Ngữ dụng học với việc dạy đọc hiểu một văn bản bằng tiếng nước ngoài

ope HIEU MOT VAN BAN * Nl/dC NGOAI N G Q DUNG HOC V | VIEC DAY BANG TIENG Phgm Thi Hod Tririmg DHNN - D H Q G Ha Ngi I The nan la dgc hieii mitt van ban bing tieng nude ngoai? Lau nay, day hgc mgl van ban bang lidng nude ngoiii, nbieu giio vien cho ring nhiem vu ciia hg la lam cho hgc sinh hidu dirge van ban ehii yeu thdng qua vice phan tfeh, giang giai cac yeu td ngein ngfr ma ngudi tao van biin dung dc bidu dat nhung y lirdng eiia hg Cdng vice ma phan Idn cac giao vien liun la giang lir meni, ciu tnie, cac eich dicn dat, sau dd dua cac eau hdi hoae bai hgc kidm Ira mire etg dgc hidu ciia hgc sinh ddi v6i van ban dd "Dgc bidu" van biin d day duete coi hi qua trinh giiii ma ngdn ngir, tire la chi dimg lai d cap tim kidm y niem cu phip (syntax) va ngfr ngbia (symimtics) Cdng viee ehii ydu la "nghien eiin cic mdi quan he giua cac hinh thire ngdn ngCr vdi cac Ihirc thd ciia the gidi khach quan dd xem cic tir gin vdi cic sy vat hicn linmg (ngfr ngbia)" - Yule, 1997, trang Ca bai cip ddu bd qua mdt yeu td quan Irgng lii nguiti sir dung ngdn ngfr Tuy nbien, y niem khdng chi hi hinh thire thude cii phip va ngir ngbia Y niem ngfr dung hgc la cii gi dd xuit phit tir ngfr canh chu khdng phai tir eii phip va ngir nghia (Hatch 1992, trang 262) Di thye sy dgc hidu duge mot van ban, can thidt phai hidu duge y niem ma ngudi tao van ban mudn bidu dat mot ngOf canh dac thu va ngfr canh dd anb hudng nbu the nao den nhung gi duitc dd cap den Didu dd ed nghia la khdng chi vd ngdn ngir ma ca tinh hudng dd ngdn ngir duge sir dung eung can phai duge ti'nb ddn Tinh bud'ng d diy bao gdm ngudi tao van ban vii ngudi ITnh hoi van ban, mdi quan he giira hg, boiin canh, thdi gian Hidu duge nhimg mdi quan be giira hinh thire ngdn ngir va ngireti sir dung cac hinh tbti'e ngdn ngir dd giiip ehiing la hieu dirge ciic y niein da dinh (intended meaning), cac tic gia djnh, mue di'eh va cic loai hiinh elgng dirge Ihirc hicn ciia ngiriti sir dung ngdn ngfr Vf dii: "I lost my purse" - (Tdi mat vf rdi) - dirge ndi ve'ti mgl nguiti ban cd the mang y niem ngfr dung hgc la mdt chi thj, mgl leti yeu eau dirge vay lien cua ngudi ban (Hatch, 1992, trang 260) Ciing mot Idi ndi: "I'll see you later" - (Tdi se gap anh sau) - dirge diing cac ngir ciinh khae ed thd mang cac hieu lye lai liti (illocuticmar)' forces) khiic nau; dd ed thd la mgl \ai bira, mot Idi de doa, mot dy Ifnh (Yule, 1997, trang 49) Rd rang la, mgl phan y nghia ciia tir/eiu ciia van ban nim tinh hudng mil no duge sir dung (xem Halliday, 1985) Mot ydu td nfra cfing khdng kem phiin quan Irgng irong viee giiip hidu siu va bidu Ihue sy mdt van ban la phai xem xel vii tim hieu each Ihirc ngU(:i tao van ban diing dd Id chire nhung gi can bidu dat cho phii hi.tp veti ddi tugng giao tie'p, lac dgng ciia ddi lU(.mg giao tiep ddi vdi hinh thire ngdn ngir ma ngudi tao van ban sir dung Vf dii: Nghien ciai ngdn ngfr diroc diing mdt biic thu vidt cho ngiriri la hoae mgl dim lir, la se Ihay mot loai van phdng trang trgng, hinh thire va khudn so vdi vi'ui phong ciia mot hire thu dirge viet dd giri cho gia elinh hoae mot ngudi ban than Vice ed dgc hieu mgl van biin ihirc sy hay khdng duge quyet dinh mot phin be'fi y niem vd van ban ed sfin injng diiu ngudi elgc Theo nhung ngudi mang quan diem nhan thire thi mdt van ban khdng chira dimg ingl y niem cd dinh ma nguge lai Qua trinh giao tiep ciia y niem 120 la mdt qua trinh tirong bd ba chidu gifra y niem diu ciia nguiTi vidt, ngdn ngfr dueiie dung nham bidu dat y niem ciia van biin vii y niem Irong dau ngudi dgc Til nbien thdng thirimg ma ndi thi cic y niem ed lien quan vdi va ngudi vidt eung nbu ngudi dgc ddu ed gdng dd y niem cua hg cing gin sat eiing tdi Tuy nhien, mdi ngudi dgc se nhin nhan van ban eii thd va hidu no mdt eich khae vi hg dua tren cac each siip dat mot each cd id chirc cac thdng tin ndn (schema) khie (xem P.T Hoa, 1996, trang 17-19) Hoat dgng vay, bao gdm bai qui trinh quan trgng: qua trinh phiin hdi thdng tin tir eudn sach len de ngucti detc, lire la ngdn ngir tir van ban va q u i trinh ddi tir tren xudng, lire nhung gi di tir dc ngudi deic xudng van ban Chung cd thd gdm kidn thire vd ehii dd viln ban, each tbiic, ky nang dgc, kinh nghiem ddi vdi mdt thd loai van ban cii thd Vi dii: vice thieu kidn thire ndn vd van boa, dat nude hgc ciia ngudi dgc cd the lam cho hg hidu sai va khdng thau dao mdt thdng tin mac dii hg bidt rd timg lir va ciu tnic van ban Thd loai van biin xa la, ndi dung kbd hoae thidu ky thuat dgc thfeh hgp eung giy can trd Idn den qua Irinh dgc hieu van ban Vi vay, dd hidu mot van ban day dii, ngudi dgc eon ein phai thdng hidu mgi yeu Id thude van boa, dat nude hgc hien dien van ban eung nbu phai cd kidn thire vd Ibe loai van bi'ui vii tim dage each thire etgc van ban cd hieu qua Nen day hgc hicn mgt van ban nhu the nao? Vai trd ciia nguiji day gid diiy rd riing khdng chi dimg lai d cap etg cii phip ngfr nghia mil phai di xa hon nfra, giiip nguiti dgc hidu sau, hidu nhidu hem nhfmg gi hinh thire ngdn ngfr cd thd bidu dat Cac ggi y sau day ed thd phin niio giiip giao vien Ihirc hien dixgc mue dfeb dd a Cin giiip nguiti hgc sin simg ve'ti van ban mil hg dgc va khai Ihac kidn thire thdng tin ndn m i hg ed vd van biin nhim giiim den mire tdi thidu nhfmg kbd khan ma hg cd thd bat gap va lam tang kba nang hidu van biin ciing nhidu ciing tot Giio vi6n cd the diil dirge mue di'ch miy bang nhidu each, dd viee didu khidn van ban va ngudi dgc la bai each ihire cit ban Giao vien cd thd khdng chd lir vimg can tnie vii ndi dung van ban cho phii h(t[i vdi irinh vii khii nang tiep Ihii eiia ngudi hgc Ben canh dd, cin eung cap cho ngudi hgc kicn ihi'rc Ihdng tin nen vii xem xct [rube ngi dung la mot bude quan trgng ciia boat dgng day hgc No cd Ihd bao gdm vice gii'mg giiii mgl khai niem eo biin thude van hoi, dat nue'tc hgc mil bai hgc etc baei gdm viee giang giai mot kbai niem eo ban thude van hoi, dit nude hgc ma biii hgc etc cap Idi, dua cac ggi y cac can hi'ti diin dit van dd giiip ngudi hgc khai thae va sir dung nhfmg kidn thire lien quim den van ban mil hg cd Xem xel trirdc ndi dung eung cd thd lii gidi thieu mgl so cii'u tnie hoae lir vimg diic biet ma nguiti day lien doan la cd thd se gay kbd khan cho ngueti hgc Ngoiii ra, giao vien cin eung cap cho nguiji hgc cac phuong phip va ky nang dgc (vf dii nhu each dgc lay y chfnh long Ihe, each etgc lay ndi dung chi tidt, each dgc suy dicn tim them ngi dung ) nhiim giiip cho qua irinh dgc ciia ngireti hgc lid nen de diing va dat hieu qua cao him b Cfing nen luii y rang mgi khai niem tiritng chimg nhu etitn giiin nhi'il ciing ed thd xa la ddi vdi ngudi hgc ngoai ngir vii giiy ciin lid den khii nang hgc hieu ciia hg Kbd cd thd lim duge sy tircmg ddng tuyet ddi giira ciic khai niem ciia bai Ihii' tieng duge diing etc eiing chi mgl ihyc thd Ngay khai niem dim giiin nhiii ve iigdi nhii, chc liemg lieng Vict vii a house, tea Inmg tieng Anh eung khdng gidng y niem vd cac Ihirc Ihd niiy Uong lam In ciia ngudi Anh va ngudi Viet khdng gidng (khai niem ve lien nghi, each bd In' ciiii ngdi nhii), khai niem chc den (trong tie'ng Anh) va chc xanh (trong lieng Viel) ehua kc den cac khai niem hau nhu khdng ton lai d Viet Nam vii vd viin cac khai niem, cac Idi didn diil ma cd ie chiing chi la nhfmg gi md bd gin vdi am la mil ngirdi hgc khdng Ihd hidu chiing mgl each tirimg tan 121 Cd le each td't nhit ed thd giiip cho ngudi hgc hidu mdt eich diy dii la ed eo hdi tiep xtic thye sy vSong didu dd khd cd thd thye hien duge d hoan canh nhu nude ta Vi vay, giai phip hCru hieu va lien Igi cho vin dd ed le la tranb anh, phim, bang hinh, va sy gidi thieu, md ta eu the ciia ngudi day tir dau e Neu cho ngudi hgc Ihao luan, nghien ciin ky vd van ban, khai thie tu sau eiia hg vd van ban Vf du: Ta cd van ban sau day: "It's not fair Andrew's got one Why can't we have one? Please I'll look after it I promise You won't have to a thing! I can take it out when get home Go on! It won't be expensivee - not if we gel a small onee - they don't eat a lot Oh please, can we?" (That khdng cdng bang Andrew ed mot rdi Nha minh eung cd mdt di, me! Con se cham sdc no Con xin hiJa Me se chang phai lam gi dau Con ed thd cho no di ngoai di hgc vd Mua di me Chic khdng dilt dau - Neu nhu nha minh mua mdt eon nhd thdi - chiing khdng an nhidu diu Minh nudi m()t di, me nhd) Vdi van ban tren, ngoai viee phin tfeh dd hidu vd ngir nghia, ciu tnie nim ngir canh cua van ban, nguc:ri hgc can phai dirge giiip dd de ty lam sang td cac eau hdi nhu: van ban ndi vd cii gi, thude van ndi hay van vidt, ed thd duge Inch din tir ngudn nao, l i ngudi ndi hoae vidt van ban nay, la ngudi nghe hoae dgc van ban (Haines, S & Stewart, B 1994, trang 160-161) Phan tfeh van ban tren, ngudi hgc ed thd ed eau tra Idi nhu: Diy la mdt doan van ndi (dung nhidu dang vidt tat, eau ngin, tir vyng dac thu eiia van ndi, van phong khdng trang trgng), duge ndi bdi mdt be gii hoae be trai, khan nai me nudi mdt eon meo (khdng ed tir motberlmum, eat d bai nhung cd thd doin duge qua van canh nhd cac tir it, one, cic cum tir a small one, don't eat a lot look after, please, I promise) d Phit trien kha nang nhan thiie sau vd ngdn ngir eiia van ban la mdt viee lam cin thidt Nd "giiip ngirdi dgc hidu rd rang va day dii nhirng gi hg bidt eon ehua rd rang vd mdt ngdn ngir, nd khuydn kbi'ch sy nhin nhiln thiu sudt vao each boat ddng ciia mdt ngdn ngir va ning cao nhan tbiic vd cic he thdng eiia ngdn ngu phit trien nhan thire sau vd cac nguyen tie phd bidn cua viee sir dung ngdn ngfr" (Tdmlinson, 1998) Mdt nhung didu giao vien cin phai liim dd giiip ngudi hgc nhin thire siu vd ngdn ngir la lam cho hg tap tmng tim hidu cac phuong phip ngir dung hgc ma ngudi tao van ban da sir dung dd dat duge hieu lye tai Idi (illoeutionary force), lim cho ngudi hgc ehii y hon nifa ddn cic dac didm ngfr dung hgc cic van ban ma hg se dgc sau nay, ddng thdi giiip hg phit tridn cic ky nang nhu: bidt eich lien he khai quit hoi, dua gia thidt va dinh gii Sy phit tridn kha nang nhan thire siu vd ngdn ngfr eiia ngirdi hgc se khdng thd dat duge ndu nhu viee phan tfeh cac ydu Id ngdn ngir cua van ban bj tich rdi khdi ngir canh eiia van ban Ndi mdt each khie, chi ed the hidu mot eich trgn ven nghia cua mdt tir hay ciu hidu duge ngir canh m i chimg duge sir dung Yule (1997, trang 92) dua thf du vd sy thay ddi ciia khii niem eiia tir ball (qua bdng) Irong lidng Anb nhu sau: "He kicked the ball into the net" (Anh ta d i qua bdng vao Im'ri) Khii niem qua bdng d day ebi qua bdng d i "She dribbled the ball down the court and shot a basket" (Cd ay re bdng tren san va nem vao rd) Kbai niem qua bdng d day ehi qua bdng rd "She putted the ball in from two feet away" (Cd iy dinh nhe qua bdng vao hd tir khoang 122 eich xa bai feet) Khii niem qua bdng b diy la qua bdng choi gdn Tren thye td, day la ba loai bdng hoan toan khie vi nhu vay ba ngu canh, ba khii niem khie vd eung mdt tir da duge hinh Mdt VI du khae la: neu khdng ehii y, ngudi hgc se khdng thd cho ring "It's stuffy in here", (d diy ngdt ngat qua) duge ndi bdi mdt ngueti dvi tn cao hon vdi cap dudi eiia minh lai ed hieu lye cua mdt mfinh lenh cd thd bao hiun y la "Hay md eira sd dd lam thdng thoing phdng!" e Mdt viee khie ma giio vien eung ein phai lam la, giiip cho ngudi hgc nhin thire duge cic hii^ thiic tidn gia djnh (oreassumption) thudng gin lidn vdi mdt sd Idn cic tir, cum tir va ciu tnic dung cic van ban Vi du: - Survive (sdng qua duge, sd'ng sot) thudng ggi ly mdt y niem la "suyt nira bj gap nan, hoae bj gidt chdt hay la buy diet bdi mdt eii gi dd, tmdc dd" - Claim (ndi rd hoae tuyen bd (cii gi) la sy that ma khdng the chiing minh duge).' - When did he leave? (anb iy di bao gid) bao ham y "anh iy da di" - She imagined that she was Liz Taylor (Cd giy tirdng tugng minh la Liz Taylor) bao ham y cd iy khdng phai la Liz Taylor - Viee sir dung cac cum tir, eau tnic nhu I'm not sure, I doubt, I guess Perhaps ggi y mdt sy khdng chic chin, tham dd, khdng qua quyet, khdng cam kdt eiia ngudi phit ngdn van ban Tren diy li mdt vii suy nghi ban diu vd viee ap dung ngir dung hgc viee day dgc hidu cac van ban bang tidng nude ngoai Dgc hieu mdt van ban khdng chi dimg lai d cap dd eii phip vi ngir nghia bdi nd ehua dii va ehua thd la dgc va hidu thye sy, ehua nim bit duge eii "hdn" - y niem thye sy - ma ngudi tao van ban mudn bidu dat qua viee sir dung cac hinh tbiJc ngdn ngu Gitip ngudi hgc dgc va hidu sau, y thire sau vd ngdn ngir diing van ban, lam cho hg sin sang vdi van ban eung nhu ed dirge phuong phip dgc hieu qua la mot viee khdng de dang nhung ein thidt phai thye hien duge cua giao vien ngoai ngiT Tdi lieu tham khdo ' Green, G M., 1989 Pragmatics and Natural languagee Understanding Hillsdal, New Jesey Laurence Eribaim Halliday, M A K., 1973 Explorations in the Funtions of language London: Edwars Arnold Halhday, M A K., 1985 An Introduction to Functional Grammar London: Holder & Stoughton Haines, S Stewart, B., 1994.First Certificate Master Class Oxford: Oxford University Press Hda, P T., 1996 Thuyct Schema vdi van dd day dgc cho sinh vien ngoai ngfr Ndi san ngoai ngfr, sd 2, 1996 Hatch, E., 1992 Dfeourse and Language Education, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Tomhnson, B., 1998 Language Awareness Paper given at Material Writing Workshop VNU-CFL, Ha Ndi Yule G., 1997 Pragmatics Oxford University Press 123