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Cung nhfl cac dinh chd xa hdi khac - vf nhfl gia dinh - tdn giao trong thdi hien dai cung bien ddi, tai cdu hinh lai (reconfiguration) de thfch flng vdl nhflng ddi thay cua xa hdi. Vi[r]
(1)Nghien ctru Ton giao Sd2 - 2010
TON GIAO - VAN DE LI LUAN VA THI/C TIEN
TAM THirC TON GIAO VA LI THUYET THE TUC HOA CHAU A VA VIET NAM
T rong viec tim hieu mdi tufdng quan gifla tdn giao va van hoa dat van dd ve tfnh gia tri cua If thuye't the tuc hoa va tam thfle tdn giao cac dan tgc Chau A khdng chf thudn If thuydt ma cd tfnh thflc tien, bdi le van dd gan lidn vdi ban sde van boa va qua t:rinh hien dai boa nhfl P Berger da neu len bai viet:
"Tinh the tuc: Ddng vd Tdy" (P Berger,
1983) Cung vay mdt bai viet vd tfnh thdi sfl cua xa hdi hgc tdn giao cua M Weber, chung tdi cho tha'y quan diem cua M Weber vd mdi lien he gifla tdn giao, tfnh the tuc va tfnh hien dai dang dfldc minh boa bdi suf phat trien cua "Thdn hgc ve sfl thinh vfldng" (Prosperity theology) cfla cae phai Tin Lanh Ngu Tudn (Pentecotism), ed anh hfldng manh d eae xa hdi Nam My hien (Nguyen Xuan Nghia, 2007, tr.l4) Trong bai vidt nay, chung tdi de cap den mdt vai khfa canh cua van de lien quan bdi cdnh Chau A va Viet Nam
1 Dat v a n d e
Lf thuyet the tue boa cd dien quan niem xa hgi cang hien dai thi ton giao cang mat vai trd The nhflng, tfl cudi thd kf XX ddu the kf XXI vdi sfl trdi day cua cac phong trao bdo thu cac tdn giao, sfl xua't hien cua cac tdn giao t r e n linh
NGUYEN XUAN N G H I A '
vflc chi'nh tri dac biet chfnh tri qudc te -vd d cae qudc gia dfldc xem k hien dai nhfl My, Nhat Bdn, vai trd cua tdn giao va tam thflc tdn giao cung cdn rat manh me vi vay ngfldi ta dat lai va'n de If thuyet the' tuc boa cd dien (P Berger, 2001, tr.15) Nhflng mdt sd'tac gia khac khdng dinh chfla the tien biet If thuydt the tuc boa ve ndi "an nghi binh an" nhfl R Stark mong mud'n (R Stark, 1999) va If thuyet van cdn gia tri vi gidi thfch dfldc sfl suy giam vai trd xa hdi cua tdn giao d Chau Au (S Bruce, 2001) Tham chf J Casanova quan niem, mac du cdn hieu chfnh lai If thuye't the tuc boa k mdt ddng gdp If thuydt chfnh yeu cho khoa hgc xa hdi viec giai thfch tfldng quan gifla tdn giao va tfnh hien dai (J Casanova, 1994, tr 212)
Nhfl da dd cap nhidu ldn, qua trinh hien dai hoa phai xem tfnh tdn giao bao gdm nhflng chidu kfch nao? Nhflng chidu kfch nao gidm sflt vai trd, nhflng chieu kfch nao khdng thay ddi (Nguyen Xuan Nghia, 1996, 2003, 2005) Cung nhfl cac dinh chd xa hdi khac vf nhfl gia dinh -tdn giao thdi hien dai cung bien ddi, tai cdu hinh lai (reconfiguration) de thfch flng vdl nhflng ddi thay cua xa hdi
(2)Nghien CU'U Ton giao Sd2 - 2010
Li t h u y e t t h e ' t u c boa b d t n g u d n tfl lich sfl C h a u Au, cd t h e a p d u n g cho nhflng n e n vdn hoa k h a c k h d n g ? Cac n d n vdn boa k h a c nhfl cac ndn van hoa C h a u A cd bi t h e t u c hoa nhfl T a y Phifdng h a y k h d n g ? Cd t a c gia cho r a n g k h d n g cd sfl t a c h rdi chfnh t r i va tdn giao d cac xa hgi C h a u A n e n k h d n g t h e ap d u n g If thuye't the tuc boa cua C h a u Au vao v u n g da't Ngfldc lai cd tac gia cho r a n g C h a u A cd bien Ifldng the' tuc boa trifdc ca C h a u Au bdi le cd nhflng tdn giao nhfl Nho giao, chi dd c a p d e n nhflng v a n de cua t h e gidi hflu h i n h n a y chfl k h d n g de cap d e n "the gidi b e n k i a " ("Vi tri s i n h yen tri tfl" (Chu'a biet sd'ng, s a o biet chet?); "Thien h a ngdn t a i " (Trdi cd ndi gi dau); h a y k h d n g b a n den t h d n t h a n h - K h d n g tfl: "Sfl quy t h a n kfnh n h i vien cbi") Mdt sd' tac gid cdn di den k e t l u a n , neu cbi dfla vao ti Ic p h a n t r a m nhflng ngifdi tif n h a n k h d n g (huge tdn giao nao Ihi cd bai vflng ti'dn t h e gidi " t h e t u c boa" nha't la Tay Au vd cac nifdc d D d n g A ( P Berger 1983: S.R Reed 2007)"'
Nhfl chiing Idi sc t r i n h bay s a u t h e o t h d n g ke chfnh thflc sd tfn dd tdn giao d Viet N a m bien n a y cbi chiem ti lc k h o a n g 25"i) diin so', nhflng ngifdc lai cd nhflng n h a n dinh tain thflc tdn giao d ngfldi Viet N a m r a t s a u d a m : "O ngfldi An N a m (Viet) va t r o n g mgi giai cap xa hdi cam ibi'fc tdn giao bieu Id mgt each m a n h me va thd'ng tri t o a n bg cudc sdng nd vay plui kill b a n g cac t i m e b a n h mgi b a n h vi b a n g tu' nhflng ke tha']) hen d e n nhflng ngfldi (|uan t r g n g " (L C a d i e r e 11958], 1992 tr 1) Tai lieu Mat sd hieu
biet ve tdn gido - Tdn gido d Viet Nam
c u n g n h a n xet: " Tfn ngfldng tdn giao d Viet N a m m a n g tfnh q u d n chflng p h d bien uliu'ng cbi d ca'ii t a m If tdn giao T a m ii tdn giao k h d n g chi s a u d a m t r o n g
long nhflng tfn dd tdn giao m a cd ea s d d d n g n h f l n g ngfldi k h d n g t h e o mgt tdn giao cu t h e n a o " (Tong Cue chfnh tri 1998, tr 134) G d n day, "Bao cao qud'e gia kidm d i n h d i n h ki viec thfle h i e n quyen ngfldi d V i e t N a m " cho bidt: "Viet N a m cd k h o a n g 20 t r i e u ngfldi theo cac tdn giao k h a c n h a u va 80% ngfldi d a n cd ddi sd'ng tfn ngfldng" (Bd Ngoai Giao, 2009 [24])
De dfla r a t r a ldi cho nhflng cau hdi n e u t r e n , c h u n g tdi xem xet q u a t r i n h the t u c boa d C h a u A va Viet N a t n dfla vao mdt so' chi b a o cu t h e Va C h a u A ndi c h u n g , nhflng d a c d i e m vdn hoa vflng cdn p h a i xet tdi t h i e u d b a vflng cu the: D d n g A, N a m A va D d n g N a m A Ld mgt n g h i e n cflu ddi c h i e u dd sd lieu thfch hdp nha't t h e o e h u n g tdi k nhflng sd'lieu cua cac cudc Didu t r a H d n thfl bieu Chau A (Asia B a r o m e t e r S u r v e y , ABS) va mgt ft sd' lieu d D i e u t r a Gia tri T h e gidi (World V a l u e S u r v e y , WVS)
2 M o t s o c h i b a o v e tarn thufc ton giao v a t h e t u c h o a d C h a u A v a Viet N a m
Mgt t r o n g cac chi bao q u a n trgng de tim h i e u mflc t h e t u c b o a cua mdt xa hdi la ti le quy t h u d c tdn giao ( a p p a r t e n a n c e r e l i g i e u s e ) : xem ca nhan cd tfl n h a n m i n h t h u d c vd m d t tdn giao cu t h e n a o k h d n g h a y k h d n g cd tdn giao Vdi chi bao nay, ta n h a n tha'y ed mgt sti tifdng p h a n gay gdt d C h a u A (xem bang
1): Mgt v u n g N a m A r a t md dao - ti le ngifdi k h d n g cd ton giao h d u nhfl bdng k h d n g va mgt vflng D d n g A " t h d tuc": T r u n g Q u d c H d n g K d n g , N h a t B d n cd ti
(3)Nguyen Xuan NghTa Tdm thifc tdn gido
Banj I r T i l e % D o n g A
Mdng Co Nhat Ban Han Qudc Dai Loan (TQ) Hong Kdng (TQ) Trung Qudc
N
18,6 60,1 43,1 24,1 72,8 79,5
ngutri t r a Ifli tir xac nhan khong t l D o n g N a m A
Philippin Indonesia Malaysia Thai Lan Campuehia Lao Myanma Singapore Viet Nam
gudn: f^ieii tra Hdn thir bieu did 0,2
0 1,1 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,0 12,8 31,5
luoc ton giao nao N a m A An Do
Bangladesh Nepan Bhutan Pakistan
;/ A (ABS), 2005, 2006, 2007 k
0,1 0,0 0,3 0,0 0,0
Bang 2: T i le % ngudi t r a ldi co can nguyen moi D o n g A
Mdng Co Nhat Ban Han Qudc Dai Loan (TQ) Hong Kdng (TQ) Trung Qudc
5,7 22,0
17,7 7,6 6,9 5,4
D o n g N a m A Philippin
Indonesia Malaysia Thai Lan Campuehia Lao Myanma Singapore Viet Nam
76,4 86,1 75,5 22,6 27 18,5 77,5 47,7 4,5
N a m A An Do
Bangladesh Nepan Bhutan Pakistan
86.8 60.5 57.1 53.6 53.5
Ngudn: Dieu tra Hdn tlii'r bie'u C lc khdng tdn giao t r e n &0% Vung Ddng N a m A trfl trfldng hdp Singapore va Viet N a m chiu d n h hfldng Nho giao va P h a t giao Dai thfla cd tf le k h d n g tdn giao tfl 10-30%''', cac qud'e gia k h a c ddu cd nhflng tdn giao chu dao chie'm k h o a n g 80%, nhuf Cdng giao d Philippines, Islam guio d Indonesia, M a k y s i a Phiit giao Tieu thufa d Thai Lan C a m p u e h i a , Mviinma Lao N a m A va D d n g Niim A (trfl Viet N a m va S i n g a p o r e ) tdn g i a o cd tfnh " b a m s m h "
'hdu A (ABS), 2005, 2006, 2007
con ngfldi s m h r a da cd "mdt vi trf chi d i n h " ( a s c r i b e d s t a t u s ) vd t d n g i a o , O Viet Nam so lieu va ngirdi co ton giiio hay I<h6ng ton giiio kliong thdng nhai: Theo "Tdn gido vd
chinh sdch tdn gido" (2006) co khoiing 25.26% tin
(4)Nghien cu-u Ton giao Sd2 - 2010
ngfldc k i tdn giao d D d n g A la chgn lfla cua gia d i n h vk ca n h a n
Chf bao thfl h a i de Ifldng k viec edu n g u y e n mdi n g a y C a u n g u y e n dfldc xem nhuf k mdt h a n h vi giao tie'p ca n h a n vdi mdt Hflu t h e sieu tfl n h i e n C a u n g u y e n thfldng dfldc xem k mdt chf bao de Ifldng mflc t h a m s a u cua tfnh tdn giao
B d n g mgt ldn nfla cho tha'y tfldng p h d n gifla N a m A va D d n g A O N a m A, nflde cd tl le edu n g u y e n mdi n g a y tha'p nha't k P a k i s t a n , nhflng c u n g t r e n 50%), t r o n g k h i d D d n g A, ndi cd ti le cdu n g u y e n cao n h a t k N h a t B a n cflng ehi k
22%) R i e n g D d n g N a m A, trfl trfldng hdp Viet N a m ed tf le %> cdu n g u y e n h a n g n g a y r a t tha'p: , % ' " , ti le tfn dd theo tdn giao dgc t h d n tha'p (Cdng giao t r o n g didu t r a A B S chi k 7,5%)) S i n g a p o r e cd ti le cdu n g u y e n eao h d n k I s l a m giao chie'm 21%) Kitd giao (ca Cdng giao va Tin L a n h ) ; 16%), P h a t giao 30% Tfn dd cua tdn giao doe t h a n nhfl I s l a m giao ( I n d o n e s i a , M a l a y s i a ) , Cong giao (PhiUppine.s) cd ti le cdu n g u y e n mdi cao nha't, k e dd k d a o P h a t Tidu thfla ( M y a n m a : 77,5%); T h a i L a n : 22,6%; C a m p u e h i a : 27%)
Bang 3: T i le % nguoi tra Ifli tin vao mot the gidi tam linli khong thay dug'c D o n g A
Mdng Co Nhat Ban Han Qudc Oai Loan (TQ) Hdng Kdng (TQ) Trung Qudc
(*) 51,5 50,6 72,3 56,9 49,3
D o n g N a m A Philippin
Indonesia Malaysia Thai Lan Campuehia Lao Myanma Singapore Viet Nam
82 67,4 56,2 65,4 77,7 52,2 60,5 57,8 54,5
N a m A An Do
Bangladesh Nepan Bhutan Pakistan
(*) (*) (*) (*) (*)
Ngudn: Dieu tra Hdn thir bieu Chdu A (ABS), 2005, 2006, 2007 Ti le % hao gain nhdng iigiuYi
trd ldi 'Hodn loan tin" vd 'Tin nhieu it {*) Trong cudc dien tra nam 2005 cidiih cho ccic tnfdc Nam A, khdng cd can hdi lien quan deii van de Cd Ie ngifcfi ta khdng can tim liieii vein de iidv d vung ddt "mc) dgo "
Mdt t r o n g nhflng dac diem cua If t h u y e t t h e t u c h o a cd dien - tfl q u a n diem giai m a t h u a t (demagifieation) cfla M W e b e r - q u a n n i e m xa hdi h i e n dai vdi tfl d u y If d a t h a y t h e ldi tfl t r u y e n thd'ng m a n g tfnh linh t h i e n g vdi mgt t h e gidi q u a n " t h d n tien" (cosmologie e n c h a n t e e ) ciia xa hgi cd t r u y e n Cuge didu t r a A B S d a dfla r a c a u hdi; "Ong b a a n h chi cd tin vao m g t t h e gidi t a m l i n h
(5)Nguyen Xuan NghTa Tdm thifc ton gido
t h a n g bd'n mflc do; H o a n t o a n tin, tin n h i e u ft, k h d n g tin, h o a n toan k h d n g tin) Rd r a n g eau hdi dfldc t h i e t k e dd tim hieu m g t n i e m t i n vao m d t t h e gidi "khdng k h o a hge" va t a cd k e t q u a trd ldi nhfl b a n g
K h d n g k e d e n N a m A ra't sflng dao, dieu t r a cho t h a y cac nflde Ddng A dfl r a t t h e t u c va D d n g N a m A ddu cd ti le cfl d a n tin vdo vao t h e gidi t a m linh k h a cao, t r e n 50%): trfldng hdp P h i l i p p i n e s de h i e u vi dai bg p h a n cfl d a n theo Cdng giao: cdc nflde cd d d n g tfn dd I s l a m giao nhfl I n d o n e s i a va M a l a y s i a cd tf le 67,4%) va 56,2%); cac nflde cd ddng tin dd theo dao P h a t Tieu thfla nhfl C a m p u e h i a , T h a i
Bang 4: Ti lc % ngudi tra ldi ve mflc quan
Lan cd ti le tufdng flng 77% va 65%; Viet N a m , S i n g a p o r e chiu a n h hfldng cua Nho giao c u n g cd tdi 55% va % ' " Ddng A Dai L o a n cd ti le cao nha't (72,3%) va T r u n g Qudc tha'p nha't (49.3%)
Chf bao k e tiep la t d m q u a n t r g n g cua cae nghi le dich vu tdn giao Cau hdi dfldc d a t r a nhfl s a u : "Vdi cac bidn cd' s a u day, xin dng b a a n h chi cho biet mflc q u a n t r g n g lien q u a n den ydu td tdn giao (nhfl xay r a t r o n g ed sd tdn giao h a y cd stJ hien dien cua chflc sde tdn giao )" (Vdi phfldng a n t r a ldi t h e o t h a n g bd'n mflc do: r a t q u a n t r g n g , ft n h i e u q u a n t r g n g , k h d n g q u a n t r g n g , h o a n t o a n k h d n g q u a n trgng) B a n g cho c h u n g ta k e t qua:
trgng ciia yeu td ton giao cac sir kien CAC mdc VA VONG LANH THO DONG A:
Dam tang Dam cfldi Khi sinh Le hgi
T r u n g qud'e 62,10 63,40 27,69 24,95
H d n g Kdng 62,54 53,99 33,06 30,33
N h a t Bdn 84,39 54,36 32,48 38,27
H a n Qudc 62,28 51,44 41,83 42,29
Dai Loan 82,27 17,09 8,47 29,06
CAC NLTOC D N G NAM A
Dam tang Dam cfldi Khi sinh
Le hdi
Viet Nam 74,7 55,6 37,1 25
Singapor 81,7 70,9 62,6 61,5
Malaysia 97,1 93,5 81,2 87,5
Indonesia 95,2 95,8 35,6 85,3
Philippines 94,9 96,3 97,9 77,8
Thai Lan 98,4 60,3 42 71,2
Campuehia 97,8 99,1 75,5 84,6
Ghi chu; % trd liri "Rd't quan N h i n c h u n g , n e u t r e n day sfl quy t h u d c tdn giao d vflng Ddng A va d nhflng d a n tgc chiu d n h hifdng N h o giao k t h a p thi d d a y cd tfldng p h a n : sfl d a n h gia vai trd cua le thflc t r o n g ddi sd'ng ca n h a n va xa hgi k h a cao T r o n g ba sfl kien d a n h da'u sfl c h u y e n tiep cuii ddi ngfldi (sinh ddi, d a m cfldi d a m t a n g ) , thi d a m t a n g gdn n h i d u nha't vdi mdt c h u y e n bien cd
trgng " vd "il iiliieii quan "
lien q u a n den the gidi t a m linh T r u n g Qud'e cd ti le t h a p n h a t eflng ed den 62% cfl dan d a n h gia cao ye'u td tdn giao t r o n g d a m t a n g Viet N a m : 75%., N h a t B a n 84% Dd la chflng t a chfla dd ciip d e n nhflng ndn v a n hoa chiu a n h hfldng cua I s l a m giao, Kitd giao, P h a t giao N h f l n g Theo WV.S 2001 Viet Nam, 38.2 % ngiroi Viet tin
(6)8 Nghien cuu Ton giao ^^'^ -JOl_(l_ ndi nay, ti le danh gia tdm quan trgng cac
le thflc tdn giao cang cao hdn nfla
Nhfl vay bd'n chi bao de xem xet qua trinh thd tuc boa d cac nufdc Ddng A va Ddng Natn A, bai chf bao ddu - sfl quy thudc tdn giao va cdu nguyen - ndi chung cd tl le tha'p, nhifng hai chf bao vd niem tin vao the gidi tam linh vd vai trd cua le thfle tdn giao lai cd ti le cao Nhfl vay qua trinh the tuc hoa k mdt qua trinh phfle
Bang 5: Tu'ong quan giua cac yeu to nhan
tap, da chidu kfch va khdng phdi la mdt qua trinh ddn tuyen
Ydu to ndo da chi phdi mflc tam thfle tdn giao cua ca nhan? Phan tfch hdi quy da bidn eung khdng cho ta mdt gidi thfch rd rang vi dai Ifldng gidi thfch bdi hdi quy ra't tha']), dfldi 10% Tuy nhien tfldng quan gifla cae bidn cung cho phej) ta ed the difa nhan dinh (xin xem bang 5)
khau - kinh to va viec cau nguyen hang
* Dong A Nhat Ban Han Q u d c Oai Loan (TQ) Hdng Kdng (TQ) Trung Q u d c M d n g C o
•Nam A
A n D d Bangladesh Nepan Bhutan Pakistan *06ng Nam A Philippin Indonesia Malaysia Thai Lan Campuehia
Lao
M y a n m a Singapore Viet N a m
THU N H A P
Nghich
Nghich Thuan
Nghich
Nghich
Nghjch
TRINHDOHOCVAN
Nghich
Thuan Nghjch
Thuan
Thuan Thuan
Nghich Nghjch
Nghjch Nghjch
Tu6i TAC Thuan Thuan Thuan
Thuan
Thuan Thuan Thuan Thuan Thuan
Thuan
Thuan
Thuan Thuan Thuan Thuan
Gidl TI'NH (Nff Gl(5l) Thuan Thuan Thuan
Thuan
Thuan Thuan Thuan
Thuan Thuan
Thuan Thuan Thuan Thuan
Thuan Bdng cho tha'y, cd the ndi rdng phu
nfl va ngfldi ldn tudi cd tfnh tdn giao sau dam hdn Day cung k nhan dinh ma nhidu nghien cflu da dfla Tuy nhien cac mdi tfldng quan deu cd luat trfl, nhfl trfldng hdp d Viet Nam va nam qud'e gia khae, khdng ed tfldng quan gifla tudi tac va sfl cdu nguyen Vdi yeu to'gidi tfnh cflng vay Ve ydu to' mflc sd'ng va trinh
(7)Nguyen Xuan NghTa Tdm thifc tdn gido v a n cao cd ti le eau n g u y e n mdi n h i e u h d n
3 V a i n h a n x e t
Tfl nhflng t h d n g t i n t r e n cd t h e dfla r a m d t sd n h a n d i n h t d n g q u a t sau:
Cac c h i e u kfch cua q u a t r i n h t h e tuc b o a k k h d n g d d n g n h a t t r o n g cac xa hdi N h a n d i n h n a y k h d n g chi d u n g vdi cac nufdc C h a u A m a d ca C h a u Au Vf nhfl d cac nifdc Bdc Au (Thuy Dien D a n Maeh, v.v ) va n g a y ca d P h a p , dfldc xem la cac nflde bi the' t u c boa m a n h me, nhflng d cac nflde nay, n h u cau cac le nghi tdn giao lien q u a n d e n t a n g td van r a t cao
Sfl k h a c biet ndi b a t ve v a n boa tdn giao gifla hai vflng N a m A rát "tdn giao" va D d n g A r a t "the tuc" cd the gidi thfch nhflng k h a c biet s a u : O N a m A, cd n h i d u qudc gia d đ tdn tai mdt tdn giao m a n g tfnh t h d n g trị da sd', nhfl I s l a m giao d P a k i s t a n , d B a n g l a d e s h (80%.), An giao d An Dọ N e p a n (80%.), Phiit giao d B h u t a n (75%.) Ngfldc lai d v u n g Ddng A k h d n g cd t i n h t r a n g mgt tdn giao da sd nhfl vaỵ D d n g A c u n g k vflng diit cd sfl c h u n g sd'ng cua ba tdn giao ldn: Nho giao, P h a t giao va Diao giaọ P h a t giao d day t h u d c p h a i Dai thfla, vdi q u a n niem vd Bd T a t m a n g tfnh " n h a p n h i e u hdn va vdi chfl trfldng mdi ca n h a n đu cd " P h a t tfnh", cd k h a n d n g giac ngd t h i ft cd sfl tach biet cai linh t h i e n g va thé t u c nhfl d P h a t giao Tieu thfla n g u y e n t h u y Va nhfl n h a n d i n h ciia n h i e u n h a n g h i e n cflu, tfn ngfldng d a n g i a n d day m a n g tfnh thflc d u n g nhidui hdn (P Berger 1983)
O cac nflde Ddng A va Ddng N a m A t r o n g vflng vdn hoa N h o gi;'io, vai trd ciia 16 thflc t d n g i a o m a n g t f n h xa h d i r a t
q u a n t r g n g t r o n g k b i mdt sd thflc h a n h tdn giao m a n g tfnh ca n h a n (nhfl cau nguyen) cd mflc thufc h a n h khdng cao Dieu cho p h e p gidi thfch tfnh ne nghi thflc (ritualisme) cua vflng vdn boa Va cae tdn giao dgc t h a n (nhfl Islam giao Kitd giao v.v ) vdo vflng da't nay, dfldc Cling cd' va p h a t trien bdi net van boa dac thfl nay, cang gia t a n g chieu kfch thflc h a n h cac tdn giao neu tren Va thufc b a n h - cho dfl la hinh thflc - la yeu td rat q u a n ti-gng viec cung cd tfnh tdn giao Didu m i n h chflng m a n h me ban sac tdn giao r a t s a u d a m d cac nhdm d a n cfl thieu sci theo tdn giao ddc t h a n d Chau A, nhfl ngfldi Cdng giao d Viet N a m h a y ngfldi Cdng giao va Tin L a n h giao d H d n Qudc (Kitd giao chie'm k h o a n g 26% dan sd)
(8)10 Nghien CU'U Ton giao .S<'3'2 - 2010
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- Asia Barometer Survey (ABS) 200.5-07
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