OirONG HI/6NG LAY NGl/Ol HOC LAM TRUNG TAM VA DAY MON HOC - HIEU GIAI DOAN DE CAO Phgm Minh Hien - Phgm Mai Huang To thirc hanh tieng - Khoa Anh Tririmg DHNN - DHQG Ha Ngi Vdi hiu hdt eac giio vien (g/v) cd kinh nghiem va tam huyet \bi nghd day bgc thi nhidu khia canh eiia vin dd (v/d) "Lay ngudi bgc lam tmng tam" (LNHLTT) khdng liy gi lam xa la Hg ddu bidt va ft nhidu ddu ed gdng thirc hien phuong thiie ea the hoi, giiip bgc sinh (h/s) bien qua trtnh dao tao thtinb qua Irtnh tir dao tao - tire la b mire dd nao dd da quan tim cbii y ddn eac v/d lien quan cu thd den nguiri hge - ei nhan hoac mot nhdm Tuy nhieh, khae vdi dirimg budng LNHLTT dang duge nghien cim hien nay, nbiing y thirc va ddng thai dd cbii ydu mang tfnh ea nhftn, tu pbat, ciia g/v va thirimg chi chii yen the hien d phuong difin thii thuat len Idp chir chua hoac ft thd hien tren dicn igng, dac bici d phucmg dien chuong trinh, giio Irinh Hon nira, h/s hdu nhu vin o vai ird lii ngirdi chiu lac dgng chir chua nhan thirc rd duge vai trd ehii thd eua minh nhimg ap dung Do dd, nhimg y kien dudi dily ciia ehung tdi ed nhidu didu gin giii vcn nhimg gi nhieu g/v da va dang thirc hien song chiing tdi mud'n dua dudi gde dd LNHLTT nim gop phan nao vao vice nhin nhAn va ap dung day mdn hge hie'u mdt eich ed y ihirc vii cit so ly luan rd rang hon Mat khie, dudng hirc'rng LNHLTT lien qup vili tam ly ciia nguiri Idn - hg cam thay hirng thii hon v/d cd lien quan den vd'n song eiia minh Ddng thdi trao ddi, hg cd thd bgc hdi lin dd ed duge miie thdng hidu td't hon Nhu vay, day la giai doan khdi ddng cho ngudi hge ca yeu td quan trgng dd hieu mot van ban: su hidu bidt ehung va kien thii'c ngdn ngur Cie boat ddng trudc dgc ed thd duge td ehiie tieh khdi bai dgc cu te hoac qua trinh quan sit tdng the (overviewing) dd doan djnh ndi dung bai se dgc Thdng thudng thdi gian latir7-10phut Cie thii thuat phd bien la: + Hdi - dap giua g/v va h/s VD: Bai day vd Ong gia Noel thi cd thd hoi vd hinh dang, quin ao, cich thiic di lai, tang qua, Ijch sir eua nhan vat nay, sir yeu thich niim tin eua tre em vao dng gia Noel, cie cau cnuyen vd dng gia Noel, bai hat vd Noel + Ci nhan h/s liet ke nhung didu minh bidt/ lien tuong den ehii dd ciia bai dgc rdi so sinh trao ddi vdi cac ban xung quanh VD: Bai day ve v/d hut thude, h/s liet ke vd tac hai ciia hut thudc, ly khd cai thude, ndi khd eiia ngudi hiit/khdng hut thude, quang cao thudc la -I- Thao luan theo nhdm vd 1/1 vai phuong dien ciia v/d rdi cir dai dien thdng bio lai trudc 150 Idp VD: bai day vd giao thdng eac nhdm ed thd chgn dd thao liiin mdt cac v/d: tic giao thdng, tai nan giao thdng, linh hinh vi pham luat giao thdng, giao thdng edng edng, bien phip cai thien tinh hinh v.v + Cdng phu hon, ed thd yen eiu h/s sini tim Iranh anh vd d& tai va chiiin bj ndi vd hire tranh dd VD: Bai day vd khie biet van hoi thi yeu cau h/s tim tranh anh vd phong luc, mdn in la ciia nude ngoai hoac eiia Viet Nam ed thd giy sd'e vdi ngudi nude ngoai ffl.3.2 Trong dge Day hge hidu la qua trinh lien quan tdi viec hinh va pbat tridn nhidu ky nang khae nhau, nhu da nfiu bai viet eiia iuih Phiim Dang Binh (ky ydu hdi nghj khoa hge giang day tidng Anh b Viet Nam 10/1998) Do vay mdi bai dge thudng ed thd dimg de luyen, eiing ed va phit tridn cie ky nang khae phuc vu cho viec dge hidu, gdm ca ky nang ngdn ngOf va ky ning dung ngu Didu cho tbiy mot bai dge hidu, phai dirge khai thie tir nhidu gde dd, cip dd dd phuc vu cho mue dfch eudi eiing va hge sinh phai duge giaij nhidu nhifim vu khie qui trtnh hge Cd nhung g/v phit bai hge rdi cho b/s ngdi lam ea tiet, sau dd chira ea loat bai tip Lam nhu viy khdng phu hgp vi trudc bet la khdng phit tridn duge tdt dd dge, sau niia la h/s nhidu khdng bidt minh lam bid tip ay dd lam gi, each liim cd thfeb hgp khdng, ed cich nao ciu tidn duge khdng Didu niy lam giam hieu quii eiia bai day va khdng khuyen khieh duge hge sinh Cich nfin lam la in djnh thdi gian can thidt cho limg |)han viec cu thd Cich thirc thue hien ed thd h/s tu nhin xct, trao ddi vdi sir ggi y, hirimg din ciia giao vien Irirdc lam bai va ed rut kinh nghiem, due kdt sau ap dung Nha't thidt phai hirdng din ngdn ggn cho h/s nim duge mue dfch, yeu ciu ciia bai tap bdi le "Ngirdi Idn bgc lot nhit hg bidt each xir ly thdng tin hoac bidt each tu hge" (Brundage va Macker^ieher, theo bai vidt eiia thay Pham Phuong Luyen Ky y^u hdi nghj khoa hge Giang day tieng Anh d Viet Nam, 10/1998) Thdi gian in djnh nen cd "tfnh thich thii'c" mot chiit dd khuyen khfeh b/s kha song ein ehii y ea den h/s ydu dd hg khdng tu ti, nan chf Cie loai bai tip thudng dimg: + Bii tip luyen skimming: thudng dimg cho Ian dgc diu tien Do thdi quen dge tidng me de va viec day bai dgc theo kicii bai khoa dirge phan tfch chi li, ky lirdng, h/s nim III vin chju anh hirdng Idn ciia tam ly dgc hidu la phiii hidu duge limg cau, timg ngu, tham chf limg tCr tir lin diu dgc Do vay g/v phai dirt khoal yeu cau h/s dge nhanh, bd thdi quen dge timg tir va khie phuc cam giie khdng yen tam chira kjp hidu rd timg cau hoac ehung lai gap tir mdi Ddng thdi, giio vien giiip h/s biet each tim y chfnh dua vao quan sit tdng thd, tiCu dd, die didm in in, minh boa, eiu tnie doan Dac biet luii y den sir khae biet ciia cie loai van ban dd mau chdng xic djnh noi xuit hien y chfnh Day la ky nang hdt sure quydl dinh co ea dge sau va dgc rdng phuc vu nghien eini, cdng vice, giai tri Thudng diy la liic cd the dinh gia duge toe dd dge kem theo mue hidu ciia hge sinh + Bai tip luyen scanning: ed the diihg cho liin dge dau hoac Ian Loai bai khdng gip nhidu trd ngai vd tiun ly song h/s can ed y thirc va duge luyen thue each xic djnh tin hieu dinh vi (indicator) va lui'rt qua van biin tim toa thdng tin thcji giiui ngin nhit ma 151 khdng cin dge ea bai tmdc Ky nang thidt y^u cho thi cir va nghien eihi + Bai tap doan nghia tir mdi: tir mdi la yeu td gay can trd Idn vd tam ly cho h/s dgc hidu, nhit la ein xir ly van ban dai va sd lugng tai Ueu Idn Hge sinh nam III hien vin edn phd bidn thdi quen tra tir dien mdi gap tir mdi va gin miic dd hieu vdi viec phai bidt nghia eua tit ea cac tir van ban Vdi cie bai tap nay, b/s phai bgc cich tim manb mdi dd doan nghia, ea manh mdi tir ngir canh ndi dung, ca manh mdi tir kidn thii'c ngdn ngCr (tir phai sinh, ddng nghia, nghich nghTa, eiu tnie tuong phan ) + Bai tip tim ciu tnie td chue thdng tin: thudng diing cho eac lin dgc sau, da hidu ndi dung CO ban ciia van ban Ky nang giiip fch cho ca ky nang skimming vi scanning, nhit la viec xu ly hgp ly cie loai van ban khie dge rdng G/v thudng hudng din h/s phit hien eiu tnie dac thi eiia timg loai van ban phd thdng (kd ehuyen, bai bio, bai tap chi, tidu luin, bio cio khoa hge ) Cd thd khai thie theo so dd eiu tnie H/s hien hiu nhu hoan toan mo bd vd v/d -I- Bai tap luySn tir vung, ciu tnie eSu: vd ly thuyet, ddn giai doan dd cao thi h/s coi nhu da cd du lugng tir va ciu tnie cau co ban du lam co sd cho viec pbat tridn cac ky nang giao tidp (khiu ngir vi but ngir) nen mdt thdi gian kha dai, day dgc ehi ehii trgng vio eac ki nang dge hieu ehuyen siu Tuy nhien, tinh hinh thue td eiia h/s hien bde Id kha rd nhuge didm eiia viec ehi trgng qui nang vao hinh ky nang giao tidp, coi nhe hoac gin nhu bd qua viec Cling ed va phit tridn ky nang ngdn ngir Hau qua eua xu hudng la h/s dudng nhu cai gi eQng bidt nhung noi, vidt thi sai qua nhidu, vdn tir vung ban hep, eiu tnie ciu don dieu, anh hudng Idn ddn kha nang phan tfch van ban, tdc dd dge va mire dd hidu Hon thd nira, phin ddng sd h/s eua trudng ta se lam nghd g/v - nghd thi sir chfnh xie (accuracy) va tinh chuin mue quan trgng khdng kem gi trdi chay (fluency); nd khae vdi yeu eiu eua nghd hudng din du Ijch chang ban Tir thue td tren, h/s hien cin thue hien cac boat ddng hen quan ddn ky nang ngdn ngir nhu cie bai tap vd tir vung, dat cau, ndi y, tao tir, dung tir ndi m.3.3 Sau dge Theo tdi, day la bude chii yeu cd miic dfch kiem tra kdt qua qui trinh dgc hidu va gin nhirng gi da dgc duge vdi hidu biet va vdn song eua ngudi hge va bien nd eiia minh chir khdng chi la thdi gian chua bai tap h/s vira lam Cd mdt thdi gian, gid day dge hieu nang vd luyen ky nang dge d cip dd thii thuit dgc nen dang bai tip chu ydu gid'ng cac bai kidm tra dge va tie dung ehu ydu la phuc vu cie ky thi Do vay, cie bai dgc hiu nhu chi ducjic dung dd thue hanh mdt hay mdt vii thii thuit nao dd va bai hge chi dimg lai a liic da chira xong bai tap Cie bai dge liic ft duge khai thie vd ndi dung cung nhu ngu lieu nhim vira md rdng kidn thii'c ehung vira nang cao ky nang ngdn ngii phuc vu ea ky nang dge hidu va cie ky nang khie theo mue tieu eudi eiing eiia ea chuong trinh Cac bai tip cho bude cd thd tridn khai tai Idp hoac giao vd nha, cd kidm tra dinh gii gid tidp theo Cac loai bai tap cd thd sir dung hiru hieu cho bude la: + Tdm tat ndi dung bai hge (cd thd dua tren kdt qua phin dge ludt liy y ehinh) + Kd lai bai dgc (ed thd dua vao phin phan tfch eiu tnie thdng tin) + Doc to va dieh 152 + Chgn mdt sd tir, ngfr bai dgc rdi diing dd vidt vd ban than hoac nhimg v/d thidt thin hon, gin gui hon + Thao luan hoac tranh luan theo nhdm vd cac quan didm neu ndi dung bai dgc hoac bai dgc ggi + Vidt mdt doan binh luan vc v/d neu Irong bai dgc vdi nhung suy nghi, cam xiic, lien he c i nhin + Tim dge va kdt h(jfp eac thdng tin khae ve cung v/d vdi bai dge dd ed cai nhin rdng hon vd vin dd dd rdi vidt bai hoac thao luan nhdm Cie bude eiia mot bai day dge cd the duge Ihuc hien lin lirm theo tien trinh eua ca gid hge hoac dan cai vao mdi phan eiia biii hge IV Khai thac cac bai tir chgn: Nhu da dd cap d phan I, bai tir chgn la bai hge sinh lir tim theo djnh hirdng vd chii dd, dd dai, dd khd da duge thao luan lir dfiu nam hge hoiic hge ky giua h/s, g/v va ed thd la id bd mdn nira Nbiirng tieu chf cd the linh boat Iheo ddi iintng h/s timg khoa, timg Idp cu the IV Mue dfch ciia bai lir chgn la thu bill sir ihiun gia eiia h/s vao ca phuong dien ndi dung va phuong phap giang day, giiip hge sinh phai buy dirge Ifnh chii ddng sang tao tu lira chgn bai dge theo diing kha nang ciia minh ddng thdi duge tfch cue tham gia vao qua trinh hge ma vucit qua eac trd ngai, ban ehc ve kidn thirc, ky nang ciia ban than Qua trinh lira ehgn bai ed tie dung khuyen khfch dgc rdng va vice khai ihae bai hd trg vice dge sau va la tap duyet cho kha nang sir dung bai dge liong nghiep vu su pham sau nfra IV.2 Thiri lucjng danh cho bai tu chgn duge tang dan theo qua trinh hge Thdng thudng d hge ky I ehi duge dua vao khoang 15 phiil tren long sd liet dge/tuin va ed tfnh tu nguycn Sang hge ky n se duge danh cho khoang 50% tbiTi gian day bgc tren Idp va la boat ddng bat bude Tuy nhien, tuj- vao ddi urcmg h/s cu the ma g/v cd ihe them bi'rt cho can ddi vdi bai ehgn sin dua vao nhu eiu, kha nang, hinig Ihii ciia h/s minh day IV.3 Vcii trd "ngiriti id ehirc boat ddng" va "ngirdi cd vin" ciia g/v Ihd biSn rat rd boat ddng khai thie bai tu chgn Do li/s dirge tir lim chgn hai nen ed kba nang ICtp cd bao nhieu b/s se cd ngin iy bai dge khae cho mgl budi hge Do vay g/v can hm'tng din, td ehirc cho mdi bai dge tdt khdng chi cd tac dung rieng vdi mdi h/s ma cd Ihc tridn khai den cac h/s khie Di ed the ehii dgng hem Irong vai Ird eiia minh, g/v thudng yeu cau h/s ndp bai dgc trudc mdt tuin Trong tuin do, g/v phai xem cac biii dgc dd cd td kai tie theo hudng thfeb hgp nhit thdi giim ebo phep tren h'rp, theo linh Ibiin "chuydn giao cho h/s nhimg nbiem vu ma h/s ed thd dam duong" rV.4 Cie loai bai lap cd ihd sir dung + Hdi dip gifra g/v va h/s vd ngi dung hoac mgl sd y, chi lidt dac bicl bai dgc + G/v chgn mdt sd tir, cum lir, dinh nghia, khai niem cd Irong bai, viel len biing cho ea \dp suy doan va eudi cung yeu can h/s ehgn bai dd giai dap + H/s dge va dieh mdt vai dom hoac ca bai (ed bai ehiip cho ca k'tji theo ddi) -I- H/s vidt bai tdm lit, hoac cao hem la vidt bai binh luan (review) vd bai deie minh chgn -I- H/s trinh bay cac v/d ehinh bai dgc, bay td y kien ea nhan vd cac v/d dd va sin sing tra Idi chit van ciia cac ban khae 153 + G/v chgn lira bai dgc cd lieu de, minh boa, phan gie'ri thieu Idi cud'n, chiip phin cho ea Idp quan sat rdi neu cac cau hdi minh mud'n biet vd ngi dung bai dge dd h/s cd bai dge dd tra Idi + Chup bai dge cho ca Idp deic ludt lay y chfnh rdi tranh luan, h/s chgn b;ii dge dd phai cbii tri cudc tranh luin va giai dap thdc mfic can + H/s soan mdt/mgl sd bai lap elgc hidu va tir vimg cho bai dgc eiia minh rdi cho Idp/nhdm lam va chua + Tao cac nhi''in cac bai dgc cd ngi dung gin hoac ddi hip dd h/s trao ddi va tap hgp thdng tin roi Ihdng bao lai Irire'rc Idp + Trao ddi bai Iheo cap dd dgc rdi Ihao luan vd thai dd eua ca nhan ddi vdi ndi dung bai hoac quan diem eiia tac gia Dii tridn khai loai bai tap nao thi g/v ludn phiii theo ddi, giiip dd, va can tbiep can thidt, dd h/s khdng di qua xa khdi v/d chfnh hoac reri vao tinh td limg lung mil phuong hirdng, mil thdi gian rv.5 Dd khuyen khfch vice dgc rgng theo kha nang va sd thfeb ciia h/s nen ap dung dang bai tap Idn (home assignment) VD: Mdi hoc ky, h/s c6 thd chgn mot ehii didm yeu thich (cung nim he thdng chii diciii chuong irinh qui dinh) eld ete)c ciing nhidu cang td't Sau cung, h/s lira khoang bai rdi vici biii binh luan long hgp vc ngi dung, quan diem, van phong eiia cie bai dd cung y kien danh gia ciia ca nhan minh Qing CO thd cho h/s chgn dgc mot quydn sach, viet tdm tat va trinh bay trudc Idp vd mdt v/d minh tam dac quydn sach (mgl nhan vat, mdt sir kien, each xay dimg tfnh cich nhin vat, van phong v.v ) rv.6 Viec khai thac b;u tu chgn eiing cd thd Iheo trinh tir bude nhu vdi bai chgn sin Song thdng thudng, loai bai Irong mgl hudi heie la cung ehu dd nen bude chuin bi tam thd tmdc dge cd the bc) qua he)ac so luge di Birdc Irong dgc chii yeu h/s chii tri va bude sau dge ed thd ap dung cac loai biii lap diing cho b;ii chgn sin hoac kdt hgp ku")n cho ca loai bai V Kiem tra danh gia Viec Idi cud'n sir ihani gia ciia h/s cung nhu chuydn giao cho h/s nhimg phan viec ma hg cd thd dam etuong dirge khdng chi diCn d phuong dien xac dinh ngi dung va phuong phap day - he^c ma edn d ca vice kiem lia elanh gia nfra DT nbien viec danh gia kdt qua eudi ky hoac dinh ky la thude vd khoa va td bd mdn Song viec danh gia thiretng ky cd the dirge thirc hien bdi ca g/v va h/s Thdng ihirimg nbat la viec chira bai tap etgc hidu tren lop Sau ca nhan lam xong, h/s cd thd so sinh, thao luan vd can tni Idi, Inrdc g/v chira chfnh Ihirc vii ddi lir g/v cho diem hoac h/s tu chain didm cho bai lam ciia Wai bai tu chgn, h/s n'l the nhan xel (va cho diem) vc biii dgc, vd cac |)han viec ma ban minh da Ihirc hien lien ndn biii elgc dd Cac biii lap h'ni liim tdi cd the dua la etgc ehung dd nhan xet nit kinh nghiem Nhfmg tham gii' ciia h/s viio vice danh gia kel quii hge cu Ihd Irong qua Irinh hge Ihirimg cd lac ddng tnrc ticp viio vice xac dinh vii dieu chinh phuerng phap hge ciia h/s, phmmg phip day ciia g/v va ndi elung giiing day licp iheo 154 VI Ket luan Trong qua trinh day bgc mdn hge hieu ihee) dirimg bireing LNHLTT, h/s phai tham gia vao thidt kd chuong trinh cho ban than, chii ddng thue hien qui trinh hge Inrdc, va sau gid hge va duge phep phin niio tham dir viio kidm tra etanh gia kdt qua he^c tap Nhin lir gde ngudi day, ehiing ta cung cd Ihd Ihiy, dd nhung hoal elgng dd Ihirc sir cd hieu qua thi vai trd eiia g/v Idn hon Inrdc, trach nbiem nfing ne him vii edng vice bgn be hon H/s d giai doiin dd cao cd dieu kien vd lam ly, ve'm song, nang lire hanh dgng dd thue hien duge tu tuong nay, song viec xiy dung y thue va the hien y thire hanh ddng thue tidn cho hg lai khdng don gian, nhit la didu kien xa hdi va co sd vat chat edn nhidu bit cap Vi vay ehung tdi cung xin cd mdt vai etc dat cu the dd bude diu tao Ihuan Igi cho viec thue hien quan didm LNHLTT mdn de.)c hidu eiia h/s giai doan dd cao + Trudc bet, dd Ihuc sir "lay ngirdi hge liim Irung tim" thi can hieu rd vd ngudi bgc Do vay viec didu tra thuemg xiiyen vc nhu can, dgng co, nang lire, sd thfeb ciia h/s la can thidt Tuy nhien dd cd duge so lieu dii etg lin cay vii cd dirge kel luiin Ihfeh etang thi viec lien bimb didu tra va phin tfch sd lieu phiii dirge chuan bi vii id chue nghiem tiic, dung qui md Didu cin cd sir diu tu ea ve tai chfnh, theTi gian vii nhan sir + Di h/s ehii dgng, tfch cue nhu yeu cau eiia dudng hudng LNHLTT thi h/s phai duge tao didu kiSn bang he ihd'ng thu vien vbi ngudn sach bao phong phii, thidt bi in in tien dung, giam thidu ehi phi cho ca nhin + Tidp tiie dill tu cho xay dimg giao Irinh bg mdn theo the Ihirc "hd so", bo sung, chinh ly, cap nbat qua cac nam, tao didu kien in an Ihuan lien cho g/v va h/s, hd trg kinh phi giao trinh cho h/s + Dau tu cho viec Ian dung ngudn tu lieu tir cac biii doc lir chgn ciia h/s dd cd thd soan thao tai lieu hd trg hoac soan Ihcm he ihdng hiii tap etc bd sung viio "hd so" chuong trinh bd mdn (diing nbir bai chgn sin) + Cd che tfnh gid cdng cho vice hirdng dan va chim biii tap k'm phii hgp Tren diy la mot so suy nghi sa bd eiia ehiing tdi vd viec day dgc hieu theo dudng hudng LNHLTT d giai doan dd cao Do edn nhidu ban chc vd nhieu khia canh va khdng thd tranh duge cie thieu sot Rit mong sir bd sung, gdp y eiia til ca nhung quan tim ddn v/d Tdi lieu tluini khdo Bar P et al Advanced Reading SkillsLongman 1981 Brown, H P Principles of Language Learning anei Teaching Fientice Hall, Newjersy 1987 Doff, A Teach English - A training Course for Teachers Cambridge 1988.' Grellet, F Developing Reading Skills - A practical guide to reading comprehension exerciesCUP 1984 Munby, J Communicativee Syllabus Design CUP 1978 Nuttul, C Teaching Reading Skills in a Foreign Language Heinemann 1982 Richards, J C & Roeigers, TS Approaches and Methods in Liuiguage Teaching CUP, Cambridge 1986 155 ... phong phu ciia ngiriJi hge anh hudng sau sic den qui trtnh va kdt qua hge tip Sinh vien d giai doan^dd cao vd co ban da la nbiing ngudi trudng diy dii va cd djnh hudng tuong lai rd net Do vay,... hiu nhu hoan toan mo bd vd v/d -I- Bai tap luySn tir vung, ciu tnie eSu: vd ly thuyet, ddn giai doan dd cao thi h/s coi nhu da cd du lugng tir va ciu tnie cau co ban du lam co sd cho viec pbat... va eudi cung yeu can h/s ehgn bai dd giai dap + H/s dge va dieh mdt vai dom hoac ca bai (ed bai ehiip cho ca k'tji theo ddi) -I- H/s vidt bai tdm lit, hoac cao hem la vidt bai binh luan (review)