vUOng qud'c Cambodia. Ciing cac tai lieu Arap cho biet, mdt hoang than Cambodia ten la Jayavarman II dUdc Samaratunga, ngUdi ke vi cua Sangramadhananjaya, phai tit Java ve nUdc de ca[r]
(1)CHAN LAP: U N G T | KY NGUYEN ANGKOR HUY HOANG (790 - 1000)
NGO VAN DOANH*
Sau mdt thdi gia kha dai phat trien va thinh tif dau the ky VIII, nudc Chan Lap bi chia ddi Luc Chan Lap va Thuy Chan Lap Rdi thi, den giiia the'ky VIII, nudc Thuy Chan Lap lai hi phan quyen mdt so'tieu qud'c Chinh vao thdi diem nay, qud'c gia bien hiing manh Srivijaya da tan cdng, chem dau vua Khdme va chiem ludn nha nUdc Indrapura ciia Chan Lap d mien nam Campuchia'^'
Sau Srivijaya riit ve, d Campuchia da cd mdt vi vua mdi Vay, vi vua bi chem dau va vi tan vUdng la ai? Theo cac nha nghien cijfu, khdng cdn nghi ngd gi, chinh Jayavarman (G.Coedes dat la Jayavarman I bis de phan biet vdi Jayavarman I) ma cac bia ky ndi la da tri vi d Sambor vao nhUng nam 770- 781 Va, ngUdi ma sau trd vua Jayavarman II cua nUdc Chan Lap chfnh la trai ciia vi vua bi chem dau
Qua cac tai lieu Arap, ina dac biet la ghi chep cua Abu Zaid, ngUdi ta biet dUdc rang, sau da danh chiem Indrapura vao nam 782, Srivijaya da nha't thdi (tif nam 782 den nSm 802) kiem soat dUdc
vUOng qud'c Cambodia Ciing cac tai lieu Arap cho biet, mdt hoang than Cambodia ten la Jayavarman II dUdc Samaratunga, ngUdi ke vi cua Sangramadhananjaya, phai tit Java ve nUdc de cai quan dd thi Indrapura cua Cambodia Ma, nhu thUdng le, ngiidi cai quan thUdng chi dUdc cif di den nhiing nUdc chu hau Do vay, Indrapura chac la da nam dudi sU kiem soat cua Srivijaya
Cho den nay, nam ma Jayavarman tit Java ve nUdc van cdn nhieu dieu chUa rd Nhieu bia ky ndi rang, Jayavarman II da xay diing thu dd d niii Mahendra vao nam 802 The nhung, trUdc den day, dng ta da cai tri d ba thu dd khac, ma mdt ba thu dd a'y la dng lap Mac dau cd nhiing y kien khac nhau, nhUng, theo cac nha nghien ciiu, cd the Jayavarman II tit Java ve nUdc vao nam 790, vi tan VUdng khoang 20, va, ma't vao nam 850, dng 80 tudi
(2)12 Ngliicii cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009
(cd the la cho den chiia p h a t hien dugc) The n h u n g , cac bia ky mudn sau nay, ma dac biet la bia ky Sdok Kak Thom cd nien dai n a m 1052, lai cho biet nhieu thong tin ve vi vua s a n g lap vudng trieu Angkor Ben canh nhiing thdng tin ve viec lap cac cd sd tdn giao cua ddng tdc Sivakaivalya, ddng tgc cd nhiing ngudi lam qudc su cho cac t h a n vua (devaraja) sud't hai the ky rudi (tii 802 den 1052), bia ky Sdok Kak Thom cdn cho biet ca mgt b a n g ])ha he cac vua tri vi thdi gian Theo cac tai lieu bia ky, tit J a v a trd ve (trudc n a m 802 mgt thdi gian), J a y a v a r m a n da n h a n mgt ngudi cd ten la Sivakaivalya lam t h a y tif te NgUdi thd p h u n g Sivalinga va da diing mdt S i v a l i n g a d s r u k (lang) B h a d r a y o g i , t r o n g vijaya (viing) I n d r a p u r a Trong dd thi ddng tgc S i v a k a i v a l y a lai cd x u a t xif tii s r u k S a t a g r a m a d A n i n d i t a p u r a Vua (kurung) cua Bhagajiura cho ddng tdc na>' mgt khoanh dat d I n d r a p u r a va, d day, hg da lap lang Bhadrayogi va diing len mdt S i v a l i n g a Va I n d r a p u r a c u n g la ndi J a y a v a r m a n II dii'ng lai tit J a v a trd ve nudc, n h u nhiing ldi cua bia ky: "Hoang t h u d n g tit J a v a trd ve va trd t h a n h vua tai viing d a t t h a n h I n d r a p u r a va Sivakaivalya lam t h a y tU te cho ngai" Theo G.Coedes, I n d r a p u r a n a m d phia ddng sdng Me Cdng, viing n a m giiia Pbnom Penh va Kratie hien
Ciing cac tai lieu bia ky mudn cho biet, thdi gian dau, J a y a v a r m a n II chua chinh jihiic ditg'c Luc C h a n Lap va ciing chifa kiem soat dUdc loan bg T h u y C h a n Lap Do vay, thdi gian tri vi tai
(3)Ngo Vdn Doanh - Chdn Lap: Difaiig toi ky nguyen Angkor huy hodng (790 - J000) 13
Thom viet: "Tiep theo, n h a vua lap t h a n h phd A m a r e n d r a p u r a va vi t u te cung di theo den d t r o n g t h a n h de phuc vu nha vua"
Cd nh>iing y kien khac n h a u ve vi trf cua A m a r e n d r a p u r a Vi du, n a m 1924, G.Groslier da ddng nha't A m a r e n d r a p u r a vdi ngdi den ldn B a n t e a y C h m a r ; sau da'y, cd y kien day dd t h a n h den t a n viing tay bac nudc C a m p u c h i a The rdi, nhiing nghien citu gan day ve k h a o co, bia ky da dinh vi cho A m a r e n d r a p u r a d vung ngoai vi cua Angkor Thom, ben bd n a m cua B a r a y (hd) T a y Tai day, J a y a v a r m a n II da cho diing mgt linga thieng vdi ten ggi la G a m b h i r e s v a r a , mgt den thd h i n h kim t h a p ba t a n g , n a m t h a p T h e n h u n g , A m a r e n d r a p u r a cUng khdng dUdc J a y a v a r m a n II hai'Idng The la, dng lai mdt lan nUa (Ian cudi ciing) ddi dd Va, dd t h a n h lAn dUdc biet cd ten la M a h e n d r a p a r v a t a C u n g bia ky Sdok Kak Thom cho biet: "Sau day, n h a vua di den tri vi d M a h e n d r a p a r v a t a , va diic dng Sivakaivalya ciing di den d kinh t h a n h dd de p h u c vu nha vua n h u trUdc day" Vdi viec ddi dd va lap dd t h a n h M a h e n d r a p a r v a t a vao n a m 802, J a y a v a r m a n II da md mdt thdi ky mdi lich srf C a m p u c h i a : thdi ky Kambuja h a y thdi ky Angkor (802 - 1432)
Viec q u a n trgng dau tien, sau lap dd t h a n h mdi M a h e n d r a p a r v a t a vao n a m 802, ma J a y a v a r m a n II lam la tuyen bd sU doc lap cua minh ddi vdi J a v a Bia Sdok Kak Thom chep ve viec nhU sau: "Liic dd, n h a v u a di den tri vi d M a h e n d r a p a r v a t a Khi ay, mgt l a n g Id
b a - l a - m o n cd ten la H i r a n y a d a m a tinh thdng ma t h u a t phii chii, da tdi xif sd cua ngai N h a vua ben mdi dng ta td chifc mdt nghi le de cho da't nudc ciia ngUdi Kambuja khong phai p h u thudc vao J a v a niia, va de cho chi cdn mdt vi q u a n vudng nha't lam chua te thien ggi la C h a k r a v a r t i n Vi b a - l a - m o n da tien h a n h mdt nghi le theo t h a n h t h u Vinasikha va lap thiet che T h a n - Vua Ong ta giang day t h a n h t h u V i n a s i k h a , N a y o t t a r a , S a m m o h a , Siraccheda Ong dgc tif dau den cudi de viet va giang nhiing sach dd cho Difc dng Sivakaivalya vao viec te le va thd Cling T h a n - Vua va khdng chiu de cho n h i i n g ngUdi k h a c te le Diic dng Sivakaivalya, vi t u te, da chi dinh mgi ngUdi hg h a n g cua ngai vao cdng viec ciing le nay" Vdi budi tuyen bd'dgc lap nay, thdi ky Kambuja hay thdi ky Angkor (802-1432) bat dau md Va, cung tit day, cac bia ky thiidng ggi J a y a v a r m a n II, ngUdi md mdt ky nguyen mdi huy hoang, ky nguyen K a m t u j a , la "nha vua diing dd t h a n h tren dinh niii Mahendra"
(4)14 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009
t u d n g linh d a u t i e n t r o n g so' dd la Dd la mdt so' kien triic gach da dd n a t P r i t h i v i n a r e n d r a ma bia ky ca ngdi la Vat P h u ( C h a m p a s a c , Lao), cac cdng t r i n h "nhu lifa dot chay cac loan q u a n dich" kien triic tdn giao d S a m b o r Prei Kuk ngudi dUdc giao n h i e m vu t h u phuc lai Trong sd' nhiing kien triic hien cdn, tieu Malyang tii'c mien n a m tinh B a t t a m b a n g bieu nha't va cdn k h a n g u y e n ven nha't cua bay gid The nhu'ng n h u cac tai lieu da kien triic gach C h a n L a p la P r a s a t cho biet trudc n a m 813 hai nudc C h a n Bayang n k m each Angkor Borei khdng xa Lap van chua dUdc thdng nha't lai (phia n a m C a m p u c h i a hien nay)
(5)Ngo Van Doanh - Chdn Lap: Duniig tdi ky nguyen Angkor huy hodng (790 - 1000) 15
Khdng biet vi ly gi sau mdt thdi gian tri vi (khdng biet la bao lau) d dd t h a n h M a h e n d r a p a r v a t a (nui P h n o m Kulen) J a y a v a r m a n II n h u ldi mdt bia ky "Sau dd, n h a vua trd ve tri vi t h a n h H a r i h a r a l a y a va bifc tudng t h a n -vua cung dUdc m a n g tdi dd Vi thay tU te va n h d n g ngUdi gia dinh cua dng ta van h a n h le n h u trUdc Vi tU te m a t kbi vua cdn tri vi Rdi n h a vu m a t t h a n h H a r i h a r a l a y a cd bifc tUdng T h a n - Vua" J a y a v a r m a n II m a t d H a r i h a r a l a y a nam 854, sau 54 n a m tri vi Ong dUdc m a n g ten t h u y la P a r a m e s v a r a (than td'i thUdng = Siva) - hien tUdng mgt ong vua ditdc phong t h a n d a u tien d Kambuja
Trieu vua J a y a v a r m a n 11 keo dai 52 n a m da de lai nhUng da'u an sau dam cho da't nudc C a m p u c h i a Du r a n g , nhU cac tai lieu bi ky cho biet, quyen h a n h cua dng chac chi dugc thiic thi khdng qua viing Bien Hd, n h u n g J a y a v a r m a n II la ngiidi da md dau cho cdng cudc binh djnh va thdng nha't d a t niidc C h a n Lap Trong qua t r i n h de tien tdi t u y e n bd ddc lap, dng da tim dia diem cho t h u dd tiidng lai vung p h u can (each khu vUc bi lut lgi h a n g n a m mdt chiit) cua Bien Hd Rdi thi each dd khoang 30 km la cdng trUdng khai thac da sa t h a c h ldn t r e n niii Kulen va kha gan nhUng deo di tdi cao nguyen Cd R a t va luu vilc sdng Me N a m J a y a v a r m a n II da d a n h cho difa chau ndi va la ngiidi ke vi thii ba ngdi vua cua dng la Y a s o v a r m a n t h a n h lap dd t h a n h Y a s o d h a p u r a , mgt dd t h a n h se trd t h a n h kinh dd cua de qud'c Khdme 600 nam Ve m a t ton giao J a y a v a r m a n da lap
ra le thd ciing T h a n - Vua Ma, n h u bia ky Sdok Kak Thom noi T h a n - Vua "ngii tri t a t ca mgi kinh t h a n h ma cac nfta vua da rudc dUa T h a n den vdi tU each vi t h a n linh bao hg vUdng trieu cho nhiing vi q u a n vUdng ke tiep sau"
Tuy den tit ngoai vao nhu'ng trieu vua J a y a v a r m a n II da td q u a n t a m den viec nd'i ket lai vdi nhiing t r u y e n tho'ng dan tdc Mdt b a n g chiing q u a n trgng ve viec la, nghe t h u a t , da d a n h da'u sU qua tit thdi ky tien Angkor ma nd van gan bd chat che den thdi ky Angkor Theo cac n h a nghien citu, khdng mgt vi vua nao cua Campuchia cd t h e sanh dUdc vdi J a y a v a r m a n II ve quy md va sii lau ben cua nhiing a n h hUdng ma minh da de lai cho lich sif, Khdng gid'ng n h u nhiing ngudi ke vi cua minh, J a y a v a r m a n II khdng de lai mgt bia ky nao ca t u n g ve sii nghiep cua ban t h a n Va, n h u mdt bia ky cua mgt nhUng ngUdi ke vi va la hau due cua dng da ndi: "Ngai ngU t r e n nhiing sU til t r a n g diem cho ngai vang cua Ngai Ngai ban lenh chi huy den cac vi vua Ngai thiet lap dinh thii cua ngai t r e n dinh niii M a h e n d r a Ngai cd tat ca, nhUng khdng he kieu ngao"
(6)16 Nghien edit Dong Nam A 7/2009
va da d a n h t h a n g nhiing ke t h u cua minh (nhung lai khong cho biet cac ke thii dd la ai) Vdi J a y a v a r m a n III chiing t a lan dau tien biet dUdc dng la mgt ra't it vua Khdme theo Visnu giao (ten t h u y cua vua la Visnuloka) va la dng vua dau tien ma mgi ngUdi biet den cai ten trudc len ngdi vua ( J a y a v a r d h a n a )
Sau J a y a v a r m a n III chet (cd the la c h e t k h i di s a n ) vao n a m 877, I n d r a v a r m a n I da len ngdi vua Cac n h a nghien citu cho r a n g , cd the vi t a n vu'Ong la ngUdi em hg cua vi v u a trUdc Chfnh bia ky cua I n d r a v a r m a n I ndi rang, ngiidi dng d a n g me cua dng la R u d r a v a r m a n (ngudi ditdc ddng nha't vdi vua R u d r a v a r m a n tri vi d D v i r a d a p u r a may n a m cudi ciing ciia the ky VIII), cha dng la P r i t h i v i n d r a v a r m a n thudc ddng tdc k s h a t r i y a va dng d a n g me ciia me dng la vua N r i j j a t i n d r a v a r m a n Mdt bia ky t h e ky X cho b i e t cu t h e I n d r a v a r m a n la chau ciia hoang h a u , vO ciia J a y a v a r m a n II Nhii vay la, dii cd chiit it q u a n he ve ddng tdc vdi hai vi vua tien boi I n d r a v a r m a n I van la mdt vi vua ngoai tdc Cd n h a n g h i e n citu (nhU Diipont) cho r a n g Id lien cua I n d r a v a r m a n I la nhiing Ihii linh chu hau cai q u a n I n d r a p u r a , mdt viing ma cho don I n d r a v a r m a n I l^n tri vi, van chUa la mgt bg p h a n lanh Ihd t h a t sii cua de qud'c Khdme Cung iheo cac tai lieu bia ky, I n d r a v a r m a n I cd ngudn gdc (ca hai phia ngi ngoai) tit N r i p a t i n d r a v a r m a n : cdn vd cua dng lai la c h a u gai cua R a j e n d r a v a r m a n I, ngiidi ma diidng nhu, vao giiia the ky VIII, da t h d n g nha't dUdc ba viidng qud'c cd bat ddng vdi n h a u Cd
the, I n d r a p u r a lai trd t h a n h nUdc chu hau cua C h a n Lap s a u k h i J a y a v a r m a n II tii bd ndi n a y de den H a r i h a r a l a y a
Sau len ngdi, I n d r a v a r m a n I van tiep tuc tri vi tai dd t h a n h H a r i h a r a l a y a Ngay tii thdi gian d a u sau len ngdi, I n d r a v a r m a n I da lam cho kinh dd cua minh rdng hdn va dep hdn, it nha't la dd'i vdi nhiing ngdi den luu giii devaraja va cac vi t h a n linh khac cd lien q u a n den viec thd p h u n g cua h o a n g gia Ngay tit n a m thif n h a t s a u len ngdi vua, I n d r a v a r m a n I da cho xay diing d phfa bac k i n h t h a n h mgt hd nUdc ldn cd ten la I n d r a t a t a k a (hd cua I n d r a v a r m a n ) h i n h chii n h a t vdi chieu dai chay theo hudng ddng tay, phia bac den Bakong (nay hd da can nUdc) Hd niidc la ndi giU va cung fcap nUdc cho dd t h a n h va cac den thd cung n h u cho he thd'ng tudi tieu ciia nhiing c a n h ddng liia xung q u a n h Ngoai r a , t r o n g thdi gian tri vi khdng dai, I n d r a v a r m a n I da cho xay nhieu ngdi den thd ldn: n a m 879, dng ciing hien ngdi den t h a p xay b a n g gach gia d P r e a h Kd de thd a n h tUdng cua bd' me dng, ong ba ngoai dng, cua J a y a v a r m a n II va hoang hau, dUdc t h a n linh hda diidi nhiing net cua Siva va Devi; cuo'i ciing, n a m 881, dng k h a n h t h a n h cdng t r i n h kien triic ldn dau tien bang da xay diing len tUdng hnga VUdng quyen I n d r e s v a r a (ket hdp ten nha v u a - I n d r a v a r m a n - vdi ten cua t h a n Siva-Isvara) - la den Bakong d phia nam P r e a h Kd
(7)Ngd Van Doanh - Chdn Lap: Dirdiig toi ky nguyen Angkor liiiv hodng (790 - /OOO) 17
each Roluos Cac cdng trinh xay diing thdi trai dng ten la Y a s o v a r d h a n a ditdc ton len ky chu yeu b a n g gach; da chi cd vai lam vua vdi vUdng hieu la Yasovarman I trd i)hu va lhU(Jng dugc diing de lam cac Vdi Yasovarman I, thdng qua ngUdi me, cot nhd, cac lan Id, cac k h a m thd Cac den vudng trieu Kambuja J a y a v a r m a n II ihd t h u d n g difg'c xep t h a n h nhdm sau hoac Lap ra, da ditdc ket no'i vdi cac vua thdi lien tam den t r e n mgt nen chung, nhUng moi Angkor Cac bia ky cho biet, me cua den van cd be rieng b a n g gach hay bang Yasovarman I, ba Indradevi, la gai cua da Net ndi b a t va la mdi kien triic M a h i p a t i v a r m a n , ngud'i dUdc ggi la "vua" thdi ky la, lan dau tien kien va dUdc ngdi ca la ngudi chien binh so'mgt true Khdme, cac nhdm den thd dUdc bao chien t r a n M a h i p a t i v a r m a n la q u a n h bang mdt so' vdng rao ddng tam, trai ciia R a j e n d r a v a r m a n In ngudi diidc dd, hai vdng ben cd tUdng coi la t h u linh td'i cao ciia Thuy Chan Lap b a n g da laterite va cac cdng t h a p (gopura) sud't gida va nita cudi the ky VIII hay cdng t h a p gia d moi m a t tUdng, cdn ^ g a y sau len ngdi, Yasovarman I vdng rao ngoai cung thi bang da't vdi ^^ h a t dau sU ngWep xay diing vi dai, ma, nhUng rao gdc cd chan song Cdn ^e cd ban, nhiing cdng trinh vi vua nghe t h u a t t r a n g tri cua phong each "^ay dUng da trd t h a n h mku hinh cho Roluos, thi, n h u ba Coral R e m u s a t da nhiing vua ke ngdi sau Vao nam n h a n tha'y, cd bdn c'li mdi; dau Kala vdi jj^^^ 15^ \^^ y^^^ Yasovarman I da cho xay cac hinh M a c a r a quay dau (yeu td du jij,-,g ^fong nhieu tinh cda vUdng qud'c n h a p tif J a v a ) ; xua't hien nhiing n h a n hang t r a m tinh xa (asrama) ciing cac hanh vat dugc n a m nggc day dac (cung anh ^.m^g (rajakuti) danh cho vua moi di hUring cua J a v a ) ; xua't hien nhieu hinh vien du N a m 893, dng cho xay len d giUa Visnu trdn vat cUdi G a r u d a , va thay cac hd I n d r a t a t a k a mdt den thd gdm t h a p hinh kien triic t h u nhd d dudi cac vdm gach danh de dat cac bifc tUdng thd cua bd cudn tren cac k h o a n g tudng n a m giiia hai ,-^3 g^ig, dng ba dng (ngay la Lolei) col dp tren cac m a t tudng b a n g cac hinh q^he nhUng, Yasovarman I khong d lai Dvarapala va A p s a r a Cac cot nhd thi da H a r i h a r a l a y a lau Chi sau d day mdt chuyen t h a n h b a t giac, the nhUng, cac cot ^hdi gian ngan, Ya,sovarman I da chuyen trdn lac dac \kn cdn Ckt hinh cay la da ^^j t h a n h dien T h a n - Vua va t r u n g tam mang tinh t r a n g tri cao va da lam cho mgt quyen lUc the tuc den mdt ndi mdi va dat sd chiec cot cua phong each trd t h a n h ten cho kinh dd mdi dd la Yasodharapura nhiing chiec cdt dep nha't nghe y d sii viec nay, bia kya Sdok Kak Thom t h u a t Khdme'"' viet: "The la nha vua cho lap kinh
(8)18 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009
Sivasrama cho diing tUdng linga t h i n d chinh giiia" Cac nha khoa hgc da xac dinh dUdc vi tri ciia Yasodharapura la khu viic hinh tit giac dUdc danh da'u bdi qua ddi Phnom Bakheng
Cho den nay, cac nha khoa hgc da cd'tim nhiing ly de giai thich vi Yasovarman I lai ddi dd den mdt dia diem mdi Theo G Coedes, chac la, dd cii Hariharalaya vdi be bgn nhiing cdng trinh kien true dUdc xay diing cac trieu vua trUdc da can trd cho nhiing dii an xay dung cua vi vua tre Do vay, ndi mdi, vdi tam diem la niii Phnom Bakheng, that thich hdp cho mdt kinh rdng ldn va cd diem cao d trung tam de xay diing ngdi den cho tUdng linga Yasodharesvara"'* Theo cac nha nghien cifu, cac cdng trinh kien triic thdi Yasovarman I da tao mdt phong each nghe thuat ldn: phong each Bakheng Phong each cd nhiing net dac trUng sau: xay diing cac den thap Idn bang sa thach tren cac gd dat cao tu nhien vdi cac hdi lang md bang da; cac trang trf khdng qua khac so vdi cua thdi ky trudc; dieu khac hinh ngud'i cd phat trien, nhUng di vao each dieu hda*'* Ciing liic vdi viec chinh trang dd mdi, Yasovarman I cdn cho dao mgt hd nudc rdng Idn d phia ddng bac kinh mdi Hd niidc cd ten Yasodharatataka, dai km va rdng 1.800 m va dUdc bao quanh bdi mdt chach dap bang da't viing chac Rdi thi, dudi trieu vua Yasovarman I, cac den thd Siva gia da bat dau dUdc xay diing, nhu cac den Sikharisvara (than Siva tren dinh niii), d Preah Vihear va den Bhadresvara d Sivapura
(9)Ngo Van Doanh - Chdn Lap: Difdng toi ky nguyen Angkor huy hodng (790 - WOO) 19
va ma't sao, c u n g khdng cd mdt tai lieu bia ky nao ndi tdi'*^'
Theo p h a n tich cua cac n h a khoa hgc, du Y a s o v a r m a n I m a t trUdng hdp nao di nfla, thi dieu dd cung xay r a trUdc nam 910, vi mdt bia ky d P h i m e a n a k a s , cd the cd xua't xfl tfl P h n o m B a k h e n g , , p h a n chfl P h a n , coi n h u den nien dai thi dng da m a t ; cdn p h a n chfl Khdme cd, thi tdn xUng ten t h u y cua dng la P a r a m a s i v a l o k a
Dfla vao nhflng t r u y e n thuyet, mgt so' n h a khoa hgc, n h u Aymonier, cho rang, hau het nhflng b o a t dgng tich cUc cua Ya.sovarman I dien vao nhflng n a m dau tri vi Sau dd, nha't la vao nhflng n a m sau nay, Y a s o v a r m a n I bi bui va p h a i r u t ve nghi tai mgt v u n g ddng b a n g gan dd The n h u n g , gan day, cac n h a nghien cflu cho rang, dng vua hui ma t r u y e n t h u y e t ndi tdi la dng vua tri vi sau dd vai the ky, vua Y a s a v a r m a n IP-" Cd the la vao khoang n a m 910, ngfldi t r a i ca ciia Y a s o v a r m a n I la H a r s h a v a r m a n I da len ngdi k e v i Cac tai lieu cho biet, n a m 912, H a r s h a v a r m a n I da xay cung hien mgt den thd k i n h dd cfl cua nifdc P h u Nam va la ngUdi s a n g lap r a ngdi mieu Bak.sei C h a m k r o n g d c h a n ddi P h n o m Bakheng Chac vi vua cdn tri vi tdi
nam 922 va, s a u mat, da dUdc n h a n
ten t h u y la R u d r a l o k a Bia ky viet ve vi vua n h u sau: " Ong (Yasovarman I) cd ngUdi t r a i r a t dUdc yeu quy la Sri Rudraloka ( H a r s h a v a r m a n I), ngUdi tao niem vui cho t h e gidi nay; ddi chan cua ngai rflc s a n g bdi a n h s a n g ehdi Ida cua nhflng t r a n g hoa ngoc gkn t r e n cac vfldng
mien cua cac vua tfl k h a p bdn phUdng Ngai la ngfldi t i n h thdng vd nghe, riic rd vinh q u a n g , ludn h o a t dgng vi ngfldi khac, dflde trdi phfl cho sfle manh "
Sau ngUdi a n h mat, ngUdi thfl hai cua Y a s o v a r m a n I len ngdi vdi vUdng hieu la I s a n a v a r m a n II C h u n g ta khdng biet gi ve thdi tri vi ciia vi vua nay, chi biet r a n g dng duOc m a n g ten thuy la P a r a m a r u d r a l o k a va tri vi vao n a m 925 The n h u n g , tfl n a m , mgt ngUdi cau cua ong da, n h u ldi mgt bia ky, "di khdi Y a s o d h a r a p u r a de den tri vi d Chok G a r g y a r (vung Koh Ker), dem theo minh tUdng T h a n - Vua Cac n h a nghien cuu cho r a n g , dfldng n h u da cd sii tiem ngdi cua dng cau nay, ngUdi da tri vi dudi cai ten J a y a v a r m a n IV Mdt bia ky sau cho biet, dng len ngdi vao n a m 928, cd the cflng la n a m n h a vua I s a n a v a r m a n II chet nhd dd ma ngfldi cau mdi dUdc coi la nha vua hdp p h a p
Cho den nay, c h u n g ta h a u n h u khdng biet gi ve gia tdc cua J a y a v a r m a n IV Bia ky Baksei C h a m k r o n g cho biet, vd cua dng la em gai Y a s o v a r m a n I Bia cua Pre Rup cho biet t h e m ve ten cua ba la Jayadevi Bia P r a s a t D a m r e i ndi r a n g , vua J a y a v a r m a n IV cd ngUdi a n h t r a i "cflng mgt me sinh ra" t e n la R a j e n d r a v a r m a n Do vay, J a y a v a r m a n IV ro r a n g la ke cfldp ngdi Vi la chdng em gai Y a s o v a r m a n I, cho nen, cd the, ngfldi cau da cd mdt vai trd nha't dinh thdi gian hai ngUdi chau tri vi Va, hai ngUdi chau ma't di, dng cau da cd day du mgi cd sd de len ngdi tri vi mgt each hdp p h a p
(10)20 Ni^hien edit Dong Nam A 7/2009
ky ciia J a y a v a r m a n IV deu ditgc tim t h a y d day Cac bia ky cho biet, ngdi den thd cua dd t h a n h dUg'c xay dflng vao k h o a n g cac n a m tfl 921 ddn 937 va nhieu tien cung da dugc d a n g cho ngdi den vao cac n a m lfl 928 den 932 Mdt sd'bia ky c6 nien dai n a m 921 d P r a s a t Thom (Koh Ker) cho biet ve viec J a y a v a r m a n IV diing t h a n T r i b h u v a n e s v a r a Cac bia ky da ca ngdi ngdi den Devaraja ciia J a y a v a r m a n IV d P r a s a t Thom Ngoai cflng cac bia ky cho biet J a y a v a r m a n IV cdn cho diing n h i e u den thd khac, nhit den P r a s a t K r a c h a p thd T r i b h u v a n a d e v a vao n a m 928; den P r a s a t K r a v a n , den Chong Ang
Nhu'ng cdng trinh J a y a v a r m a n IV xay difng len da tao t h a n h c;i mgt phong each nghe t h u a t va kien true: phong each Koh Ker (lay ten ngdi den nui P r a s a t Thom, tuc Koh Ker) Cac ngdi den d Chok G a r g y a r da d a n h tlau mgt sit phat trien liej) ciia linh t h a n kien t n i c Angkor, nhu'ng vdi nhflng di biel dia iihifdng Gach van la nguyen lieu chinii, niufng da va dac biet la sa t h a c h da dugc dflng nhieu Cac ngdi den kieu vuong t h u d n g cd dudng cat hinh rang: cdn kieu kien true hinh chfl nhat ihitdng d a n h cho cac t h a n h thit Kieu den hinh kim t h a p da.]i cao, vdn da x u a t h i e n d M a h a d r a p a r v a t a , thi d Gargyar da la ca mgt hinh kim t h a p co chieu cao cao hOn va thon t h a hdn so vdi d thdi ky IrUdc Viec sU d u n g cac vdng tudng bao ddng t a m cd cac ihaji cong Gopura, vdn rat ndi bat d H a r i h a r a l a y a , thi da dugc ddi mdi P r a s a t Thom b a n g viec xuat hien mdt s d d e n thd ben canh, nhiing chua gan ket vdi khdi kim t h a p dap cao Trong lhi nghe t h u a t dieu khac
tugng trdn v a n cdn theo t r u y e n thdng cu cua phong each B a k h e n g
J a y a v a r m a n IV m a t n a m 941 va dudc n h a n ten t h u y la P a r a m a s i v a p a d a Con trai dng la H a r s h a v a r m a n II len ke vi va van tiep tuc tri \ i d Chok G a r g y a r The nhiing vi t a n vudng lai chi tai vi dugc chflng hai hoac ba n a m N a m 944 mdt ngudi a n h hg ten la R a j e n d r a v a r i n a n II len ngdi vua Cac tai lieu bia ky cho biet mot ngiidi em gai k h a c cua Y a s o v a r m a n la M a h e n d r a d e v i , chi cua J a y a d e v i , da lay mdt dng M a h e n d r a v a r m a n nao dd Tfl cudc hdn phd'i n a y da sinh ngUdi trai ldn ten la R a j e n d r a v a r m a n
Ngay s a u len ngdi, R a j e n d r a v a r m a n II da ddi dd trd ve lai Y a s o d h a r a p u r a va rUdc tfldng T h a n Vua ve dd Mdt nhflng bia ky (bia Baksei Chamkrong) da ca ngdi vi vua mdi: "Anh ciia ngai (tflc H a r s h a v a r m a n II), ngud'i anh ldn hdn ve tudi va ve dfle h a n h la dfle
vua Sri R a j e n d r a v a r m a n ( R a j e n d r a v a r m a n I I - 4 - 968), ngfldi
(11)Ngd Vdn Doanh - Chdn Lap: Duang tdi ky nguyen Angkor liny hodng (790 - lOOO) 21
vd sd bdng sen vdng day vinh q u a n g cua chem dau r a t nhieu vua" Va mdt ngai qua'n quyt h a n g cay vu tru Trong nhflng cudc chien ldn ma t h a n h phd Siva Ngai da diing R a j e n d r a v a r m a n II p h a t dgng la cudc Siddh(>svara linga cua sit vTnh cflu ky chien vdi C h a m p a Theo cac bia ky, thi dieu rUc s a n g mgt (juyen lite dieu ky, va quan Kambuja da xam chiem Champa va difng Iron dao cua hd nudc Yasodhara, mgt tieu buy t h u dd cua nudc Bia k^' mo linga va nhieu hinh tiidng Dfle vua kheo ta Iran chien nhfl sau: "Dd t h a n h cua loo cd l a m nhin t h a n t h a n h , da them vao vua C h a m p a cd bien d trudc mat, da hi mgt hinh tiidng, b a n g vang khdng gi sanh q u a n dgi Kambuja bien t h a n h tro" Con dudc, danh cho P a r a m e s v r a , vdi nhflng bia ky C h a m p a d ngdi den Pd Nagar cho nghi le can thiet va ve huy hoang cua biet, quan Kambuja da lay di tugng p r a s a t td dicm b a n g cam thach nay" Mgt Bhagavati bang vang cua ngdi den bia ky khac (bia Bat Chum) cho biet them: R a j e n d r a v a r m a n II m a t vao n a m 968, "Ong cho xay dflng lai t h a n h t h a n gau 24 n a m tri vi, va dflde n h a n ten thuy t h d n h Y a s o d h a r a p u r a tfl lau da bi bd la Sivaloka Va, trai ong, J a y a v a r m a n hoang trdng, lam dd t h a n h trd nen long lay V len ngoi cdn r a t tre Trieu dai cua vi va duyen d a n g vdi vice xay dung mgt lau ^ua trd keo dai chflng 30 nam Nhfl dai cd mgt dien thd bAng vang dng iinh j - ^^y^ ^ac vj vua trUdc, chung la biet r a t gid'ng n h u lau dai cua M a h e n d r a Iron mat ^^ yg tinh hinh chinh Iri cua da't niidc ^*^^ Kambuja thdi ky Qua cac bia ky, cd
Th(>() cac nha nghifMi cuu, nhflng cdng the n h a n t h a y , tbdi ky tri vi ciia trinh kien true ibd'i R a j e n d r a v a r m a n II J a y a v a r m a n V la mgt nhflng thdi ky da lao t h a n h mgt gai doan hay phong each ma tri thflc dUdc de cao n h a t lich sit chuyen tieji tii i)hong each Koh Ker sang cd Campuchia Dudi thdi dng, ngUdi ta phong each B a n t e a y Srei Nhflng dac thay, nhieu ddng tdn giao khac n h a u cung triing c h u y e n tiep ditdc hoc Id rd n h a t dUg'c ton tai, cac he phai tU tudng khac d hai kien true ldn la Mebon va Pre R u p - n h a u cflng p h a t trien va cd nhflng nha trf nhflng cdng trinh nghe i h u a t kien true vi thflc nUdc ngoai (An Do) den dinh cfl Vi dai cuo'i cung b a n g gach vdi n a m ngdi du, J a y a v a r m a n V ga ngfldi em gai cua lb;ip Iron dinh d u n g iren nen cao hinh minh la I n d r a l a k s h m i cho vi t a n g lfl kim tha)) cd cac hdi lang bao q u a n h Cdn balamdn An Do la D i v a k a r a b h a t t a , tac • ngdi den B a n t e a y Src-i, thi, du van d giai gia cua nhieu cdng trinh Siva giao Rdi
doan chuyen tie]), nhu'ng da la cdng trinh thi, ditdi t n e u dng, cd hai tang lfl balamdn dau tien ciia phong each Co Dien ngUdi nUdc ngoai da mua da't va lap
(12)22 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009
nhflng cdng viec q u a n t r g n g n h a t ma J a y a v a r m a n V trien k h a i sud't thdi tri vi ciia minh la xay dflng den thd cac t h a n Vao nhflng n a m d a u tri vi cua ong, ngoi den t u y e t dep B a n t a y Srei ditdc h o a n t h a n h Sau day, dng da b a t dau cho khdi cdng hai cdng t r i n h ldn P h i m e a n a k a s va T a k e o T a t ca nhflng cdng t r i n h m a J a y a v a r m a n V h o a n t h a n h h a y khdi cdng deu da trd t h a n h nhflng kiet tac nghe t h u a t kien true cua da't nflde C a m p u c h i a
J a y a v a r m a n V m a t n a m 1001 va dUde m a n g ten t h u y la P a r a m a v i r a l o k a Ke vi dng la ngudi c h a u t e n la U d a y a d i t y a v a r m a n I T h e nhUng, vi vua mdi chi tri vi diidc cd vai t h a n g Sau U d a y a d i t y a v a r m a n I, len tri vi d a t nudc Kambuja la S u r y a v a r m a n I (1002- 1050), mdt ngUdi, ma theo cac n h a nghien cflu, cd ngudn gdc Ma Lai Vdi sfl len ngdi cua S u r y a v a r m a n I, da't nitdc Kambuja budc vao mgt thdi ky hiing t h i n h ciia minh
N h u vay la, hai t r a m n a m , ke tfl "tuyen bd' ddc laj)" n a m 802, den S u r y a v a r m a n I len ngdi n a m 1002, cac dng vua cua vUdng t r i e u J a y a v a r m a n II lap ra, b a t d a u tfl J a y a v a r m a n II va ket t h u c la J a y a v a r m a n V, da khdng chi dfla da't nudc cua minh t h o a t khdi sii p h u thugc vao J a v a ma cdn dan dan thd'ng nha't dUdc hai khd'i C h a n Lap vao mgt n h a nUdc thd'ng n h a t Kambuja Khdng chi ciing cd' va lam cho d a t nflde p h a t trien, cac vua Kambuja thdi ky da thiet lap va xay dflng xong nen mdng cho sU p h a t trien vUdt bac ve mgi m a t ciia da't nUdc bdn the ky tiep theo Tdn giao thd T h a n - vua, md h i n h den nui, he thd'ng cac
hd chfla nUdc , nhflng di s a n cua thdi ky dau, se dUdc cac v u a K a m b u j a t r o n g bd'n t r a m n a m tiep t h e o tiep tuc h o a n thien va day len d i n h cao./
C H U T H I C H
1 Dan Iheo: Lawrence Palmer Briggs, The ancient Khmer empire, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1951, tr.67 - 68
2 Coral Remusat, Uart khmer Les grandes etapes de son evolution Trong Etudes d'art et d'ethnolog'ie Asiatique, Paris, 1940 Lunet de Lajongqiuere, E 1902, 1907, 1912
Inventaire archeologique de ITndochine, v E.F, 4, va Paris Leroux
4 Lunet de Lajongqiuere, E 1902, 1907, 1912 Inventaire archeologique de ITndochine, v E.F, 4, va Paris Leroux H.Parmentier, 1927 Uart khmer primitif P.E.F 21 va 22 Paris, G Van Oest P.Stern, Un nuoveau style khmer au Phnom Kulen A.I & B.L., C.R., 1937, tr 338-339 va Le style de Kulen; decor archi-tectural et statuaire, B.E 38, 1938, tr I l l - 149 P.Dupont, Uart de Kulen et les debuits de la statuaire angkorien B.E 36,
1936, tr 415-426
5 Coral Remusat, Influence javanaise dans I'art du Roluoh (9 siecle) et influence du Roluoh su de temple de Bantay Srei, J.A.,
1933, 223; tr 190- 192
6 G.Coedes, The indianized states of Southeast Asia, East- West center press-Honolulu, 1968, Ir 114
7 Dan theo L.P.Briggs, sdd, tr 109-112 DSn theo L.P Briggs, sdd (ctl), tr 113 9 L.P Briggs, The ancient Khmer empire,