Chuyển đổi và hội nhập

CHUYEN DOI VA h Oi NHAP DjNH HJCING la O N G LAI CUA CAC NUCC TRUNG VA DONG AU Cud'n sdch duac xuift bdn vdi su giup A& cua C a quan hop t&c ph^t triln quoc tS Thuy Dien (Sida) & Viet Nam JOHN EA TW ELL- MICHAEL ELLMAN MATS KARLSSON - D.MARIO NUTI JUDITH SHAPIRO CHUYEN DOI HOI NHAP V A D jN H H trO N G T tfffN G L A I CU A CA C N U V C TRU NG VA D O N G AU (SACH THAM KHAO) Ngudi dich: NGUYfiN THANH CHAu PHAM BINH MINH HOANG CHi TRUNG LE HUY HOANG NHA XUAT BAN CHINH TRI QUOC GIA HA NOI - 1997 Vicn nghicn cihi ('hinh sach cong cong (IPPR) - Sou l hMmpKMi I.uAii doji W ( ' K 7KA DiOn thoHi; ) 371) i)t(H) Kmx :(M71 11)70373 D a n u k.v Xii ihiyn: scVHOOOOo V w n n g h ie n cvtu C h i n k s d c h c o n g c o n g (IP P R ) la mnt to chiVr i u thiOn (lC>c IA|) Myi; di'ch c u a iio la b a n g vi^c nghieii ctfu, i h a o luAii vA xh^h'i bati c a c ta i li(ni c u a m i n h ^6]) phAn t a n g cifdng hidu biot c u a co ng chiinig vt? n h Q n g van kin h te c h i n h trj \PPH c a c n h a n vai han g daui t r o n g gidi hoc gia, kin h (ioanh va nghiOp doan i h a n h lAp nani dtc c u n g cAp mol s a Iiia t:hon k h a c cho c a c n h o m n g h i c n cirn chu>vu sAu v o t h j t n W n g IM ChUdng i r i n h n g h i c n ctfu c u a I P P l i p h a n a n h nhufng i h a c h ihiVc d ti vdi nvrdc Anh CAc c hi W n g ivhi h hiOn n a y n g h i c n ciAi c a c tlnh v ac chindi s a c h k in h i c vA c o n g nghivi>, cai c a c h c h m h phii nhAn (|uydn c h in h sAt h x a hoi, moi t n t d n g va c a c vAn de t h o n g thUOng k h ac kc ca vAn dc dicui t i e t , sd hQu va c a c ky nght) t h o n g tin d a n g ph at tvion Ngoa i c h u a n g t r i n h n g h i c n ciru va xuA't b a n , I P P K c u n g ca p chio c a c n h a la n h tiao nghiC'P d oa n, c a c hoc gi a va nhufng ngitdi t ro n g gi(lfi kiinh d o a n h , ta i ch f n h , c h f n h p h u va t h o n g t in d^i c h i i n g mot dion dan gap va tvao doi ve cac vA'n m a ho cutig q u a n I Am H p i d o n g Q u d n t r i: Nu^Nam ti/dc Blacktifojic fChu fichi Patricia H cuift Bd fx/dc EatwcU (tinfkyi Robert Gavrou (Phu trdch tdi vhiuh} Bd ti/(k' Rollick Valerie Awox Chnrlcit Clarke Jerem y /saacs Alan Jinkintiou Jam ea Corn ford Gido ti{f David M arquaud Bd tUi^ Dotioghuc Gido Huu killing rhinfi \*M i i o t (iiiAn 'l'hv>‘ nghiOm (iiiy hAn nioi sA d i info'im inAii l)''n flii}!! c h o viMi^ vm i k 'm i h(u kinh iihnp h>' vtni^' f\v'n\ snch s r ciin^ nlnf tf: D n i su (jUHii T h y x ' Dmmi n iiio ii ltH>‘ i7i la, cong n h an n g tieu bo kinh te phai d\ta treii p h a t trie n ben vfrng tri difdc da dang sin k hoc va ta i ng u yen th ie n n h ien cho ch a u chu ng ta T an g tntdng kinh te n h am nhClng m iic tieu th ien can dvfa tren viec dan doc ban khoiig k h i chu ng ta h it thd ngiion nit6c chung ta uong hoac m an h d at chu ng ta dang gieo tron g la khong th e chap n h a n dvM c C h m h sa ch k in h te cua nh€fng ngiw i xa hoi dan chu diidc dita n h am d at m uc tieu cai th ie n m ot cach an toan va ben vitn g sit phon vinh kin h te cu a toan xa hoi Viec dUdc thUc h ien bol can h kinh te th i trUdng bang cach theo duoi n h iln g b ien phap bao dam viec lam cao va on dinh tan g cil6n g bm h dSng v a bao dam sit th a m gia rong rai n h a t c6 th e ditdc vao qua trm h qu y et dinh Con phai tm h den mot lin h vUc q u an tron g khac Vi nh itng ngitdi xa hoi dan chvi coi th i tn td n g chi la m ot cong cu dii la khong t h I th ieu ditdc de d a t nh itng muc tieu xa hoi m ong m uon, ro ran g ho cong nh an rS n g ch Sn g lam gi c6 cai goi la "th i tntd ng" titc la mot thitc th e nhS^t ditdc x a c dinh dung cho moi liic va moi ndi N liitiig th itc th i tntd ng la m ot ta p hdp nhieu th e che v a cach thitc tron g sit p h a t trie n va tie n hoa cua nhitng th e ch e n ay n h a t dinh se c6 a n h hitdng 16n den tac dong cua b a t cit m ot ta p hdp chm h sach kin h te nao T h i tntdng khong ch i la m ot m ang litdi cac dai ly kin h te c6 cac m at hang trao doi m a no la tap hdp cua cac tn iy e n thong, cac ctao luat tr in h dp lu a t phap th u tuc pha san cong ty va dong ci’ta d oanh nghiep cu ng cap thong tin quan he quyen litc quan he lam an \'a cac nghiep doan nlu'tng >' ii.guyen long tin va 28 a llien tiu'r khac lu'ta NliUng "net dcic tritng c6 tinh lich sir" cua cac the d ie thi tnfdiig rat hay bi iihitug ngiWi pliai lu'tu bo (jua: nhiitng iigitdi c6 khuynh hildug iihay tit m ot kliai iiiein tritii titdng ve th i tnfdiig sang n h iln g chi'nli sacli cu th e nia khoug bao gid chiu xem x et thitc te s^iua h thdi doan C hm h sach cua nhvtng ngifdi xa hoi dan chu dac b iet (luau tron g va c6 hieu qua nhitug giai doan cai b ien knih te 16n Cai bien doi hoi phai xay dUng nhitng the che nidi Neu m uon xay ditng mot nen k in h te th i tritdng n an g dong d cac nif6c T ru n g va Dong Au cac th e che tao th a n h th i trudiig phai dudc kiiuyen khich va tao dieu k ien th u a n Idi cho ti'ch hiy va cai bien Hdn nita tro n g ca n h tra n h va each hta chon th i tritdng c6 th e la nhiltng yeu to quan tron g cua qua trin h cai bien sit vd di ciu ig vdi ca i bien 16n la i can g m an h th em bdi cac litc litdng th i tritdng den mitc viec tai th ie t khong th e thitc hien ditdc D e dam bao d a t ditdc ca i bien v6i m itc dao Ion xa hoi toi th ieu doi hoi phai th itc th i site m anh cua xa hoi tron g th i tritdng Vi du, viec ta i th ie t T a y Au sa u C hien tra n h th e gi6i th it h k e t thu c ditdc tie’n h an h tron g boi can h c6 nhftng h a n che n g a t ngheo doi v6i th i tritdng nhiitng h a n che chi dao th i tritdng den nhitng muc tie u k in h te va x a hoi da ditdc xac dinh ro V i vay m ot chu de q iian cu a bao cao la sit phuc hoi tra c h n h iem cong cong xay ditng m ot n h a nit6c c6 hieu qua c6 k h a n an g sii dung tin h n a n g dong cu a th i tritdng de dam bao chu yen doi B a o cao cung b a t dau b&ng viec de cap 3ij[ ca n th ie t tao m ot khuon kho hCtu h ieu ciia cac th e ch e va n en h a n h chi'nh cong V iec th a o lu an chm h sa ch kiuh te tro n g cac nitdc O E C D thong thudng b a t dau b a n g viec cong n h a n n g da c6 mot bp m ay h a n h ch in h hitu hieu ton tai .san sa n g va c6 th e tlutc hien m ot loat u hieu ch in h 29 sa cli khac uhaii G ia ctinh n a y doi khoiig c6 cd sd iigay ca trou g cac n eii kiiih te O E C D , la i caiig klioiig c6 cd sd bao dam trou g cac n eii kiuh te daiig tron g giai ctoan ch iiyeii doi Cac A ^ ^ iiu6c T riu ig va Dong Au th ita hudng m ot lie thou g hanh ch m h iiha m (6c hoaii toan khong thi'ch hdp v6i kiu h te th i trvtoug V i th e phan 16u qua trin h ch u yen doi p h d an h clao viec sap xep la i cac th e ch e coug cong bien clu in g th a n h nhutug cong cu chm h sach tm n g thitc c6 hieu qua tro n g mot x a hoi dan chu va m ot nen k in h te th i trUdng T ro n g nhilng de nghi dita c6 viec gi6i th ie u m ot he thong th u e va thue n h ap k h a u hiiu hieu hdn n h iin g ch m h sach chong th a n i n h iin g xay ditng lai cac th e ch e cua ch m h quyen dia phvWng v a viec n h a nit6c ta n g cUdng cac quyen sd hvitu ta i san Bao cao cung n h a n m anh den su c a n th ie t p h cai ca ch va giani b t bo m ay quan sil, dac b ie t ta n g cUdng sit la n h dao cua ch m h quyen dan sit doi v6i litc litdng vu tran g S a il do, bao cao se baai den h a i v an de dong v a i tro quyet d inh troug viec xac dinh cam k e t quoc gia doi v6i tie n trin li q u a do: ch ia se ganh n an g xa hoi tron g viec cung cap a n sinh x a hoi va ta n cong vao th a t nghiep Tu y doi ngheo c6 nguon goc sail xa nhitng th a t dien ro n eu cho ran g viec x a y ditug la i cac ch m h sach xa hoi ca n chd th u y trieu leu (hoac c6 le c6 th e) se day thu yen leu theo C ung la dien ro n eu ch i vi viee ti§p q u an n h iin g phuc Idi vifa 16n, vita khong ro m uc tie u cuu cac n h a mtdc cong sa n va ciia n h iin g du tin h k ieu cii khong ddn g ian ch u t nao va chi p h i cho n h iin g phiic Idi n a y n h a t th ie t la m ta n g c^c dieu k ie n k in h te b a t Idi tron g cac nitdc d ang chuydn doi M ac du th a t dang tiec p h a i c a t giani p h an G D P ma nha nvt6c d an h cho- y te va giao due h a u liet cac nu6c dang giai d ean ch u yen doi lien tu c b i khung hoau g u g an sach P h a n ton g sa n pham quoc noi cu a nha lutdc khong th e t i i trou g mot tr a t tit kinh te iu6i va ap 30 li/c tan g uguoii tlm iihnp tii' t i m e la mot can trd tiem an doi vdi dong cd lam viec ya tan g trifdng Mot cai cach an sinh xa hoi cong bang, va trifdc het la c6 the thitc hieii ditdc va vi the tao dien kien thvic sit cho ngan sach ciia cac n en kinh te dang tt’oiig giai doan chuyen doi la viec can tliiet phai lam cte tao dien kien th u a n Idi clio dan tu cong cong va ti( u han Nhftug Ufa chon nhif th e se la kho khan T rong h a ii h e t cac mtdc tuoi ve hitu dang dudc nang leu Cai can ifu tie n c6 le la phuc Idi, dinh ditdng va chain s6c site khoe cho tre em T ro n g luc th a t nghiep dang tan g n h an h T h a t nghiep la m ot hiem hoa xa hoi va kinh te Viec lam day du phai la m ot inuc tieu cd b a n cua chi'nh sach kin h te T ron g cac nit6c chu yen doi, th a t nghiep ca c va dai dAng c6 th e pha hoai iighieni tron g viec qua san g mot xa hoi d an chu va m ot ueu k in h te th i trUdng No la nguon goc lam ta n g doi iigheo va b a t buih dSng Va no cung la sii lang phi u h a n ta i v a t lite M ot so’ th a t nghiep la dieu khoiig tra n h khoi vi iihiitng dao Ion n h a t th ie t di cung chuyen doi kinh te k h a c thUdng dang ditdc th u c h ien d cac nen kinh te qua NliUng th a t nghiep iih ii quy mo hien n ay la khong can th ie t v a le da c6 th e tra n h ditdc m ot phan Cac bien phap giai q u y et th a t nghiep tru 6c m S t ciing nhit la u dai p h la nhCtng n h a n to ch m h tron g b a t cit m ot chitdng tru ih k in h te c6 hieu lilc nao N gay n ay th a t nghiep khong th e chi c6 m ot "n gu yen nh an " V i vay, ca n phai c6 h a n g lo at bien phap ca b ien phap k in h te vl mo va bien phap th i tritdng lao dong tich cUc de giai qviyet n an t h a t nghiep B o n phan tiep theo cua bao cao se de cap v an de sa n x u a t va b an san phain nong nghiep cong nghiep va dich vu q u an ly cong ty va thifdng m quoc te Nong nghiep la m ot linh vifc 16n va q u an tron g ca khu vitc No dong vai tro Idn viec nuoi song ngitdi 31 (laii c u n g cap viec lam sau lUdug .sU dnng clat ctai can h^ng n g a i i s a c h va i i g o a i tliitdiig N6i chung, d cac inidc dang troug g iai doau cliu yeii doi uoiig aghiep doug vai tro Idn hdu iiliieu (ve m a t viec lam va san litdiig) so vdi cac nu6c tluioc Lien m iiih ch a u Au Hdu iiita mot plian khong th e tacli nn cua qvia tr iu h ch u yen doi la th ay doi Ida va nliauh choiig uliulug th e ch e cu a k h u vUc kinh te uay (titc la tif uhan hoa d at dai) Hdn n fta nong nghiep la m ot Huh vitc quau trong buon b a n v6i L ie n m iiih chau Au va doi v6i viec md rong Lien m in h ch a u Au b ao gom ca ca c nude T rim g va Dong Au Dieu tr6 tr e u la tron g thudng m nong ughiep v6i L ien iniah ciiau Au h a u h e t ca c nu6c Dong Au lai bien th an h nhvifng niWc h o a n toan nhap khau D au tiJ va nhi'tng cai cach ve to chi'tc doi hoi phai bao dam mot nen nong nghiep c6 hieu qua va ca ch th itc tron g nhitng cai cach ditdc di(a c6 y nghia cd b a n doi v i sit th in h vudug kinh te ciia cac nen kinh te , q u a R n g la cac dich vu tao nhieii cd hoi viec lam va ta n g th u nh ap T if n h an hoa "quy mo nho" da c6 tac dung Idn va n g a y lap tiic P h a t trien du lich da c6 ta c dong k in h te q u a n tro n g d Cong hoa Sec T a n g trUdng cua cac khu vitc tui ch m h va a n sin h da c6 tac dong kinh te d cac nu6c khac nhu nU6c N ga N hitng v an phai qua mot doan difdng dui trifd c k h i thitc sit c6 ta t ca cac cd hoi mi'tc p h at trien r a t th a p ciia k h u vitc dich vu thitdng m thdi ky tr^uc day T u y n h ien viec chuyen doi cac uganh cong nghiep la i la cilia k h o a ciia thdi ky qua va th in h vudng kinh te Cac n en k in h te d ang giai doan chuyen doi th ita lutdng mot cd c a u coug n ghiep hoa hoac qua nu'tc hoac sa i.la m troug ky th u a t q u an Ij' sa n xu at ta i chinh va ban san phdm hoan to an khong tlu ch hdp vdi nhitng doi hoi cua kinh te thi '' tnfdng ('a c iiha saii xuat thifdiig bi bo buoc bdi dau vao ma ho CO ta n (lung toi da chu khong phai bdi dau iihit b ay gid Can CO no la c dau tu Idn de dieu cliinh liieu dai hoa va th ay the n an g litc sa n xu at; tao ky n an g indi quan ly va litc litdng lao dong; va de phat trien m ot khuon klio ty ry nghien citu thifdng m va p h at trien c6 th e dudc p liat huy T ron g boi can h doi hoi p h th ay doi n h a n h chong va ap h.tc ciia can h tra n h tit cac n en kinh te O EC D , hdp tac quoc te CO th e la dong cd c6 hieu qua n h a t th iic day th a y doi m ot so nganh cong nghiep N dieu cd b a n n h a t van la hien dai hoa can b a t dau tit nUdc cung cap moi trifdng cho cac h o a t dong kinh te dudc "th iic day" bdi dau tU O V ^ m ang tm h ca n h tra n h va c6 the diing vitng ve thudng m Cd cau cong ty de d at muc tieii diWc xein x e t cliudng ve ti( n h a n hoa va quan l>^ Tif nh an hoa va cd cau -lai nan g litc la h th a n h to chu yeu cua chuyen doi cong nghiep T _ ^ d cac nif6c T ru n g va Dong Au, v6i giao ly ditdc lidi h a n h roug rai la can p h Uii tien tu n h an hoa cd cau T rong k h i tu n h an hoa la m ot phUdng tien th a n h cong ve viec n h a n site m auh k in h te len gap boi dieu dang lUu y la no da khong th a n h cong tron g viec ta n g von va tao k h a nan g q u an ly h et site ca n th ie t cho h ien dai hoa coiig nghiep Hdn u U a,ngoai viec b a n sa n pham cho cac cong ty phUdng T ay b ien phap m a nhd tu n h a n hoa dUdc thilc hien c6 xu hudng la m sin h u hiin g v an de philc tap troiig q u an ly cong ty TrUdc h et, can p h tao cac cd cau sd hflu v a kiem so at cua ca c cong ty dam bao ch^c ch an n g cac n h a quan ly theo duoi Idi fch cua nh itng ngiw i sd hitu chit khong phai Idi I'ch (c6 th e khac) cu a ch h ih ho H la can lia n che va giai quyet cac xu u g dot CO th e sin h k h i cac c6 dong c6 quyen kiem so at cung la nh itng ngifdi giii tien d at cUdc/nSm dSng chuoi (cac n h a quan ly cong n h an vien cac a h a cung cap nhitng ngUdi can h 33 tra iih ugUdi tie u th u chiiili quyeii dia phUdug hay *> ifdng la uhiitiig iigUdi c6 tli| ctiWc Idi lioac khong ctifdc Idi ti't iihutiig hoat dong b en ngoai cac hoat dong cua cong ty) M ot khi'a ca n h dac b ie t cu a van de x u a t hien ciuig vdi viec ta n g tre n dien rong cac xi nghiep tif doanh cong nh an vieu kiem so a t c6 th e c6 nh itng ta c dong r a t kho xac dinh T rou g boi ca n h chuyen hoa quan ly cong ty can giai q u yet ca nh itng v a n de tit th ie t ke b an dan nhit cac cong ty nen dvtdc to chilc the nao quan he giiia kinh te thitc va linh vvfc ta i chi'nh va dieu quan hdn titc la k h ia ca n h xa hoi la: q u an he giita cd cau cong ty va cac muc tie u k in h te quoc gia va xa hoi la th e nao Doi v6i nhftng muc tie u sau , v an de cd b a n la: cd cau cong ty c6 Idi cho ti'eh luy c6 h ieu q u a cua n a n g litc sa n x u a t m ang tm h can h tra n h c6 k h a n a n g bao dam th i trKdng tron g nidp A*’ s tiem tien" On dinh k in h te vi mo la dieu kien tien quy^et khong den mite nh it ca i ca ch hoac chuyen doi ma d mitc th itc h ien c6 trin h t i t c6 h ieu q u a va khong toil kem cua no iNo ca n ditdc dita len dau ca chudng trin h h o at doaig cu a he thoiig cu m a sU sup cua no gSn lien v6i th a t b a i tron g viee on dinh nen k in h te V iec khong d at dudc on diuih khong n h a t th ie t an h hitdng t6i kha n an g th u c hien hoac ttoc cu a ch u yen doi, m a chi an h hudng t6i chi phi ma thoi D'ac b iet, k in h nghiem cu a Nga va cac niidc cong hoa khac t'luioc L ie n X cu c6 th e dUdc diing lam bang chitng ve su ton k em cu a n h fln g no Ivfc on dinh kin h te vi mo lien tuc th a t b;ai, cung n h it nhflng tie n bo dang ke m a chu yen doi c6 th e dtat ditdc m ac du b i m a t on dinh nghiem d tam kin h te vi mo N h a n m an h dac b ie t t6 i on dnih h ta m vi mo, va vi tlhe n h a n m a n h den nhiifng kho k h a n de d at dUdc on dinh c6 th e d a n t6i ch u n g h ia th a t b a i va tri tre P h am vi hta ch