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v i n de ddt ra la thg trudc kia dyng nhd cho ngudi Dao Ao ddi. Hp Id ngudi Dao, Viet hay thupc tpc khac? Qua tai lipu, ngdi nhd ciia nhieu tpc thieu so nudc ta cd dau an ban tay cua[r]
(1)Tgp chi Ddn tpc hgc sd'3 - 2011 13
NHA Of CUA NGl/Ofl DAO AO DAI TINH HA GIANG
(Ket cau ky thuat va nhung yeu to vat chat lien quan den viec dung nha)
PHAM MINH P H O C
Rgudi Dao Ao dai cdn cd ten gpi khac nhu Dao Lan Tiln, Dao Tuyln la mpt nhirng nhdm dia phuong tpc ngudi Dao Theo sd lieu Tdng dieu tra dan sd va nha d 1/4/2009, ngudi Dao d nudc ta cd 751.067 ngudi, cu trii chii ylu tai cac tinh mien mii phia Bac, ddng nhat d tinh Ha Giang, vdi 109.708 ngudi, chilm 15,1% dan sd cua tinh
Cho den nay, van hoa Dao ndi chung da thu hiit kha nhieu nha khoa hpc de tam nghien ciiu, song van de nha d ciia tpc ngudi van cdn it dugc chii y Rieng nha d cua
r ^ ^ nhdm Dao Ao dai mdi chi de cap budc dau
trong mdt sd ft cdng trinh nhu Nhd a co truyen ciia cdc ddn tpc Viet Nam (Nguyen Khdc Tung, 1994), Nhd a ciia nguai Dao xua vd (Nguyen Khac Tung, 1996) va
Vdn hoa truyin thong nguai Dao a Hd Giang [Pham Quang Hoan, Himg Dinh Quy (Chii bien), 1999] Trong d hdu hit cac nhdm Dao thudng tdn tai mot loai hinh nha, ngudi Dao Ao dai d tinh Ha Giang hien vdn d ca nha san va nha nen dat Tai cac huyen vimg cao mii da nhu Quan Ba, Yen Minh ddng bao d loai nha dit trinh tudng, mai lap cd gianh, nhung d cac huyen Vi Xuyen, Hoang Su Phi, Bdc Quang va Quang Binh hp lai sdng nhiing ngdi nha san, mai Igp la cp Bai vilt chi dl cap tdi kit cdu ky thuat va nhung ylu td vat chdt lien quan
din viec dung hai loai hinh nhd cua nhdm Dao Ao dai d tinh Ha Giang
L Ket cau ky thuat va each thurc dung nhd
1.1 Ket cdu nhd sdn
Nha san cua ngudi Dao Ao dai thudng cd gian chinh, chdi phu d dau hdi, mdi ehai rpng gan gian Tuy vay, hp khdng tinh quy md ngdi nha baiig sd gian ma tinh bang sd cdt chfnh, chang han nha cpt, nha cpt, 12 cdt Ve hinh thiic, nha cd dang hinh chii nhat hay chii nhat nhung gdn vudng Trong dd, gian giiia - noi dat ban thd, bao gid ciing rdng hon cac gian khac Bdi ddng bao tin rang, gian giira la gian thd Cling, tire noi "ma d" nen can phdi thdng thoang va rdng rai hon thi mdi nhan dugc sy bao hd ciia ma ban thd {jdng hu)
r r 1.1.1 Ket cdu VI keo
(2)14 Pham Minh PhOc Chdng han nhu cau true vi kdo ngdi nhd sdn
cua dng Ddng Vdn Ndng, 62 tuoi ndm 2009, d thdn Tham Vc, xa Cao Bo, huy?n Vj Xuyen Day Id mpt so nhii-ng ngoi nha cd nhat d Tham Vc cdn sdt lai den nay, vdi ly gia dinh ngheo, chua the dirng dugc nha mdi (xem Hinh ve va 2)
Khi dugc phdng vin, dng Ndng ndi: "Ngoi nhd dugc dyng tir ddi dng npi cua tdi, me toi hon 90 tuoi, vl ldm dau me tdi dd thay cd sdn ngdi nha roi" Theo nhieu ngudi gid thdn Tham Vd, nhd cua dng Ndng la mpt nhung ngdi nha cd cua ngudi Dao Ao ddi d x3 Cao Bd, huyen Vi Xuyen
Hinh vc I Vi keo ngoai ciing (dau hoi) nhd dng Dang Vdn Ndng Cau dau {nghi heng phdng) ^ ^ J:§^y chong ndc (dinh ddn) Keo {biing ma)
Qua giang {chdu hen^
Got trdn {dinh thdy)
Cdt quan {b ghieu kien]
Xaganh {cd diim phdng)
Dam ngang {cd ldng chuiing) Cdt cdi {b ghieu nil) Ty le: 2m
Hinh ve Vi keo gian giira nha dng Ddng Vdn Ndng
Xa ddn (cd diim clam)
Xa nach (cd diim sdt)
(3)Tgp clii Ddn tpc ligc sd - 2011 15 Dang vi keo d hiu hit cac ngdi nha
dung tir 50 nam din 10 nam trd lai day cd khd nhilu cpt va xa Trong do, kha phd biln la dang vi keo cd cot cai, cpt quan, cpt hien {thdm jam), cdt trdn hien {tiing jam); qua giang va cau diu diu Id xa kep Cd thl liy vi du vi keo nha dng Dang Van Chau, 40 tudi, d thdn Tham Ve, xa Cao Bd, huyen Vi Xuyen (xem Hinh ve 3) Ngdi nha dugc bd dng Chau dyng nam 1960, cd kilu vi kep thay kha phd bien d nhirng ngdi nhd dugc lam nhiing nam 60 - 80 cua thl ky trudc
Dudi day la loai vi keo hien dang nhu mpt "mdt" mdi dugc thinh hanh d nhieu dia phuong, ngudi Dao Ao ddi sang tdc tir nhu cau tham my bdi rimg khan hiem gd tdt, dya tren co sd cac dang vi keo cu ket hgp vdi kieu vi keo nha ngudi Tdy, ngudi Viet Cu the, hp thay cac xd ddi xien tir dau den cudi nha bdng cac doan xd ndi qua cac cdt theo kilu mdng that mang ca Cd the
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lay vf dy ve vi keo nhd dng Ly Van Kien,
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mdt sd thg mdc chuyen nghiep d thdn Tham Ve (xem Hinh ve 4), chinh dng da dp dyng dyng nhieu ngdi nhd d cdc thdn xa Cao Bd va nhieu xa khdc cd ngudi Dao Ao dai d huyen Vi Xuyen
Kinh ve Vi keo giiia nhd dng Dang Van Chdu
Tungjdm
Thdm jam
Ty le: Q \ ?m
Hinh ve Vi keo nhd dng Ly Van Kien Dinh {thdy heng)
Xandi {Heng tau)
T,% 1A
(4)16 Phgm Minh Phuc 1.1.2 Kit cdu sdn, vdch vd mdi 1.2 Kitc&u nhd ddt
Sdn nhd truyin thong cling nhu hipn Diem khdc bi?t so vdi nha sdn la tai diu cd ldp Trudc kia, ldp dudi ldm kit ciu nhd dit, ben canh bp khung cpt bdng nhCrng cay viu trdi diu tren cdc vd kdo bdng g5, xuong mdi bdng tre go, cdn
> * ^
dam ngang, ldp tren bdng gidt tre {lau vien) cd them tudng trinh xung quanh nhd Tudng dap giap bo banh trdi vudng gdc vdi Idp dit khdng chi cd tdc dung kin gid, giii cho dudi, lien kit vdi Idp dudi bang lat bupc ngdi nhd im dp hon vao miia ddng mdt me Hien nay, da so nhd cd ldp dudi la nhO'ng vdo he, md cdn la bp phan ciing vdi bp thanh go to bdng ban tay, day 4cm, tren khung chdng dd mdi nhd
Nhd dat thudng cd gian vdi dau hoi bit ddc, dd gian giira rpng hon dd rdi van Xua kia, giiia sdn nhd cd mpt
thanh go ddi gpi Id pung sdng, chay dpc sdt mdp bip nhd, hau hit sdn
, , ^ ^i - 5c ' -> ^- on AX- Bp khung nhd ddt cd vd hao hao gidng bo cdc nha deu trai go van rpng tdi 80cm, ddi * e e v 7 8m nen khdng cin din Xh^nhpung sdng ^^^""8 ^"^ "8^' "^^ ^^" '^^^g ^°^ 8'^*^ Thyc ra, kit ciu sdn kilu cu, ^°^- T^X "hien, nha ngudi ta chu yeu pang sdng khdng cd tdc dung trg luc hay ^'"^ ^^^^ ^ "^" ^^^' ^ ^ 8^<^ >^ ^' ':^^ X^" ^^
(5)Tgp chi Ddn tpc hgc so'3 - 2011 17 Hau het cac ngdi nha nln dit, bat
ke loai vi kdo cua ngudi Dao Ao ddi d cdc dia ban tren diu cd tudng dit trinh din tan thanh kdo dk chia sd luc dd mdi Tudng dang dugc trinh sat ben ngoai hang cpt cdi phia trudc, chi danh mpt khoang tir tudng
ddng din hang cpt ngodi cung lam hien Doi vdi hai dau hoi, sau tudng dugc trinh cao bdng tudng hau, vd trinh giat cap, thu din len theo kilu hinh chdp dk che kfn hdi nhd, ddng thdi lam nhiem vu cdc ddn tay
Hinh ve Vi kdo nha dng Ly Dai Ngdn, 64 tudi, ngudi Dao Ao ddi d thdn Tnic Son, xa Qudn Ba, huypn Qudn Ba
Kdo {biing ma)
Cdt quan {lira chii)
Dim ngang {phdng pha)
Cdt hien {xd chu)
Ty le: 2m
Hinh ve Vi kdo nhd dng Ly Td Quiy, 63 tudi, thdn Limg Mudi, xa Quylt Tien, huyen Qudn Ba
Kdo {bung ma)
Cdt cai {chung chii) Tudng dat {ly siing)
(6)18 Phgm Minh Phuc 1.3 Cdch thiic dung nhd nudc dk bupc Thudng cd loai lat vdi dp ^ i , , ,, , , , , , , , ; ddi ddy mdng khdc d l bupc md vao rui,
De hoan mpt ngoi nhd phdi J & v , , ; J « u - X ^ux.- rui vdo ddn tay va ddn tay vao kdo
qua nhieu cong doan thupc vdo thdi •' •'
gian, nhan lyc va khd ndng kinh tl ciia moi Sau dye mgng vd chi biln gS gia dinh Doi vdi ngudi Dao Ao ddi d Hd thdnh cdc ciu kipn cua bd khung nhd, gia Giang, thudng mit vai ba ndm dk chuin bj chu mdi nhd anh em thdn di chdt viu cac dieu kien vat chit Trong dd, cdng vipc lam rui, chd md Theo ngudi Dao Ao quan trpng gin nhu mang tfnh quylt dinh Id ddi, Idm md tdt nhit la cay dien {ldu viin), vi tim cay go, chat ngd vd xe lam cpt, keo, qua tre ndy than trdn, to, ddi, de che, khdng mpt giang, cac loai dim, van thung Cdc cdng Ben canh dd, hp cung chuan bi vat Ii?u lop viec chu gia dinh, chii ylu ngudi mdi Tai nhQng viing lap nha bdng cd gianh, ddn dng ddm nhiem Tir di sdn, hdi lam hang ndm trudc dung nhd, chii nhd deu thd sdn hodc cd viec phai vdo rirng hp da de nhd hdng xdm di cdt gianh, phoi khd roi y din nhO'ng cay go cd the chdt ve ldm nhd, gdnh ve ddnh thdnh timg tam Cdn nhung rdi ddnh ddu sd hiiu Sau vu mua, chinh noi Igp nhd bdng la cp, trudc liic dyng nha nhirng ddn dng d cdc gia dinh thdn mdt thang, chu nhd cung nhd dan thdn di ddi cdng di chat cay, xd go chudn bi chat la cp d vudn rimg nha minh hodc vay dan cac nguyen vat lieu ldm nhd Khi da xd mugn tir vudn rimg nha khdc, xep du sd lugng gd dy kien can dung, ddng thdi tung dong dgi dam bay cho Id khd bdt cung chuan bi xong khd ndng kinh te, gia nudc mdi gdnh \ I tap kit gin \i tri ldm nha
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dinh tien hdnh chon dat Idm nhd mdi bdng r^j , , , , ^x i j«- L' • , ^ Doi vol bp phan Dao Ao dai o nha cdch bdi gao Ho td chiic nhan luc x *ô., i ã i • ^i *, , , •
, , , • ^ nen dat, chuan bi day du cac loai thdn theo kieu ddi cdng de cung ddo vd san
nen nhd mdi, rieng nhO'ng ngudi trai trang thi vdo rimg giiip van chuyen gd ve tap kit tai dja diem dinh dyng nhd Ngay sau dd, chu nha nhd thg ca ddnh myc vdo go, cho nhdm thg ldng giiip due mdng, chi biln go
nguyen \at lieu vira ke, hp chua tien hdnh dyng nha nga> md phdi nhd mpi ngudi giiip trinh tudng cao len khoang 2m mdi dung bo khung cpt, rdi tiep tuc trinh tudng din hodn chinh thi lap kdo, ddn tay, rui me va , , , ^ , , , , , «, Igp Rieng sd Dao Ao dai d nha san, ho co cpt nha, xa, keo Neu de lau, gd qua ,, i , , , , , • , , i L- ' , , ^ ,, , ,, ^ the dyng nha vua chuan bi xong kho se kho lam
(7)Tgp clii Ddn tpc hgc so - 2011 19 Cac yeu to vat chat lien quan
den viec dyng nha
2.1 Cdc loai nguyen vat lieu va cdch khai thdc
Ngudi Dao Ao ddi cd loai hinli nha nhung deu diing cdc vat lieu thao mdc de xay dung nhu go, tre, may song, la cp, cd gianh la nhOng thii tuong doi sdn cd tai noi cu trii ciia hp Bat ke loai hinh nhd, kliung deu dugc ldm tir go, mdi cd sudn chii yeu tre mia, Igp la cp hay gianh, vdch bung bdng phen tre dap giap hodc van gd Trong dilu kien hien nay, da phan cac ngdi nhd dugc bung bang van go, mai Igp ngdi be tdng hay tam Igp cdng nghiep
NhOng loai cay gd dugc ngudi Dao Ao ddi ua thich khai thdc de ldm nhd gdm cd ddi {tung kiem ydng), sen {cd sin ydng), xoan dat {ngodng thdm ydng), nghien {bd nghien ydng), tau {tea la) va sdi {ba sdy ydng) Day Id cdc loai gd tdt, dugc dimg de lam cdt vd cac xd chiu luc, kdo Nhiing loai gd chi dimg ldm cdc bd phan it chiu luc hon nhu mdt sd xd, cau phong, li-td gdm cd: phay {ba ydng), cdo {ngodng co), sang {ba cldu ydng), kim giao (pe thdu ydng), chd nau {tii clii ydng), mat trau {ngodng tdm ydng), mdt loai md {con ydng), phay {menh kieng ydng), de {cd ddy ydng), vai {ma siu) Tuy
vay, loai gd ma ngudi Dao Ao ddi sdng d vimg mii dat ua dung lam nha sdn van Id gd ddi Theo dng Ly Van Kien, ngudi Dao Ao dai d thdn Tham Vd, lam nhd bang gd ddi Id tdt nhit vi go khdng qua cung, dl xe, ldm dugc mpi thii, kl ca cpt, xa, van bung, lai khdng bi mpt Trudng hgp khdng tim dugc go ddi, hp mdi dimg loai go khac Vi vay, moi di rimg gap dugc cay ddi to nhung chua cd dilu kien khai thac ngay, ngudi ta
danh dau sd hun bdng each dimg dao chdm hai vet cheo vdo than cay Nhin thay cay gd da ddnh dau, mpi ngudi viing deu ty gidc tdn trpng Rieng nhO'ng ngudi Dao Ao dai d viing cao nui da lai thfch gd nghien vd soi dl dyng nhd Tuy nhien, khai thac nhieu, d Ha Giang hien chi cdn mpt lugng it cay ddi, sdi, nghien lau nien d cdc khu rimg gid, cdch cdc thdn ban khd xa Bdi vay, de tiet kiem thdi gian di lai tu nha den noi lay go, mdi lan di chat hay xe gd, hp thudng d lai rirng khodng ngdy lien Moi di chat hay xe go thudng cd ft nhdt hai ngudi de trg giiip neu gap sy cd bat thudng giira rimg NhOng ngudi di khai thdc gd chii yeu la nam nien hodc ddn dng khoe manh va hp lam ddi cdng cho nhau, tiic chuyen ndy xe cho ngudi nay, chuyen sau xe cho ngudi khac nhdm
Tim dugc cay go ung y, trudc dimg riu ha, ngudi ta thudng phat quang khu vyc xung quanh cay gd vdi bdn kfnh 5m vd quan sat dia hinh de chpn mdt hudng thfch hgp cho cay dd, thuan tien nhat cho viec xd gd sau Ngudi ta cdn tim chat mdt sd cay cd dudng kinh khoang 20cm, ldm da ngang cay go dd, trdnh cay dd bep xudng dat, gay khd khan cho viec cua xe gd Khi ddn cay, mudn cho cay dd ve phia ndo, hp chat phfa trudc, chat dugc 2/3 thi chuyen sang chat phfa sau, d vi tri cao hon vet chat trudc khoang 20 25cm
(8)20 Pham Minh Phiic
ngay (7, 17, 27) bdi tin rdng di khdng vl {nhl Vinh zgt ma lau), kieng cdc ngdy (9, 19, 29) nhO-ng "ngay chd" Khi diln dd d thdn Nam Ai (Nam Son, Hoang Su Phi), dng Dang Kim Lugng 58 tuoi vd mpt so cy gia Dao Ao dai d dd cho bilt rdng, each day gin 80 ndm, dng Ddng Dau Biu, mpt ngudi dan lang khdng kieng ngdy 7, di phdt nuong vd bj chit vi cay vdo ngudi Day nhu mdt dan chung ve viec phdi kieng khdng di chat cay
Ngudi Dao ddi cdn cd tap qudn, trudc chat cay phai quan sat xem cay cd diu hieu bit thudng khdng Hp khdng liy nhOng cay dang thay la vi sg phuc khdng din vdi gia dinh Hp cung khdng chpn cay bi set ddnh, gay ngpn, chet khd, bi sau due vi cho rang dem nhung cay ve ldm nha, ma
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se theo ve quay qua Khi dien da d thdn Tham Vd (Cao Bo, Vi Xuyen), ngudi dan d day ke rdng, vao ndm 1995, anh Ddng Van Chau chat cay gay ngpn de lam ldn nghi d khu rudng bac thang cua gia dinh, chi mdt thang sau lan hoan thdnh thi bi gid thdi tung mai, lam ldn, vang khdi vi tri dung hon 10m, dac gdm ndi nieu, xoong chdo va cdc cdng cu lao ddng cung bi vdng tii tung, nhung cai bat vdng lat ngira vd xep thdnh hang ngang, each deu d tren bd rudng nhu each xep bdt ciing tren ban thd Khi di len khu rudng, gia dinh thiy cdnh tugng dd rat sg va trd vl ldng nhd thiy bdi xem nguyen nhan la khdng dl y, da chat cay bi set ddnh lam cpt lan Bdi vay, ngudi
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Dao Ao ddi d thdn Tham Vd lai cang tin vao cdc kieng ky di khai thac tre, go ma cha dng hp da truyen day
Khi da cay gd, ngudi ta cua bd phin ngpn, xd dpc than thdnh nhilu mdnh
khdc myc dich sir dyng Dl thyc hipn mpt dudng xd cin cd hai ngudi Cdng cu gom cd chile cua ludi ngang ty rdn hodc mua d chg NhQng tim go mdi xd dugc phoi kho tren cdc dd ke cao hon mdt dat khoang
Im Thdng thudng, nlu khai thdc vdo ndm trudc thi miia khd ndm sau chii go nhd nhOng ngudi khod manh thdn van chuyin go vl nhd Cd thl ndi, vipc van chuyin ton khd nhilu sue, nhQng cho dudng len doc ngudi ta phdi khieng, xuong doc hp lao go, nhung doan dudng bdng thi dimg siic keo cua ngudi hodc trdu Ddi vdi loai gd tap, ngudi Dao Ao ddi hien da quan tam ngdm nudc dk trdnh mpt tilp thu tir tdc ngudi khdc khoang 20 ndm trd lai day Nghien cuu cho thdy, ngudi Dao Ao dai nam dugc ky thuat ngam go tuong ddi tdt nhung cdc bd go ciia hp thudng chi dim xudng nudc bdng cdch
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dat dd ndng dd len, it dugc dim sau xuong bim nhu d ngudi Viet, tham chi cd ngudi de gd ndi tren mat nudc
Gidng nhu go, cdc loai cay hp tre nhu tre gai {ldu zirm) mai {ldu md), vau {ldu bdu), mia {ldu de), dien {ldu vien) dugc ngudi Dao Ao ddi sir dung khdng chi lam nhd ma cdn lam leu, lan d rudng nuong, rdo vudn Bdi vay, ngudi ta khai thac tre nua bit ke vao thdi gian nao, nhien tre nua dl lam nha thudng chat lay vao mua khd nhung ngdy khdng trdng de tranh bi mgt
(9)Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd'3 - 2011 21_ dai, dat tdt la loai mau vdng pha vdi mgt it xa Phuong Thien cung huyen da nhin thiy
da nhd khac v l kich thudc nhung dd ngudi Tdy dimg cua xd gd, vl nhd dng bat khdng to qua mdt nam tay Loai dit chudc rdn ludi cua dau tien d thdn trinh tudng chdc, khd it bi mit thdnh ranh Luc dd khdng chi d Tham Vd md cdc thdn to, nlu bi nut cung, vdi vit nhd Tuy vay, khdc xa Cao Bd diu chua cd cua, ddng bdo vdn thfch lay dat d nhiing cho gan muon xd cpt nhd phdi thue cua dng Ddnh vdi vi tri dyng nhd de tdn cdng vdn chuyin, gid bac trdng trd theo thda thudn thudc
r
tham chi dimg dat thira dugc dao tir phia dp mdn cua ludi cua da tir trudc hodc
r \ r \
ta-luy duong dao dap nen nhd thue hdo bac trang/ngdy Khi dien da tai 11 r^^ J- II ' I ' - huyen Qudn Ba vd Hodng Su Phi, nhOng
2.2 Cong cu dung khai thac nguyen , ' ^ , , r ,.^ , , ' ngudi Dao Ao ddi d day ke rdng, ho biet
lieu va dumg nha ^ , •^ , , '
dimg chiec cua xd va cua cdt tir dau nhOng Tir khai thdc nguyen lieu din ^^ gQ thl ky trudc, cdc anh bd dpi dudi dyng hodn chinh mdt ngdi nhd, ngudi Dao ^udi len dimg cua xd gd dk dyng ldn trai Ao ddi dimg nhieu loai cdng cu lao ddng, x^j^c 45^ ngudi Dao Ao ddi da lam nhd song hiu hit diu thupc loai da ndng nhu riu b^ng cdt hop vudng, nhung dk cd dugc ipdu), dao {zii), dao qudm {zii ngdu), cua nhd nhOng cdt iy hg dimg riu bd vdo than cay da {zdu kien), cua xd ngudi keo {zdu cat), due chat tren rimg, rdi chem nem gd vao vit vudng {heng ddng thu), due bat {thu pen), nut, dimg biia ddnh vao nem, dgi than cay gd bdo {tiing pgo), bdo ranh {phdng zdo pao), tir tir tdch thdnh ranh rpng vd sau hon, rdi thudc gd theo gang hodc theo sdi {trach), lai nem vd danh din dugc cdc mdnh hop day ddnh muc {mac tau) Trong dd, nhu y D I mat cdt nhdn, phdng, hp dimg
•\ r t r
cdng cu chuyen dung can phdi ke den la nu vd dao de deo Hien ngudi Dao Ao chile riu vira dimg chat cay, bd tao ranh dpc ddi chii yeu mua cua d chg, mdt sd gia dinh than cay dl chem nem, rdi dimg biia ta gd cdn mua dugc cua may de len rimg xd go {ban zdy) bd phd banh Day Id loai riu cd cdn thue cho nhOng hg cd nhu cdu khai thdc gd go trdn ddi 60 70cm, dudng kinh khodng dung nha Khoang - nam trd lai day, 3,5cm; ludi bdng sdt, hinh chO: nhat, dugc ngudi Dao Ao dai bdt diu sir dung cdc loai dap vat ben rdn tao ludi rdi mdi vd tdi due con, due bat, bdo, thudc gdc
(10)22 Pham Minh Phuc
2.3 Tha dung nhd
v i n de ddt la thg trudc dyng nhd cho ngudi Dao Ao ddi Hp Id ngudi Dao, Viet hay thupc tpc khac? Qua tai lipu, ngdi nhd ciia nhieu tpc thieu so nudc ta cd dau an ban tay cua ngudi thg Viet, nhung din van chua cd thdng tin vl ngudi Viet dung nha cho ngudi Dao Ao dai d Hd Giang Tai thdn True Son, xa Qudn Ba, huyen Qudn Ba, thao luan vdi cac dng Ly Dai Ngan (64 tuoi), Ly Dai Minh (66 tuoi) va Ly Sin Ddn (64 tuoi) cho thiy, trudc ndm 1960 nhd cira cua ngudi Dao Ao ddi d day cung nhu noi khdc diu tam bg, theo kilu nhd nen dat hodc nira san nira dit, mdi Igp gianh, vdch bung mia dap giap bd banh Nhd dd da trinh tudng nhung thip vd kin xung quanh ciing bp khung vdi kilu kit ciu vi kdo nhu bay gid Bk cd kilu nhd d Triic Son hien nay, cung la kieu nhd phd bien cua ngudi Dao Ao dai d cdc huyen viing cao Bdc Ha Giang, hp da hpc tir Lao Hd, mpt ngudi Han di cu tir Trung Qudc den lam an rdi lay vg ngudi Nimg vd sdng dinh cu tai ban Nd Vien, xa Qudn Ba, huyen Qudn Ba Chfnh Lao Hd la ngudi thg khac tdc dau tien giiip ngudi Dao Ao dai dung nhd theo kieu ndy Ong Ly Dai Ngdn khdng dinh ke lai rang nhd cua dng chinh Id ngdi nhd dau tien dugc Lao Hd giup thiet ke va dyng khdng lay cdng vdo ndm 1960 Cd chuyen Id vi dd dng Ngdn ldm ke todn Hgp tdc xa, da giiip Lao Hd hodn tat cdc thii tuc khai bao vdi chinh quyen dia phuong dk dugc sinh sdng d Viet Nam Tu: dd, nhilu ngudi Dao Ao dai bat chudc, hpc each lam nhd theo kieu ndy Din nay, ky thuat lam nha dit trinh tudng vdi bd khung vi kdo cpt da trd nen quen thudc, va tit ca cdc ngdi nhd thdn deu thg ngudi Dao Ao dai ty lam
Diln dd tai cdc xa Quylt Tien (Quan B^), Cao Bd (Vj Xuyen), ngudi dan cho bilt them, gin day thg ngudi Dao Ao ddi cdn tu dyng nhd cho ba ngudi Dao tren co sd bdt chudc k5^ thuat dung nhd cua nhilu tpc khdc nhu Viet, Niing (xa Quylt Tiln), Tdy (xd Cao Bd)
Mdc dii nhd ciia ngudi Dao Ao ddi chfnh thg cua hp ty dung, nhung trudc day khdng cd nhung hiep thg ngudi Dao chuyen di dyng nhd cira thue Moi thdn ban ciia hp thudng chi cd mdt vdi ngudi ldm thg Khi
^ • ' ' can nhd thg gia chu mang mpt dieu thuoc ldo, mpt ddi tien xu {tien kien) den nhd thg ddt vin dk N I U thg ddng y, chii nhd nhd ngudi tim ngdy tdt rdi mdi thg den danh myc vdo nhung gd, sau dd tim ngudi hang xdm den due mdng giiip Hp tin rdng, neu khdng chpn tdt de ddnh muc, nhiing ngudi den giiip de due nham, ldm hdng gd Ngoai ra, tdi hdm md dau due cpt, gia nhd can md mdt gd ciing ma Ld Ban {lii pan man), cau \ i td su nghe mdc giiip cho viec dung nhd sudn sd, khdng due nham lo hay bi tai nan Trir dng thg chinh phu trach ve ky thuat, thg dung nha Id ngudi ddnh myc, cdn nhQng ngudi due cdt, keo cpt
r
dyng nhd la ngudi thdn; sau ndy den lugt hp lam nhd, gia chu giiip lai
(11)Tgp chi Ddn tpc hgc sd'3 - 2011 23
Kien (48 tudi) Ban Vdn Hdng (48 tudi) lam thg cd; thdn Tnic Son (xa Quan Ba, huyen Qudn Ba) cd hiep thg cdc dng Ly Dai Ngdn (64 tudi), Ly Td Pao (30 tudi); thdn Nam Ai (Nam Son, Hoang Su Phi) cd dng Ddng Kim Dat (32 tudi) lam thg ca Theo nhung ngudi thg ndy, tir vdi ndm d nhieu dia phuang Dao Ao dai khdng chi canh tdc cdc loai ngu cdc ma cdn trdng thdo qud vd lam them nhieu nghe khdc, bdi vay rdt it thdi gian ndng nhan Day la ly ma cdc gia dinh mudn khodn cho thg phdn mdc vd trinh tudng, chi can nhd bd den dung nhd de sau ndy dd phdi di trd cdng mpe hay trinh tudng
Mot vai nhan xet
- Ngudi Dao Ao ddi d Hd Giang hien cdn tri dugc hai loai hinh nha d khdc nhau: nhd sdn vd nhd tret Tuy vdy, cd hai loai nha cua hg deu cd diem chung Id sir dung cdc loai nguyen vat lieu sdn cd d dia phuong, gdn vdi dieu kien mdi sinh tai vimg dd Cho den nay, chii nhdn bat ke nhd sdn hay nhd tret van luu giO: dugc nhung kinh nghiem va tri thuc dan gian viec su dyng cd hieu qud ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien tai chd de ldm nhd
Nhd nghien cuu Nguydn Khdc Tung khdo sat ngdi nhd tret cua ngudi Dao Ao dai d phia Qudn Ba, tinh Hd Giang timg neu gia thilt phai chang day Id di dnh cua ngdi nhd sdn? [Pham Quang Hoan, Himg Dinh Quy (Chu bien), 1999, tr 85] Tuy nhien, nhQng cu lieu thu thap dugc d vimg ngudi Dao Ao ddi phia Qudn Ba cho thiy, trudc bd phan Dao timg d nhd niia sdn niia dit, hien mdi d nhd dat trinh tudng nhu mot sd tdc ngudi khdc vimg Do vay, cQng cd thl dat gia thilt
nhOng ngudi Dao Ao ddi phia Vi Xuyen, Hodng Su Phi trudc day cung timg d nhQng ngdi nha kieu nira san nira dat, ve sau cd the sdng gan ngudi Tay, tiep xiic thudng xuyen vdi van hda Tdy nen chuyen sang d nhd sdn nhu hien nay, bdi chinh Nguyen Khdc Tung cung timg viet "Nhd sdn
J r r r
phd bien d nhiing ngudi Dao da xudng thap song xen vdi ngudi Tdy" (Nguyen Khdc Tung, 1996, tr 38)
r
Hai dang nhd ciia ngudi Dao Ao ddi rd rdng khdng chi khdc ve hinh thiic
f r r •* ket cdu ky thudt, mdt sd nguyen lieu de dyng
nhd, md moi dang cdn bien ddi theo thdi gian tdc ddng tir nhiing thay ddi ciia mdi trudng thien nhien vd xu the md rdng quan he giao luu giiia cac dan tdc, mac dii chu nhan tao nen nhirng ngdi nhd deu Id ngudi Dao Ao ddi Chi qua loai hinh vd ky thudt that khd chi nhOng dac trung vdn hda
r f t > ngdi nhd vd xu the bien ddi, vi vay can
r r r
tiep tuc nghien cuu nhOng yeu td vdn hda tinh thin vd phong tuc, tap qudn khdc lien quan den ngdi nha thi mdi thay dugc het nhiing dac trung dd d nhdm Dao ndy
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Pham Quang Hoan, Himg Dinh Quy (Chu bien) 1999, Vdn hoa truyen thong nguai Dao a Hd Giang, Nxb Vdn hda dan tdc, Hd Ndi
2 Nguyen Khdc Tung (1994), Nhd a CO truyen cdc ddn tpc Viet Nam (tap I), Hdi Khoa hpc Lich sir Viet Nam Trung tam Nghien ciiru kiln tnic, Hd Ndi