Tfl thanh phd Vinh den cac huyen HUng Nguyen, Nam Dan, Thanh ChUdng, trong pham vi khoing 70km, hien cd kha nhieu ngdi chfla tflng dUdc xay dflng va ton tai cflng cac the he ngudi Ng[r]
(1)Nghien ciru Ton giao So - 2008 19
1J3;:J a : " ! '^;o :ã>', ':!n -'i
ôằ
Daa tich cua mot so ngoi chda cd tren dot Nghe dn
^ ( ^ ; ' i ; :
T heo sach Dai Nam nhat thd'ng chi (muc Nghe An tinh, p h i n Chiia
qudn) ciia Qud'c Sii quan trieu Nguyen,
cho den the ki XIX, tinh Nghe An cdn nhflng ngdi chua sau: chiia Bdt Da, chua HUdng Lam, chua Dai Tue, chiia Yen Qud'c, chua Linh Van, chua LU Sdn, chua HUdng Tich, chua Thien Tudng, chua Nui Nghen, chiia Phan Ngoai, chua Tiing Sdn, chua Hoa Tang, chua Am Dung'", j^^ Nhu vay, den cudi the ki XIX, mot sd chua CO tren dat Nghe An da khdng dUdc Qud'c Sii quan trieu Nguyen nhac den trong Dai Nam nhat thdng chi Tii dd den nay, chien tranh, thien tai va sii thieu quan tam cua ngUdi tiep tuc lam cho mot so' ngdi chiia cd khdng cdn cd hoi ton tai tren dat Nghe An .-•., ,.,,, ,, ,
Tren cd sd khao sat hien trUdng, dd'i chie'u mot so' tu lieu, bai viet nay, chiing tdi xin dUdc trinh bay ve nhUng dau tich cdn lai ciia met sd' ngdi chiia cd tren dat Nghe An / • hi
Chiia Nhan Thdp ~'
Chua Nhan Thap n i m tren dia ban xa Hong Long, huyen Nam Dan Trong mot so' tai lieu nhu Dai Nam nhat thd'ng chi Qud'c Sii quan trieu Nguyen bien soan,
Nghe An ki Bin DUdng Lich bien soan
d the ki XIX cd de cap ddi net ve chua
vi'.y :i>>3 J J ' J V
NGUYfeN QUANG HONG'*' Nhan Thap (tieng dia phUdng gdi la Nhan Thap) Trdng the ki XX, H Lebreton, khao sat he thd'ng cd sd thd tu cua cac tdn giao tin ngUdng truyen thd'ng doc lUu viic sdng Lam cung de cap ddi net ve chiia Nhan Thap Co' giao sU Hoang Xuan Han, nghien cUu lich sU van boa Nghe An, Ha Tinh cung cd de cap den ngdi chua
•'-Nhiing nam 1984 - 1986, Vien Khio co hoc, thuoc Vien Khoa hoc Xa hdi Viet Nam hien nay, phdi hdp vdi Sd Van boa Thdng tin, Bio tang Tong hdp Nghe Tinh, can bd va sinh vien Khoa Lich sii TrUdng Dai hoc Su pham Vinh, tien hanh hai ddt khai quat tai chiia Nhan Thap Ket q u i hai ddt khai quat lUu trU tai Vien Khao CO hoc va trUng bay mot phan tai Bao tang Tong hdp Nghe An
Quin the di tich lich sii chua Nhan Thap, da dUdc Bd Van hoa - Thdng tin cdng nhan la Di tich Lich sii Van boa Qud'c gia tU nhUng nam 90 ciia the ki trUdc, hien chi cdn lai dau tich cua nen mdng thap ngdi chua ma hai ddt khai quat de lai ! i j " :•
Ddt khai quat l i n thU hai tai chiia Nhan Thap vao nam 1986 da lam rd nen
* TS., Khoa Lich sir, Dai hgc Vinh, Nghe An 1 Qudc Sir quan tri^u Nguyen Dai Nam iihd't thdng
(2)20 Nghien curu Ton giao So'6 - 2008
mdng ciia toa thap va tim 28 loai gach khac dUdc diing xay filing nen mdng thap Trong sd' cac loai gach tim thay, cd nhUng vien gach hinh sU tii bien, cd nhiing vien hinh vi Phat ngoi thien dudc nung vdi trinh cao Gach diing de xay diing nen mdng va toa thap chiia Nhan Thap cd kich thudc dai ngin, Idn nhd khac nhau, phii hdp vdi yeu c i u xay dUng toan bd khdi thap so Giiia cac Idp gach hoan toan khdng cd viia gan ke't de sii ben viing cho cdng trinh Day la mot nhieu van de bi an c i n cd ldi giii dap cua cac nha chuyen mdn Theo cac chuyen gia ciia Vien Khao cd hoc triic tiep chi dao khai quat tai chua Nhan Thap, can cii vao nen mdng cdn lai, chieu cae ciia toa thap cd the dat tdi khoang 40m Cd y kien cho rang, chua Nhan Thap dUdc xay diing vao khoang cac the ki VII - VIII, nhUng y kien khac lai cho rang cd sd thd tii Phat giad dUdc xay dung vao the ki X i n (?)
Ten goi va chu nhan xay diing ngdi chua hien ciing chUa thd'ng nhat Ve ten goi chua Nhan Thap, cd ngUdi giii thich, ten chiia lay theo ten lang Nhan Thap y kien khac lai khang dinh, Nhan Thap la lay theo ten ngdi thap ciia mot chiia Phat co xay diing vao the ki XIIP' Ve chu nhan xay diing chiia Nhan Thap, cd y kien cho la ngUdi Trung Qud'c xay chua thdi Bic thuoc, y kien khac lai cho dd la ngUdi Champa (?)
Chua Thap Nhan hien chi cdn lai nhUng phe tich, NhUng sii hien dien cua toa thap ben luu viic sdng Lam chiia diing nhieu van de lich sU, van hoa ma cdng viec nghien ciiu dUdng nhu mdi chi b i t diu'"
Chua Ndng Hai
Chua cdn cd ten gei la NUdng Hai, n i m tren dia phan xa Van Dien, huyen Nam Dan, thd Phat va thd ba vd hai cua vua Mai Hac De Chiia Nang Hai hien da bi xoa bo hoan toan
Khudn vien cua ngdi chiia bay gid la san van ddng huyen Nam Dan Trong chua cd mot gieng cd nUdc r a t va khdng bao gid can TrUdc nam 1954, nhiing nam han ban keo dai, nhan dan cac lang Ddng Giai, Van Sdn, Nam Binh, Ha Ldng, Nghi Le,v.v van thudng len gieng chua ganh nUdc ve diing Chiia Nang Hai chac ban tiing la mot nhflng cd sd thd tii Phat giao Idn, dep va ton tai kha lau Sii hien dien ciia mot so md thap cua cac nha sU tiing tru tri d ngdi ch.ua da chiing td dieu dd Trong chien t r a n h pha hoai cua de qud'c My (1964 - 1972), ngdi chua bi bom dan tan pha g i n bet, sd' cdn lai bi thao dd nhUng khdng dUde b i o quan nen toan bd tUdng thd, Cling te, bi hu bdng hoan toan Vao nhflng nam 70 ciia the ki trUdc, qua trinh lam thiiy ldi, xay diing san van ddng, nhflng mo thap quanh chua cung bi chuyen di ndi khac
Tren niii Ngoc Dai (nui Dai) thuoc dia phan xa Van Dien, each chua Nang Hai chflng 200m cdn cd vai mo thap cua cac nha sU, nhan dan dia phUdng thudng goi la "Am sU" Cd le dd la nhflng dau tich
(3)Nguyen Quang Hong Dau tich ciia mot so ngoi chua cd 21
cud'i cung ma chua Nang Hai cdn de lai cho den
Chiia Dai Tue
Sach Nghe An ki chep ve chua Dai Tue nhu sau: "Tren dinh cd ddng Thang Thien, ddng cd chua Ho vUdng Dai Tue Ben trai chua cd mot ngon sud'i chay gieng da, sUdn mii che xanh tot, rat dang ngoan thudng Chan nui cd Ho Ndn Phia nam ho la hai tong Non Lieu va Lam Thinh, dia the cU tru b i n g phang vudng vflc nhu ban cd Cac ngon Anh Nhue va DUdng Chung dflng r i i rac nhu quan cd, nui Hong Linh dd'i tri ben phai, nui Lam Thanh ben trai Sdng Giang va sdng Ndn chay quanh phia ddng va phia tay Phia trUdc nhin sdng Lam mot d i i bao quanh Thuyen be xe ngUa ngUdc xudi di lai khoing sang sdm mu chieu Phia nam cd nui Thien Nhan xanh bay dep g i n nhU vai chao That la mot dai danh thang ciia Nghe An"''" ,,
Khi bien soan sach Nam Ddn xiia vd
nay, giao sU Nguyen Van TrUdng va cac tac
gia viet: " Niii Dai Hue cd hinh gid'ng nhu qui chudng tip, dinh cao nhat la 454m, toan bang da Tren dinh nui cd ddng Thang Thien, ddng cd chua Dai Tue (tri tue rat sang sud't) Nghe truyen lai r i n g chua Ho vUdng Ho Quy Ly xay diing de thd Phat Ba Dai Tue da phu ho cho Ho vUdng xay luy tren nui de chdng quan Minh Ben trai chua cd met cdn sudi chiy, xdi mdn da mot cai gieng ma ngudi ta dat ten la Thach Tinh (gieng da) Ngoai cdn cd khe Triic, khe Mai vdi nUdc sud't chiy rdc rach, hai ben bd sudi cd cay che phu rat dep "'''
Hdang giap Bui Huy Bich (1778 -1781) tflng len nui Dai Hue de van cinh
chua Dai Tue da lam bai thd vinh canh ngdi chua nhu sau: ::\\<> ••' ••iitr.H
Tieu thach tang loan tdi thUdng diu Can khdn dieu dieu y du du
Thien tranh liet chudng hon ghi diic, Dia chiet trUdng giang lUdc tii cau, Khfl Id xuyen dieu tang hiep ho, Quy tien khieu thai muc t u i n ngUu Kha lan thach tinh tuyen nguyen boat, Tham can dung binh bat tan thu
Dich the):
'• :i5.i >ici,^n
Da nhd xep vdng tdi dinh cao, if,off;! Dat trdi vdi vdi, da nao nao ^ ^ k^^'iiV, Trdi dang ngon nui nhu xoe canh,
Dat nan ddng sdng gid'ng ud'n cau,
Dudng niii xuyen cay sU bdn hd, ,.^., Roi tre ganh cd, tre lua trau .yjniv Rat yeu gieng da ludn diy nUdc, ".H Sau chi b i n g lu miic bet dau '"' ''^ '' Tfl nam 1999 den nay, sau nhieu lan khio sat, chiing tdi da xac dinh dUdc vi tri chua Dai Tue tren nui Thang Thien va mot sd' hien vat lien quan den ngdi chua gom:
Thach dac (md da): la mot khdi da Idn,
nam each chiia Dai Tue chflng 200m ve phia tay bac, sat dUdng len chua Khdi da cd hinh chiec md Idn, nen nhan dan vung goi la md da Dieu dang chii y la dung da go vao, tfl khdi da phat am nhu tieng md TUdng truyen, trUdc, cac nha sU t h u d n g ngoi t h i e n t a i day N h a n d a n
4 Bill Duong Lich Nghe An ki Ban dich ciia Vien Han Nom Nxb KHXH Ha Ndi 1993, trlOl-102 5 Nguyen Van Truang (chii bien) Nam Ddn xua vd
(4)22 Nghien ciiu Ton giao So - 2008
trong vflng van cdn lUu truyen viec Hoang de Quang Trung hanh binh qua nui Dai Hue da dung md da de giuc quan nhanh chdng xud'ng nui ^
Chudng dd: n i m phia ddng nam sUdn
nui Dai Hue each chua Dai Tue chflng 250m Day la mot khdi da tii nhien Idn, cd hinh qua chudng bi tach lam hai niia, go vao am vang rat xa Am cua chiec chudng da gidng nhU am ciia nhflng chiec chudng Idn cac ngoi chua
Ngai dd: nam each chfla Dai Tue
khoang 70m ve phia nam Khdi da gid'ng chiec ngai vang Tudng truyen, cac nha sU thudng ngdi thien tai day Tuc truyen, hanh quan qua nui Dai Hue, Hoang de Quang Trung da tflng ngfl tai chiec ngai da Theo nhan dan vung bi Nguyen Anh danh bai, Hoang de C i n h Thinh tflng gii trang lam nha sU trd'n ve d an chua Dai Tue va thudng ngdi tren chiec ngai da
Thach tinh (gieng da): gieng da ma
Bui Huy Bich md t i bai thd chfl Han neu tren nam each chua Dai Tue khoing 50m ben canh sud'i nhd Gieng cd sau chflng hdn met, chieu rong cung khoang tren met Hien tai, cU dan dia phUdng da dung da niii ghep lai gieng cd
Ho sen: la mot vung dat trung cd dien
tich khoang 300m- nam each chua Dai Tue chung 100m, each gieng da khoang 30m Hien tai, cac loai cay dai, lau lach, cd l a c da moc d i y vung dat l i y ldi Theo chung tdi, sen hoan toan cd the moc vung dat NhUng van de day cd phii la ho sen hay khdng thi cin p h i i chd nghien cUu k h i o sat them Tuv nhien,
neu cd mdt ho sen tren mil Dai Hue tflng ton tai thi chfla Dai Tue xflng dang la mdt nhflng ngdi chfla dep nhat d xfl Nghe nhu cac danh nhan xUa tflng het ldi ngdi ca mdi den van c i n h chfla
Thdnh luy bdng dd: toa bang da
nay, vdi ba Idp vdng t h a n h tren mot bai dat rong, nam each chfla Dai Tue khoang vai chuc met Cach ghep da d day hoan toan gid'ng vdi ki t h u a t chen, ghep da d Luc Nien (Nam Kim - Nam Dan), Lam Thanh (Hung Phu - HUng Nguyen), vd'n la nhflng toa dUdc xay tfl d i u the ki XV, hoan toan phu hdp vdi thdi gian cha eon Hd Quy Ly xay tren nui Dai Hue de chd'ng quan Mmh
Mg thdp: n i m sat dUdng mdn tfl
chua Dai Tue gieng nUdc Theo nhan dan dia phUdng day la mo thap cua nha sU tflng tru tri chfla Dai Tue, vien tich dUdc tang ni, Phat tii va nhan dan dia phUdng chdn cat va b i o ve Ben canh md thap cdn cd mot ngdi mo dUdc ghep bang nhieu Idp dat da tren mot dien tich rong chflng lOOm" Day dUde che la ngdi md ciia Hoang de Canh Thinh
Chiia Dai Tue: tren mot vung dat rong
(5)Nguyen Quang Hong Ddu tich ciia mot sd ngoi chiia cd 23
khdng it khd khan Ngoai ra, ngUdi ta cdn tim thay mot so' khanh da Idn nhd khac nhau, chan tang, ngdi vd va nbiqu manh gd'm mau sac khac Toan bd tUdng thd va te xUa cua chfla Dai Tue khdng cdn nfla Nhan dan vflng mdi lap lai be thd va cung dang mot so' tUdng Phat mdi
P h i n cdn lai cua chfla Dai Tue, cflng nhflng dau tich gan lien vdi Hoang de Quang Trung hanh binh qua niii Dai Hue cud'i nam 1788 de tien Bac tieu diet 29 van quan Thanh cd le du dieu kien cho mot dii an trung tu khdi phuc lai toan bo q u i n the di tich van boa - lich sii
nay ;,
Chua Diec i ^uij;;
Chfla Diec (ten chfl la Cd Diec tfl) nam tren dudng Quang Trung, phUdng Quang Trung, phd' Vinh Chua Diec tflng gan bd vdi nhflng thang t r i m cua li sd Nghe An, dd thi Vinh, phd' Vinh cac the ki XIX, XX Hien nay, ngoai trfl chiec cdng chfla, nhflng kien true khac ciia chfla Diec khdng cdn nfla Chua Diec da dUdc cdng nhan la Di tich Lich sii Van hoa Qud'c gia ,.,,
.,v,Mr,-Chiia DUc Sdn j ', ,.;,;
Chfla Dflc Sdn thuoc xa Van Dien, huyen Nam Dan Day la mot sd' it ngdi chfla cdn sdt lai tren dia ban Nghe An Chfla hien cdn lUu gifl kha nguyen ven ve kien true va cac hien vat nhU bia
da, tUdng thd, chudng, mdt bd van khac m ke,v.v Chfla Dflc Sdn nam canh den Nam Sdn thd Dflc Thanh Mau Cach chua Dflc Sdn khoang 100m cdn cd den Dflc Ong thd mot nhflng vi tudng ciia Mai Hac De Q u i n the di tich chfla Dflc Sdn - den Nam Sdn - den DUc Ong d lang Nam Sdn, xa Van Dien dUdc bio quan kha nguyen ven va da dUdc cdng nhan la Di tich Lich sii Van hoa Qud'c gia H i n g nam, den le hdi, khach thap phUdng den van c i n h chfla - den, thap hUdng ciu nguyen rat ddng Day la mot hien tUdng kha doc dao ddi sdng tdn giao tin ngUdng ciia cac the he ngUdi Nghe An
Tfl phd Vinh den cac huyen HUng Nguyen, Nam Dan, Thanh ChUdng, pham vi khoing 70km, hien cd kha nhieu ngdi chfla tflng dUdc xay dflng va ton tai cflng cac the he ngudi Nghe An sud't tien trinh diing nUdc va gifl nUdc cua dan toe, nhUng da khdng cdn nfla hoac chi cdn lai nhflng phe tich Ngoai chfla Su Nfl (phudng Ciia Nam, phd' Vinh) va chfla DUc Sdn d xa Van Dien, huyen Nam Dan cdn kha nguyen ven, cac ngdi chfla khac dang cin cac nha nghien cUu tdn giao, lich sii, khio cd quan tam nghien cflu Thiet nghi, viec khdi phuc, tdn tao, xay dflng lai mot so' ngdi chfla co tren dat Nghe An la dieu cin thiet thdi gian tdi trUdc nhflng phe tich cud'i cflng ciia cac ngdi chua ay bien mat vinh vien./
1.,' •)'i.;- );<;.('-£ 'u.r: " i i / : • • : • ; ' ; ; ^;i- ^ : • • } ' : • : r-^ ; ( - - ' ' •: :,i;r, li i: '; • • :•• '; "
•V ,, ' I ;
':n? iy( I&! •••: i
* ' r
i i ! :.• , i
' '
ch.ua na