PHAT TRIEN NGANH KINH TE DjCH VU Vdl VIEC SCT DUNG NGUON LAO DONG NOrd Nl/dC TA Trdn Thi Mai Phuong Khoa Kinh te chinh trj Trudng DHSP - DHQG Ha Npi I Tinh hmh sii dung nguon lao dgng niir or nude ta hien nay: I NguSn lao dgng nit a Viet Nam xet ve mat sdlugng vd chat lugng Phu nii Viet Nam chidm bon 50% lye lugng lao ddng xa hdi, tham gia boat ddng b tit ca cic nginh kinh td qude dan Mdt sd nganh cd ty le lao ddng nii cao nhm Giao due bon 70%, edng nghiep nhe 63,61%), ndng nghiep vi edng nghiep thyc phim 61,7%), y td 60%) Theo tinh toin ciia Tdng cue thdng ke, nam 1990 nude ta cd 32.183.941 ngudi lao ddng dd 50,64%o la nir, dy bio ddn nam 2000 se cd 42.373.105 ngudi lao ddng dd 49,48% la nii Trong didu kien ndn kinh te nhidu phin, theo eo che thi tmdng, nha nude da cd cic thd chd, chinh sach dam bao cho mgi ngudi dan, dae biet li phu nii duge lam chii vi ty lya chgn hinh tbiic san xuit kinh doanh phu bgp vdi kha nang va hoan eanh ciia minh, tao nhihig didu kien thuan Igi eo ban dd phat tridn ngudn nhan lye nii Dae biet lao ddng d khu vyc kinh td ndng tbdn chidm 80%o dd nii chidm 41,75%, lao ddng khu vyc thj chidm 19,47%) dd nu chidm 10,25% Qua dd ta cd nbin xet: ty le din sd boat ddng kinh td tip tmng b ndng tbdn qua eao va dae biet ty le lao ddng nii d thdng tbdn cao hon ty le nam ve tinh trang viee lam ciia dan sd boat ddng kinh td nam 1993 thi 92,63%) cd viec lam, 7,37%o khdng cd viec lam Trong sd lao ddng khdng cd viec lam nii chidm 57,94%) Nhu vSiy ty le thit nghiep b nu eao hon nam gidi Do nang suit lao ddng va thu nbap edn rit thip khdng dii sdng nen sd ddng dan eu vin d tinh trang thidu viec lam, bg ludn cd nhu ciu tim them viec lam dd tang thu nbap Dae biet b ndng tbdn, ngudi dan khdng thd chi trdng vio mdng dit, vao san xuit ndng nghiep dd sinh sdng (do dan sd tang nhanb, binh quan diu ngudi cang thip) nen bit budc phai rdi bd mdng dit, ddi nghe, rdi bd ndng tbdn di tim viec ^ b nai kbic, chii ydu la thinb phd, dd thj hay tham gia lao ddng xuit khiu cho mdt sd nude Lye lugng rdi bd nghd ndng phin Idn la nam nu nien, phin ddng la nam gidi, edng viec ddng ing va chim sdc nudi dudng cii, bd me gia giao phd cho ngudi phu ntr d nha dam nbin Vd chit lugng: Ngudn lao ddng nu d nude ta my ddng vd sd lugng nhung chit lugng chua eao Vd trinh dd van hoi, ty le bidt chir d nir thip hon so vdi nam: 82,39%o so vdi 91,40%) Trtnh dd chuyen mdn ky thuit ciia ngudi lao ddng thip Nim 1989 dan sd tir 15 tiidi trd len, ty le ngudi lao ddng khdng cd trinh chuyen mdn ky thuat la 90,9% dd nam la 88,l%o, ntr la 93,3%o Ty le nu cd trinh chuyen mdn ddu thip hon so vdi nam gidi d tit ca cic bac Dae biet sd ngudi ed trinh dd hge van tren dai bgc cang ft di ban so vdi nam gidi Ntr 34 chidm 5,82%) tdng sd tidn sT cd nude, 11,16%) sd phd tidn si, 3,99% sd giio su vi 4,24%o sd phd giio su nim 1992 Mdt sdkho khan viec svCdung nguon lao ddng nQ d nudc ta: Qua cic sd Ueu thdng ke neu tren phin nao thiy duge d nudc ta, sd lugng lao ddng nii eao nhung chit lugng lao ddng lai ri't thip ca vd trtnh dd bgc vin, trtnh dd chuyen mdn khoa bgc ky thuit, dae biet ed thd thiy rit rd la trinh dd ngudi lao ddng nu thip ban nhidu so vdi nam gidi Trong xu thd ddi mdi hien nay, cic ca sd san xuit rit ein nhiing lao ddng cd ky thuit edng nghe cao Viec kinh doanh san xuit eo chd thi tmdng cung rit ein nhung ngudi cd nang lye didu hinh, quan ly, nhay bdn vdi thj tmdng Dd chinh la mdt trd ngai Idn viec su dung ngudn lao ddng nhit la ddi vdi lao ddng ntr Gin diy, mdt sd doanh nghiep nha nude gap nhidu khd khan viec kinh doanh san xuit hoac dang qui trinh didu chinh eo ciu xf nghiep lam cho sd ngudi khdng ed viec lam tang len Trong sd nhung ngudi bj loai dd sd ddng la nii trtnh dd chuyen mdn thip va cung mdt phin sii'c khoe Viec tim duge mdt chd lam mdi ddi vdi bg li ri't khd khan Mdt khd kbin nira ein phai nhde tdi dd la tinh hinh din sd d nudc ta vin tang vdi mtic dd cao nhung khdng di ddi vdi viec ning cao chit lugng lao ddng Sy nghiep giio due dio tao nganh nghd khdng theo kip duge tde dd tang dan sd ngan sach diu tu edn ban hep Dae biet nan tre em bd hge nhit la d ndng tbdn tang len Tmdc hdt la cic em gii phai nghi d nhi dd phy giiip cha me kidm sdng mdt phin kinh td gia dinb qui khd khan, khdng ed tidn dd lo cho di hge mat kbic bg thiy viec hge tap eao ciing khdng giiip cho cii bg tim duge viec lam tdt sau kbi edng viec ddng ing ky thuit ebu ydu vin la lao ddng thii edng edn ein nhidu tdi lao ddng Sy hudng thy van hoi ciia ngudi din d ndng tbdn, midn niii nhit la d^i vdi phu ntr edn rit thip He thdng thdng tin tuyen tmydn, bio cbf edn ngheo nan, ngudi lao ddng d tinh trang mil tin tiic, tim hidu bidt edn ban hep Day chinh la can trd Idn lam cho chi em khd cd eo hdi, didu kien dd hidu bidt tidp can duge vdi nhirng nhu ciu sdi ddng tren thj tmdng, tim duge cho minh mdt chd dung thfeb bgp xa hdi II Su phat trien cua cac nganh djch vu va tac dgng ciia no ddi vdi viec su dung nguon lao dgng nCr b nudc ta: Dich vu la nganh kinh td ddi va phit tridn gdn tidn vdi san xuit hang hoi va qua trtnh phit tridn ndn kinh td qude din nhdm nang eao miic sdng cua nbin din Dd li nhihig nginh kinh td m i san phim ciia nd khdng mang hinh ding vat chit eu thd, chi li nhung djch vu phue vy cho san xuit va ddi sdng nhung cang cd vai trd hdt siic quan trgng tdng thd cic nginh kinh td qude din Mdt nhung ndi dung quan trgng ciia sy nghiep edng nghiep hoi - hien dai hoi dit nude li viec chuydn djch ca ciu mdt eich bgp ly, dd djch vu la nganh kinh td cang chidm mdt vi tri quan trgng ndn kinh td qude din d nhidu nude, djch vu mang lai ttr 30% ddn 50% thu nhip qude din (GDP), tbim chi b cic nude phit tridn sd dd dat ddn 60%) - 80%o GDP • nude ta, nam 1990 djch vu chidm 38,6%o GDP, 1998 chidm 43,5%) GDP, dy bio nim 2020 dich vu se chidm 50%) 35 Trong lieh sir phit tridn kinh td djch vu tren did gidi va d nudc ta da xuit hien rit nhidu cic loai binh td cbiie djch vu kbic nbau Hien nay, nhidu hinh thtre djch vu da phat tridn nhidu nganh Idn duge td ebiie mang ludi ca nudc Qui trtnh chuydn sang ndn kinh td thj tmdng da tao eac loai binh djch vu gdn Udn vdi qui trtnh luu thdng hang hoi, tbtie day san xuit kinh doanh, gdp phin phue vu ddi sdng vi tao rit nhidu edng an viec lam cho xa hdi Trong aih vyc dich vu cho san xuit ed cic hinh thiic phue vu cho edng nghiep, ndng nghiep, xiy dyng nhu djch vu van tai bang boa, djch vu buu dien, thdng tin hen lac, cung ung siia chlia miy mdc thiet bj, djch vu edng nghe, djch vu thuang mai, ngan hang Dich vu phue vu ddi sdng dam bao ea bai mat nhu ciu cua ddi sdng xa hdi la djch vu cho ddi sdng vat chit va djch vu cho ddi sdng tinh thin Vd djch vu phue vu ddi sdng vat chit gdm djch vu y td, nha d, an udng Vd djch vu phue vu ddi sdng tinh than gdm giio due dio tao, djch vu van hoi nghe thuit, thd due thd thao, vui choi giai tn, djch vu du Ijeh Ngudi ta da phan chia djch vu ba loai: eie nganh djch vu mdi, cac nganh djch vu tmydn thdng, eie nganh djch vu bd sung Cic nganh djch vu mdi nhu giio due siie khoe, dich vu chuyen mdn (djch vu ky thuit, tu phip, y td, eie doanh nghiep nha nude hay tu nhan, cic nha chuyen mdn lam nhu ky su, cic nhi tu phip, cic kd toin, eie thiy thude ) djch vu cho viec giai tn va sir dung tbdi gian nbin rdi dang tang len eting vdi thu nhip thyc td ti'nh theo diu ngudi Cic nginh djch vu tmydn thdng nhu viec ndi trg gia (flnh, niu an giat giu d nhi, quan ly nha ed xu hudng giam din Cic nganh djch vu bd sung hay tmng gian, van tai va thuang nghiep cung tang nhanb vi cic san phim ndng nghiep va edng nghiep ed chidu hudng khdng phai tieu thy tai chd Cdng viee phan phdi bang boa va djch vu tai cbfnb, ngan hing phat tridn dd giai quydt mau thuSn gitra san xuit tip tmng va nhu ciu lieu dung thay ddi va phin tin Ta ed mot nbin xet ebung la cic nganh djch vu xa hdi phit tridn nhu ciu djch vu ciia xa hdi tang len kbi mot lye lugng lao ddng to Idn xa hdi dang thidu viee lam, nhit li d ndng tbdn, md mdt kha nang mdi viec tao cdng an viee lam cho lao ddng nii Sy phit tridn cic nganh djch vu ddi hdi nhan lye vdi eie trinh dd kbic nbau Cd nhihig nghd yeu ciu ed bgc vin cao, nghd gidi duge dao tao cd he thdng nhu bie sT, luat su Cung cd nhirng nghd ddi hdi hge v ^ tmng binh hay viee dao tao tay nghd khdng khd khan nhu thg may, nghd tbti cdng, thg cdt tde Lai ed nhung nghd ddi hdi rit ft hge vin, tay nghd nhu budn bin hang rong, gac edng, phue vu cac gia dinh Diy la mdt nguyen nbin quan trgng kbidn cic nganh djch vu cd kha nang thu but nhidu nhan lye dae biet la nhidu phu nir tham gia Vf dy: nam 1992 cd 74,54%) nQ la nhan vien ban hang, 70,5%o nii la thg may, 73,15%o nu la hiu ban, 92,3%) nii la thg cdt tde, udn tde Mdt didu quan trgng nua la viee md mang eie nganh djch vu khdng ddi hdi nhidu vdn diu tu kd ca CO sd ting, dja didm kinh doanh, miy mdc thidt bj nhu san xuit edng nghiep ma chii ydu li sir dung lao ddng sdng Cbdng ban nhu chi can ed mdt cbiit vdn edng vdi mdt ddi quang ganh, phu nir ttr ndng thdn cd thd kidm sdng duge d eie phd, md mdt hieu cit tde, eira hang may, md mdt quiy tap hoi nhd ma khdng ein nhidu vdn va ed thd mdt minh ty lam 36 Qua nhung didu phin ti'ch tren diy cho thiy ddi vdi cic nganh djch vu lao ddng nii ed nhidu uu thd Chi em ein eu chju khd lao ddng, d mi, nbin nai, ed y thtre ky luit, ein thin bon so vdi nam gidi, Idi ndi, each giao tidp nhe nhang kheo leo vdi khich hang Nhu vay, chj em phu nii' cd thd manh d mdt sd nganh nhu nhan vien bin hang, tidp vien, van phdng, kd toin, ngin hang Nhung phu nfl cting cd nhihig mat edn ydu nhu nbin ebung trinh dd hge vin, tay nghd thip ban so vdi nam gidi Phu nii cd cbtic nang sinh de, nudi eon nen thudng bin bju eon cii, gia dinh ban nam gidi Vi thd, bg tham gia cic edng viec thudng khdng lien tue, eo hdi, didu kien ning cao tay nghd, trtnh dd khd khan ban Hg cung khd thfeb ung vdi nhiing cdng viec phai di chuydn ludn, xa nha, xa con, dd hg thudng chgn nhihig cdng viec gin nha, gin con, chif) fihin mire thu nhip thip Do bin bju viec nha, ft giao tidp xa hdi nhu nam gidi nen lugng thdng tin ft Didu dd bit Igi cho viec kinh doanh eo chd thj tmdng Ngoai ra, tinh sing tao, hnh boat, chii ddng, ning lye quan ly ciia nir thudng thip ban so vdi nam kbi dd lai la nhiing td chit ein thidt boat ddng kinh td djch vu Nhung ban chd dd duge phan inh rit ro thyc td Ta thudng thiy phu nii tham gia vao cic nganh djch vu khdng ddi hdi trtnh dd hge vin eao, tay nghd dieu luyen hay dao tao cdng phu d nganh y td, ty le phu nir tham gia eao ban hdn nam gidi tren 60%o nhung chii ydu chi b nhung cdng viec cd chuyen mdn thip vf du 80%o y'ti la nir, 41,3%o la bie si, 69,82%) la duge ti nganh giao due, da sd phu nu la giao vien miu giio, ci'p I, cang len cip tren d le ntr cang thip ban nam Hiu qua la, thu nhip va vj tn' cdng tic ciia hg thudng thip ban nam gidi Tdm lai, eie nganh djch vu d nudc ta dang cang md rdng vi phit tridn theo quy luit phit tridn cua ndn kinh te hing hoi, tao kha nang thu biit nhidu nbin lye dang thidu viec lam dd cd nhidu viee phu bgp vdi lao ddng nii Song cung ein nbin thiy ring, nhidu nganh djch vy ddi hdi nbin lye cd trtnh dd bgc vin va tay nghd cao Vi thd chj em phu nii ein cd gdng dip ung nhidu hon nua nhihig yeu ciu mdi ma thj tmdng lao ddng dat Tdi lieu tham khdo Viet Nam chuong trtnh din sd va kd boach hoi gia dinh Uy ban qude gia din sd va kd hoach hoi gia dinh Ha Ndi 11/1999 Cic djch vu bd trg phit tridn edng nghiep d Viet Nam Vien Khoa hge cdng nghe Vien - NXB Lao ddng 1997 HN Phat tridn eie nganh djch vu va each tidp ein gidi viec sir dung nhan lye d nudc ta Le Thi - Tap chi nghien cuu kinh td - sd 211-12/1995 SUMMARY Development of service sectors by using female labour force in our country at present time - This article mentioned about using of the female labour force in Vietnam at present time and analyzed a development trend of service economical sectors This development trend has attracted a different work forces, especially female labour -The author has pointed out strong points and weak points of female labour force in • service economical sectors Some recommendations has been gavee on making a convenient condition for service sectors in using female labour for - and making an appropriate jobs for female 37 ... Mdt sdkho khan viec svCdung nguon lao ddng nQ d nudc ta: Qua cic sd Ueu thdng ke neu tren phin nao thiy duge d nudc ta, sd lugng lao ddng nii eao nhung chit lugng lao ddng lai ri't thip ca vd trtnh... tinh hinh din sd d nudc ta vin tang vdi mtic dd cao nhung khdng di ddi vdi viec ning cao chit lugng lao ddng Sy nghiep giio due dio tao nganh nghd khdng theo kip duge tde dd tang dan sd ngan sach... djch vu va tac dgng ciia no ddi vdi viec su dung nguon lao dgng nCr b nudc ta: Dich vu la nganh kinh td ddi va phit tridn gdn tidn vdi san xuit hang hoi va qua trtnh phit tridn ndn kinh td qude