1.1.1 Air composition 7
1.1.2 Air separation techniques 8
1.2.1 Introduction of adsorption and adsorbent 17
1.2.2 Molecular sieve adsorbent 19
1.3.1 Theoretical background of adsorption and desorption processes. 25
1.3.2 Structure of adsorption column 28
1.3.3 Mechanism of adsorption process 29
1.3.4 Structure and principle of N2 gas generator using pressure swing adsorption. 31
1.4.1 Mathematical models to describe a single fixed bed 34
1.4.2 Simulation for process and equipment in adsorption 38
1.4.3 Optimization of nitrogen gas generator 39
1.5.1 In the world 42
1.5.2 In Vietnam 45
2.2.1 Carbon Molecular Sieve 49
2.2.2 Analytical equipment for investigating characteristics of adsorbent 49
2.2.3 A complete experimental system is N2 gas generator using PSA cycle 50
2.3.1 Introduction 50
2.3.2 General method 51
2.3.3 Studying method about carbon molecular sieve 51
2.3.4 Methods of a building experimental systems for air separator by PSA 52
2.3.5 Determining method of diffusion coefficient 54
2.3.6 Determining method of pressure drop through particle layer of a bed 55
2.3.7 Methods establish a mathematical models to describe a single fixed bed 57
2.3.8 Simulation and optimization of air separator 61
2.3.9 Experimental method 63
2.2.10 Method scale-up of industry 64
3.1.1 Some general specifications of CMS-240 65
3.1.2 Thermal analysis DSC and TG of CMS-240 66
3.1.3 Composition and structure of CMS-240 67
3.1.4 Specific surface of CMS-240. 71
3.2.1 Calculation characteristics and basic dimensions of a single fixed bed 74
3.2.2 Maximum adsorption capacity calculation of a single fixed bed 75
3.2.3 Manufacturing an experimental system to generate nitrogen gas 77
3.3.1 Pressurization 84
3.3.2 Adsorption 84
3.3.3 Descrease pressure 85
3.3.4 Desorption 85
3.5.1 Velocity of air flow through a single fixed bed, uc (m/s) 91
3.5.2 Molecular diffusion coefficient, DAB (cm2/s) 91
3.5.3 Determination membrane diffusion coefficient (Knudsen), Dk (cm2/s) 92
3.5.4 Axial diffusion coefficient, DL (cm2/s) 92
3.6 Summary parameters of nitrogen gas generator 95
3.7.1 Simulation and optimization for a single fixed bed 97
3.7.2 Investigation of simulation and optimization for N2 gas generator using PSA. 122
3.7.3 Simulation and experimental comparision of a single fixed bed and two beds 145
3.8.1 Scale-up industry for equipment with different productivity 148
3.8.2 Application of N2 gas generators for production of RDX explosive 152
NOMENCLATURE
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I - OVERVIEW
1.1 Air composition and separation technichques
1.2 Absorbent
1.3 Theoretical background of adsorption, desorption and nitrogen gas generator using pressure swing adsorption.
1.3.1 Theoretical background of adsorption and desorption processes.
1.3.2 Structure of adsorption column
1.3.3 Mechanism of adsorption process
1.3.4 Structure and principle of N2 gas generator using pressure swing adsorption.
1.4 Mathematical model, simulation and optimization for a single fixed bed
1.4.1 Mathematical models to describe a single fixed bed
1.4.2 Simulation for process and equipment in adsorption
1.4.3 Optimization of nitrogen gas generator
1.5 The results recently.
1.5.1 In the world
1.5.2 In Vietnam
CHAPTER II - OBJECTS AND METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER III - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Specifications of CMS-240
3.1.1 Some general specifications of CMS-240
3.1.2 Thermal analysis DSC and TG of CMS-240
3.1.3 Composition and structure of CMS-240
3.1.3.1 Structure of CMS-240
Figure 3. 3 SEM image 1x10 times of CMS-240 sample
Figure 3. 6 FE-SEM image 1x200K of inside CMS-240 particle
3.1.3.2 Composition of CMS-240.
3.1.4 Specific surface of CMS-240.
3.2 Manufacturing an experimental system to separate nitrogen gas from air
3.2.1 Calculation characteristics and basic dimensions of a single fixed bed
3.2.2 Maximum adsorption capacity calculation of a single fixed bed
3.2.3 Manufacturing an experimental system to generate nitrogen gas
Figure 3. 11 P&ID diagram of a single fixed bed model
Figure 3. 12 P&ID diagram of N2 gas generator using PSA cycle
Figure 3. 13 Nitrogen gas generator using PSA
Figure 3. 14 Parameter setting window
Figure 3. 15 Monitor, control and collect data by SCADA window
Figure 3. 16 Window to observe changing of technology parameters
Figure 3. 17 Window to print and export study data
3.3 Calculation, measure and analyze pressure drop of particle layer
3.3.1 Pressurization
3.3.2 Adsorption
3.3.3 Descrease pressure
3.3.4 Desorption
3.4 Mathematical models describe a single fixed bed by partial pressure
Mathematical models describing a single fixed bed during adsorption (2-39) and desorption (2-43) process is essentially, they are partial differential equations representing changing partial pressure of O2 time and height of a bed, but different diff...
Table 3. 4 Comparative mathematical models describing adsorption and desorption processes in gas and solid phases, respectively
3.5 Determine velocity and diffusion coefficient
3.5.1 Velocity of air flow through a single fixed bed, uc (m/s)
3.5.2 Molecular diffusion coefficient, DAB (cm2/s)
3.5.3 Determination membrane diffusion coefficient (Knudsen), Dk (cm2/s)
3.5.4 Axial diffusion coefficient, DL (cm2/s)
3.6 Summary parameters of nitrogen gas generator
3.7 Simulation and optimization for nitrogen gas generator
3.7.1 Simulation and optimization for a single fixed bed
3.7.1.1 Simulation and optimization for a single fixed bed by Matlab software.
Figure 3. 20 Partial pressure of O2 according to time and height of a bed at feed pressure of 5 bar and running 460s.
Figure 3. 21 Partial pressure of O2 according to time and height of a single fixed at feed pressure 5 bar and runtime 40s.
Figure 3. 22 Partial pressure of O2 according to height of column, at 40 s
Figure 3. 23 Partial pressure of O2 according to time, at z = 0.65m
Figure 3. 24 Partial pressure of O2 according to time and height of bed at feed pressure 5.5 bar, runtime 460s.
Figure 3. 25 Partial pressure of O2 according to time and height of bed at feed pressure 5.5 bar, runtime 40s.
Figure 3. 26 Partial pressure of O2 according to height of bed, at 40 s
Figure 3. 27 Partial pressure of O2 according to time, at z = 0.65m.
3.7.1.2 Simulation for a single fixed bed by Presto software
Figure 3. 28 Workshop window on Presto software
Figure 3. 29 Window for entering simulation parameters.
Figure 3. 30 Partial pressure of N2 at outlet of bed at 600s.
Figure 3. 31 Partial pressure of O2 at outlet of bed at 600s.
Figure 3. 32 Total pressure at outlet of bed at 600s.
Figure 3. 33 Partial pressure of N2 in a single fixed bed at 100s.
Figure 3. 34 Partial pressure of O2 in a single fixed bed at 100s.
3.7.1.3 Simulation for a single fixed bed by Aspen Adsorption software
Figure 3. 35 Simulation diagram of a single fixed bed of N2 gas generator.
Figure 3. 36 Parameters of a single fixed bed.
Figure 3. 37 Equations and calculation methods for a single fixed bed.
Figure 3. 38 Input parameters of F1 stream.
Figure 3. 39 Install cycle organizer for operation program of a single fixed bed.
Figure 3. 40 Changing pressure in a single fixed bed by the time.
Figure 3. 41 Changing concentration of N2 and O2 in a single fixed bed by the time.
Figure 3. 42 Result table of raw materials stream F1
Figure 3. 43 Result table of product stream P1
3.7.1.4 Experimental investigation and optimization for a single fixed bed
Table 3. 7 Setup parameters to investigate for a single fixed bed
Figure 3. 45 Mass flow in/out of a single fixed bed time:
Figure 3. 46 Concentration of N2 and O2 at outlet of a single fixed bed
Figure 3. 51 The amount of O2 absorbed depend on feed pressure.
Table 3. 8 Simulation and experimental comparision for a single fixed bed
3.7.2 Investigation of simulation and optimization for N2 gas generator using PSA.
3.7.2.1 Simulation and optimization for N2 gas generators by Matlab software.
Figure 3. 52 Partial pressure of O2 in adsorption process from gas phase
Figure 3. 53 Partial pressure of O2 in desorption process from solid phase
Figure 3. 54 Partial pressure of O2 during adsorption with height of bed at 40 s, feed pressure 5 bar
Figure 3. 55 Partial pressure of O2 during desorption with height of bed at 40 s, feed pressure 5 bar
Figure 3. 56 Partial pressure of O2 during adsorption time at outlet of bed z = 0.65 m, feed pressure 5 bar
Figure 3. 57 Partial pressure of O2 during desorption time at outlet of bed at z = 0.65 m, feed pressure 5 bar
3.7.2.2 Simulation and optimization for N2 gas generator by Aspen Adsorption
Figure 3. 58 Diagram of N2 gas generator using PSA.
Figure 3. 59 Adsorption parameters of bed B1, B2
Figure 3. 60 Working program of bed B1 and B2
Figure 3. 61 Pressure of B1 and B2 time
Figure 3. 62 Concentrations change of N2 and O2 at output of equipment
Figure 3. 63 Raw material table
Figure 3. 64 Product table P1
3.7.2.3 Investigation of experimental and optimization for N2 gas generator
Table 3. 9 Parameters setting for two bed, 4-step
Table 3. 10 Investigation for two beds 4-step (Skarstrom)
Table 3. 11 Evaluation and comparison between a single fixed bed and two beds at feed pressure 5 bar
Table 3. 12 Parameters of 6-step cycles (Berlin)
Table 3. 13 Comparing of simulation and experimental, optimize for two beds
3.7.3 Simulation and experimental comparision of a single fixed bed and two beds
3.8 Scale-up industry for equipment and applications
CONCLUSSIONS
THE SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS
REFERENCES