day n h i d ngoai c i a Nam Hoang thanh, va sau Hoang dd bang ha, vi vua mdi Le Hien Tdng cho diing Dai Lau vien d ngoai c i a Dai HUng tren cd sd cac day nha da ed t i tnidc dd Ddng thdi, Vu v a n Quan va cac t i e gia cung dUa hai v i n dd nghien c i u tie'p tuc l i : thd nhd't, vipn Dai Lau tnidc nam 1497 n i m ngoai c i a Tay Ik c i a Tay nao?; Va thd hai, phai chang dudi trieu Le Thanh Tdng, ddng thdi vdi Dai Lau vipn d mpt c i a Tay n i o dd, phia ngoai c i a Dai Hung cdn cd hai day nha, mdi xay dflng nhflng cung mang chic nang tfldng tii? (41) 39 Nghien c i u tiep theo (cung la g i n day nha't) de cip den Dai Lau vien la tham luan c i a PGS.TS Yao Takao tai Hpi thao Vi$t Nam hpc l i n t h i III (nam 2008) Tidn them mpt budc, hoc gia Nhat Ban da dUa hai nhan dinh cd hen quan: thd nhdt, vien Dai Lau la ndi ma cac quan chd ddi md c i a Hoang thanh, dd tnidc thdi Le Thanh Tdng, vipn dUdc dat phia ngoai c i a Tay c i a Hoing thanh, t i c c i a Quang Phic; vk thd hai, nkm 1490, Le Thanh Tdng cho md rpng Hoang (chi khdng phai C&n thinh) vd phia tay, dd c i a Tay Hoang bi pha bo, Dai Lau vien dUpe ddi sang tnidc Dai HUng Mdn, va dieu dd ly giai vi cae Ban dd Hdng Die khdng ve c i a Quang P h i c c i a Hoang t h i n h "ThUdc thd" (42) Tuy nhien, nhiing nhan dinh c i a tac gia lai vIp phai hai nghich Iy: nghich ly thd nhdt, mk chfnh tac gia da t h i a n h i n , dd la, neu vidn Dai Lau n i m ngoai c i a Quang P h i c d g i n bd sdng Td Lich, thi l l m cac quan di bp vao Cung dUde (tic di t i khoang C i u Gily vao g i n dfldng Hoang Dieu)? De thao gd vfldng mIc nay, t i e gia dfla gia thuyet la Ddng Quan thdi Minh thupc va Holng Ddng Kinh trUde nam 1490 la hinh vudng, nhd dd, cac quan tham tridu chi phai di bp t i e i a Quang P h i c (quang phd H i n g VUdng) de vio den dipn Kinh Thien (phfa ddng dudng Hoang Dipu) Tuy nhien, theo chung tdi, chi can c i vao vipc Binh Dinh VUdng Le Ldi c i t c i tUdng mai phi;ie c i a Ddng, Tdy, Nam, Bdc ciia t h i n h Ddng Quan (43) thi khdng the k h i n g dinh nay, cung nhU Hoang d i u thdi Le Sd, la hinh vudng dUpe Cho den tnidc thdi diem xay Ha Npi (1805), cac vdng Thang Long the ky XI-XVIII, t i Dai La ("mpt dudng cong tfl do") (44), den Hoang (va tham chi ca C i m thanh) 40 ddu chUa bao gid thflc sfl vudng ca Cae nghien c i u cua Giao sU Phan Huy Le, Gilo sU T r i n Qud'c VUdng ddu da nhidu l i n n h i n manh den sfl thfch iing v l tan dung tdi flu - tdi da nhiing dieu kien tfl nhien, sfl boa dipu gifla nhflng kidn t r i e n h i n tao vdi canh sic thien nhien cua dien mao Thang Long thdi Trung dai Theo dd, cac vdng Thang Long khdng qua coi trpng tinh ky ha, ddi x i n g vk vudng v i n (45) nhfl nhflng m l u hinh quach cua Trung Qudc hay Nhat Ban Hdn the, nhan dinh cua hpc gia Yao Takao lien quan den vipc xem xdt gidi ban phfa tay c i a Hoing thdi Ly - T r i n - Le, l i mpt c h i dd thao luan ldn ma cho den v i n chfla di den thd'ng nha't hoan toan gidi khoa hpc Tuy vay, ching tdi n h i t tri vdi quan diem m i GS.TS Nguyen Quang Ngpc dd x u i t t i nam 1986 (46) va dang dflpc da so' cae nha nghien c i u chip nhan, dd la Hoang Thang Long, trfldc, sau nam 1490 (va cho den the ky XVII-XVIII, dac bidt la nam 1749), ddu bao trpn ca khu vflc phia Tay (tic khu T h i p tam trai, rdi Tdng Npi c i a the ky XVIII-XIX) V i nhfl the thi khdng the cd chuypn Hoang hinh vuong, d i ehi la n h i t thdi, va cang khdng hdp ly dat Dai Lau vien d ngoai c i a Quang Phuc e i a b i c t h i n h trai rpng ddng - tay dd Ve nghich ly thd hai, cd the t h i y cho den tnidc nam 1467, mpt so' cdng sd c i a trieu dinh trung Udng v i n dUdc dat pham vi Hoang thanh, chi it (va tham chi) la Bp Hinh va Dai Ly TU, la hai cd quan tiep dan dong dao (47) NhU vay, ndu Dai Lau vipn dat d ben ngoai c i a Tay Hoang thanh, thi vd hinh chung cac quan phai ddi nhi$m sd, vdng ben ngoai d i n g dpi de vio chiu; hoac t i n h i rieng di den c i a Tiy, xdp hang bUdc vao Hoang thanh, ndi cd cac cd quan ma hang minh v i n lui tdi, rdi qua Cim de vao Rghien curu Lich s i sg 7.2010 tham trieu (?!) NgUdc trd lai thdi Ly Trin, ta t h i y tham ehi tU gia e i a dai quan tridu Ly la Viet Qudc cdng Ly Thudng Kiet v i n cdn dat d tren "ngfl sdn" Thai Hoa, thupc "phfldng Thai Hoa" khudn khd Hoang (48) Cung khu vflc phia Tay nay, ben canh cac cung dien cua hoang gia (cung Thai/Dai Thanh, cung Canh Linh, cung Thai Hoa), cae cdng trinh kidn t r i e tdn gilo nhfl c h i a Van Tue, c h i a Chan Giao cung dfldc xay dflng (49) Trong khudn vien Dai ndi, mdt Gidi Trfldng dfldc lip b c h i a Van Tue t i nam 1010, la ndi ma cac tang dd thu gidi; cdn cung Thai Thanh ciing ddng thdi la ndi cae dao sy nhan ky luc (50) Do dd, khdng phai dpi den d i u thdi Le Sd, mpt Khu Quan sfl dflpc lap d day c i n g vdi cac boat dpng hpc tap, thao dien c i a quan dpi v i sfl tdn tai cua cac khu gia binh, dinh thii quan lai (51), m i t i thdi Ly - T r i n , khu vflc phia tay "thanh Thang Long" da khdng cdn la ndi ehi cd hoang gia va trieu dinh Tfl gidi tang ni, dao sy den q u i n c h i n g binh din, nhiing ngfldi cd mdi hen he nao dd vdi tridu dinh (nhfl flu dai, an hue), hay dfldc giao trach nhiem trdng coi den midu (cfl dan viuig T h i Le), hoac hi xung vao viec c i t cd, chan nudi voi ngfla cho quan quan (cac loai toi dd lam Lao binh), ma dfldc gpi chung la "vfldng dan", cflng sinh song, lam vipc va phuc dich tai day (52) Sang thd ky XVIIXVIII, khu vflc trd nen hoang phe, hi gat b i n ben ngoai khdng chi Hoang ma cdn khoi pham vi Dai La - Dai Dd (nam 1749), qua trinh binh dan boa cang trd nen manh me Cung the ky XVIII, Dai Lau vipn khdng nhflng khdng cdn d ngoai vi Hoang thanh, ma tham chf dfldc dat, khdng phai ben ngoai, ma la npi thupc Ca'm Sach Tang thUdng ngdu luc chdp: "Nam Canh Hflng At Ty (1785) Bly gid viec chiu eihi Ram va c i a Tay cia earn trieu dfldng bo be tfl lau, nen dien cu N i n g Sdn bd l i m diin Kinh Thien, thd Hi^u thien Thfldng dd (gidi), Hau thd Dia k^ (dtft), v i phu phdi d i e Thai td Hoang de [Le Thai Td - DTTL] Nhflng mdng mpt va r i m , vua coi chiu d dien Cdn Chinh Viin Ddi Ldu b hai ben dien l y ndi sup dd, co mpe len them va ngap ddn d i u gdi, phan ngfla v l y bfla bai Ddn b l y gid, sai vien Dd linh dd'c xua't bon ve sy s i a dpn them son, chfla viin Ddi Ldu Ddn ngay, Hoang thfldng [Le Hien Tdng] ngfl len ngai, hai ban van v5 dan theo t h i tfl Ong Phan Huy ich quy b hflu ngfl didn, tuy§n dpc td bieu, tieng vang tan c i a Doan Mdn L i thinh, ban yen b viin Ddi Ldu Nhiing dng gia h i ca b Kinh dd ddu ndi: " T i nien hieu Chfnh Hoi [1680-1705] den nay, trai 80 nam khdng dUdc thiy cai l i niy" (53) Ndi tdm lai, chung tdi cho r i n g vipn Dai Lau trUdc ddi Le Thanh Tdng khd cd the n i m ngoai c i a Quang Phuc c i a Hoing thanh, ma nhidu kha nang nd dUdc dflng bin ngodi cita Tdy cua Cdm thdnh Thdng Long td ddi Thudn Thiin (1428-1433), ke thda chdc ndng cua cda Dgi Triiu thdi Ly Trdn V i n de dat l i , vi thdi gian tri vi c i a Le Thanh Tdng (1460-1497), vien Dai Lau lai dfldc chuyen t i c i a Tay ca'm sang/ra c i a Nam Hoing (cia Dai Hflng), v i vi t i mpt c i a Dai Trieu quan ddn nhfl v i y lai trd mpt Tay Mdn kha heo lanh nhfl tren Ban dd Hdng Die? Thanh Thang Long thdi Le Thanh Tong va moi tufdng quan givifa hai ciia Tay v i Nam Cain the ky XI-XVI Su thay ddi ciia thdnh Thdng Long dudi trieu Le Thdnh Tong Budc sang the ky XV, xa hpi Dai Viet chuydn qua mpt bUde ngoat lich s i can ban 41 Trieu Le Sd, ma dac biet la Le Thanh Tdng, c h i trUdng xay dflng d i t nfldc theo md hinh quan chu tap quyen Nho giao Anh hudng c i a van hoa Ddng A Trung Hoa cang tha'm dam; phan t i n g va phan biet dang d p da trd nen s i u sic; hp thd'ng phap luat van dUde kipn toan Cd the ndi, thd che chfnh tri, xa hpi Dai Vipt the ky XV da budc vao "giai doan md hinh" thiic thu c i a che dp phong kii'n nhd nUdc quan lieu Viet Nam, vdi mpt trieu dinh t i p quydn dfldc d i y len den dinh cao chuyen che dfldi thdi Le Thanh Tdng, g i n chat vdi y chi va quydn liic tdi thUdng ca nhan nha vua (54) Trong bdi canh dd, quan niem ve mdt kinh dd phong kien, vdi p h i c hdp Tam t r i n g t h i n h quach dUdc phan cip c i n mat, da hinh va tiing bfldc di vao thflc tiin Lien quan mat thidt den ft n h i t hai so' ba Idp tudng Thang Long the ky XVXVI la cac boat dpng tridu nghi theo dien che Trung Hoa nha Le Sd dat ra, g i n Hen vdi hd thd'ng Kinh Thien - Dan Tri - Doan Mdn Tuy nhien, thiic te t i chinh s i cho thiy, cai ten Dan Tri chua xui't hipn cho den nam 1437 (55), Doan Mdn khdng dUdc gpi chinh xac nhU the trfldc nam 1472, va dac biet r i t cd the vao d i u thdi Le Sd, dipn Kinh Thien chfla mang chic nang quan trpng nhfl d giai doan vd sau (56) Cho d i cac vi vua d i u tridu Le Sd, nhfl Le Thai Tdng (nam 1437), Nhan Tdng (nam 1448), deu co y thidt lap nghi t h i c trieu dinh theo quy che Trung Hoa ( n h i Minh), nhUng phai den ddi Quang Thu^n - Hdng Die, nhflng nghi l i dd mdi dfldc ban h i n h va thflc hipn mpt each quy cu, ddng bp Le Thanh Tdng khdng chi l i vi Hoang dd c h i trfldng nhiet t h i n h mot "che dp toan trj cflc quydn" (totalitarism), mk cdn la mpt tin dd dien hinh cua chu nghia quy pham Ong da cho ban hanh kha nhieu cae Ipnh chi, s i c 42 Rghi&n c i u Lich s i sg 7.2010 KluhlliiCa DuiTi) Khdng gian '/-,• Vifong h&u, SungVO Ven Minh Ngh|sv j duftiif PhiA^nfhi dudng Y"" r~ Doan MAg I—, Quan j Hanh lang; fUnbJang 'nhlaKv ChuTiroc A j • TjUBIUt An Vinme ban liUDi./ An Quan, Lai Tien ' Kh6ng gian La Ihinh • TblTirtu thdnh Khong gian Hodng thdtth 1-Jlusn tl A DinliO '