Quản lý xã hội của cộng đồng dân tộc thiểu số ở đồng bằng sông cửu long một cách tiếp cận

QUAN LY XA HOI CUA C Q N G DONG DAN TOC THIEU SO d DONG BANG SONG CtfV LONG, xMOT CACH TIEP C A N It Hodng Van Viet Dong bang song Cuu long (DBSCL) la dong bang Ian nhai Viet Nam Khae cac viing mien khae ciia dai nuae, eiia the giai, a day nhieu phan dan Igc sinh song nhu nguai Viet, nguai Khmer, nguofi Cham, nguai Hoa va mot so Igc nguai kliae La nhirng luu dan lir nhieu noi, dii moi toe nguai mang dam nhiing dau an van boa truyen thong dac thii, nhung hg luon ke vai sal canh ben nhau, chia nggl se biii Irong qua trinh kliai hoang ma dat, xae lap ehu quyen va bao ve lanh tho Vi tri dia - chinh tri quan trgng, y nghia tiem nang kinh te Ian lao, birc tranh van hoa toe nguai da dang, phong phii eua DBSCL da dat viing vao sy quan tarn dac biet cua cac the che cam quyen, sy tap trung nghicn eiru ciia giai khoa hgc Co rat nhieu an pham khoa hgc, cac cong trinh nghien eiru va cac bao cao thong so phan anh birc tranh dcri song sinh dong ciia cac cong dong dan toe thilu si a DBSCL Tuy nhien, mot mang it dugc de cap va gay tranh cai giai hgc thuat rat can dirge tap trung nghien eiru, lam sang to, la he thong quan ly xa hoi CO truyen va quan ly xa hoi hien dai cac cong dong dan cu Cac van de dat nhu^ to chuc quan ly xa hoi la gi? N6 la mot pham trii van hoa? Cau true to chiire va thiet che quan ly c6 truyen cac xa hoi nguai Khmer, nguai Cham the hien nhu the nao? Vi tri, y nghia va vai tro cisa chung sy phat trien xa hoi? To chirc quan ly xa hgi - pham trii van hoa? Hoat dong to chue va quan ly la mot thuge tin boat dong von c6 cua giai huu sinh Trong dai song bay ong, loai kien, each thirc to chirc va chire nang quan ly cua chung bet sue chat che, khoa hgc khien moi eon nguai chimg la cung cam ihay Ihern thuong! Tuy nhien nhung boat dong ay chi mang tinh ban nang nham tri dai song sinh vat thuan ciia chung ma khong doai hoai den mue dich, lire khong c6 tu Kieu song nhu vay nguai la thuong ggi la kieu song sinh hgc ban nang PGS.TS., Truang Dai hoc KHXH&NV, Dai hoc Quoe gia TP.HCM 400 QUAN LY XA HQI CUA CONG D6NG DAN TOC THie'u s6 Thai mong mugi, nguai buae vao dai song xa hoi, cong dong bay dan ciing eo nhiing each thirc phan chia quan ly vai nhttng hinh thue to chuc rat tho so Hoat dong quan ly mang tinh ly phat va ehu yeu giai quyet cac quan he ea nhan nham tranh nhirng tranh chap sinh ton: giao phoi, lanh tho kieu song dya vao ban nang thuong le thuge mot each nghiet nga vao cac dieu kien ly nhien a ben ngoai To chuc quan ly cua eon nguai chi chinh thue eon nguai buae vao dai song xa hoi Ihye thy, tue moi ea the cong dong y thue dugc sy ton tai ciia ban than khong the khong phy thuge vao sy ton tai cua cac ea the khae va cac dieu kien chi phoi De dam bao sy on dinh va tri trat ly khong gian xa hoi ay, nguai sang lao cac hinh thai to chire, cac ky nang hoan thien, cac nguyen tac, cac lieu ehuan va cac phuang lien ho trg khae cho sy van hanh Quan ly xa hoi la sy lac dong c6 y thue ciia eon nguai vao mot to chuc xa hoi hay mot nhom xa hoi nham sap xep va tri cac pham chat dac thii cua cac to chuc, cac nhom xa hoi ay, dap ung sy ton tai va phat trien cac ITnh vyc boat dong cua no Doi lugng cua quan ly rat da dang, nhung quan ly nguai va cac boat dong etia eon nguai la ehu yeu Trong xa hoi e6 to chuc, nguai vira la ehu the ciia quan ly, vira la khach the cua quan ly Vi vay, suy cho ciing myc dich sau xa cua quan ly la phat trien nguai, hoan thien loan dien cac chirc nang cua nguai Van de dat ra, quan ly xa hoi la mot pham trii ciia van hoa? Co rat nhieu cac djnh nghia khae ve van hoa, nhung chiing toi cho rang, noi din van hoa la noi den nang lye boat dong (pham chat) cua nguai va cac san pham ma eon nguai lao qua trinh lao dong sang lao Dieu kien dam bao sy sinh ton cua eon nguai va boat dong e6 ich cua nguai la moi truang ly nhien va moi truong xa hoi Trong mot dieu kien moi truang ty nhien c6 the lao hai nhan each nguai va hai dang thue van hoa khae Nhu vay, van hoa chi eo the sinh hinh xa hoi nguai Xa hoi la mot lap hgp nguai song chung tren mot viing lanh tho, ciing chia se mot nen van hoa va c6 sy doc lap tuong doi vai ben ngoai Nguai la dya vao cac lieu chi khae de phan loai xa hoi: Theo thai gian: xa hoi truyen thong va xa hoi hien dai Theo khong gian: quoe gia va dan toe (toe nguai) Tat nhien, nguofi nghien cuu khach quan khong the tuyet doi hoa vai tro cua tu nhien la dieu kien tien quyet tao cac san pham van hoa 401 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HPl THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU Theo trinh do: xa hoi san ban,hai lugm,n6ng nghiep va xa hoi cong nghiep Theo hinh thai kinh te - xa hoi: xa hoi cong xa nguyen thiiy, xa hoi chilm hiru no le, xa hoi phong kien, xa hoi tu ban ehu nghia, xa hoi xa hoi ehu nghia Dii phan chia theo fieu chi nao,ehae chan la, hinh thai xa hoi nao se lao nen nhirng dac trung van boa tuong ung Vi dy, cac xa hoi san bin va hai lugm, da thay ro xu huong ren luyen song ty tin, khat vgng dat nhiing tieh ea nhan va song doe lap' bg phan dan cu chan nuoi, nhirng thuge tinh nhu doc lap, bilu hien hang khong che day phat trien ban To chuc va quan ly xa hoi la pham trii van hoa dugc hieu dual sy the hien nang lye,pham chat, kha nang va trinh ciia nguai - tue chii the van hoa Khae vat, a eon nguai ban nang kieu song sinh hgc it bi chi phli ma kieu song van hoa c6 dinh huong ngy tri hoan loan Tuy nhien, khong thi nhin nhan kieu song sinh hgc - ban nang la thap kem, tire phuong thue boat dong it phat tri In ban so vai kien thirc song van hoa - dinh huong Sy khae giira hai kilu sing tren la sy khae ve chat Con nguai la mot sinh vat cao cap hoan chinh Cau triic giai phau - sinh ly ciia eon nguai da tao a n6 cac thuge tinh dac biet: kha nang thich nghi manh me, uyen ehuyen va linh boat; trinh giao tiep khon kheo; nang lye sang tao phi thuong Ben canh moi truang xa hoi va ty nhien, nguai tra chii nhan eiia sy sang tao cac hinh thai van hoa da dang, phong phii va sinh dong, " ngoai van hoa, nguai nhu la mot Ihye the song da chet" Cuoi eimg, to chuc - quan ly xa hoi la san pham van hoa cua hoat dong nguai No c6 cac thuge tinh lieh sir, xa hoi va lim truyen - ke thira Suy cho ciing, hoat dong to chuc - quan ly xa hoi ciia nguai deu phue vy cho sy phat trien ciia xa hgi va hoan chinh ban than nguai Thiet che to chuc - quan ly xa hgi chat che, khoa hoc; nguyen tac sinh boat nghiem minh, mue tieu boat dong ro rang khong chi phan anh pham chat - nang lye ciia chii the, ma gop phan quylt dinh vao sy phat trien ben vihig xa hgi To chiic - quan ly xa hgi, nhu ehiing ta trinh bay la pham trii cua van hoa Tuy nhien, theo cau true va noi dung, no kliu biet pham vi nao cua van hoa? Trong giai klioa hgc, de cap den van de nay, eo nhung each hieu khae Nha van hoa hgc My White cho rang, van hoa to chuc thuge khu vyc van hoa xa hgi Giao su A.A Belik, 2000, Van hoa hgc - Nhiing ly thuyet nhan hgc van hoa, Nxb VH-NT, tr 256 A.A Belik, 2000, Sdd, tr 257 A.A Belik, 2000, Sdd, tr 23 402 QUAN LY xA HQI CUA CONG D6NG DAN TOC THI^U S6 Dao Duy Anh xep van hoa to ehiie vao van hoa sinh boat xa hgi Phan loai van hoa theo cau true - chirc nang, Giao su Tran Ngge Them khu biet no van h6a to chirc Sy phan khu van boa to chuc nhu tren deu ham chua nhirng ly khoa hgc Tuy nhien, chung toi cho rang, van hoa bao gom hai to: van h6a vat chat va van hoa linh than Van hoa to chuc nam a giao diem hai phan van hoa ay Sy phan chia rach roi ranh giai van hoa vat chat va van boa tinh than la kho chap nhan, boi le van hoa vat chat da an chua nhirng bieu trung eiia van hoa tinh than va ngugc lai, dai song van hoa vat chat eiia eon nguai in dam nhirng dau an cua van h6a tinh than Nhiing cong trinh kien triic ton giao so eo the dugc xay dyng bang nhirng vat lieu giong nhung no an chua nhirng cam thue linh Ihieng kliae cua eon nguai He thong to chuc quan ly xa hoi c6 truyen cgng dong nguoi Khmer va cong dong nguoi Cham u DBSCL va nhirng dau an lai / Nhirng dac trung ca ban cua cpng dong ngirdi Khmer, ngu&i Cham DBSCL eon ggi la viing Tay Nam Bg, gom 13 tinh, pho, vai dan so ban 17 trieu dan (vai thong ke chinh xae vao nam 2010 la 17.273.797 nguai), chiem 21% dan si ca nuae d day cu tni hon 20 phan toe nguai, nhung chii yeu la nguai Viet (80 %), nguai Khmer (1,3 trieu, chilm 7,43%), nguai Cham (14.215 nguai, chilm 0,08 %.), nguai Hoa (210.064 nguai, chilm 1,22 %) Nguai Khmer song tap trung ehu yeu a tinh pho: Soc Trang, Tra Vinh, Ca Mau, Bac Lieu, Hau Giang, VTnh Long, Kien Giang, An Giang va Can Tho, nhung dong dao ban la a hai tinh Soc Trang (367.518 nguai) va a Tra Vinh (313.318 nguai) Nguai Cham cu tni chii yeu a tinh hien giai An Giang (13.722 nguai) va song rai rac a cac tinh Long An (248 nguai), Hau Giang (86 nguai) va Dong Thap (97 nguai) Co Ihl khai quat nhiing dac diem ehu yeu cua hai cong dong dan tgc thieu so nhu sau: Thu nhdt, khae ve thai gian, mue so nguai hay each thue di ehuyen, nguofi Khmer va nguai Cham la nhiing luu dan tir nhung viing khae den ty cu, lap nghiep a DBSCL Nguai Khmer c6 mat a day som hon, tir the ky XIII; nguai Cham - mugn ban, vao the ky thu XVIll Thanh phan cua cac luu dan la rat da dang, nhung phan Ion la nong dan ngheo tron chay sy ap hue khae eiia giai cap thong tri, hoac ngheo doi fim den noi viing dat yen lanh Ciing canh ngg, rat bo el huong nen tir dau a hg hinh tinh c6 ket cong dong het sue chat che va thai hoa dong tiep xiie vai cac cong dong toe nguoi khae Ngay nay, cac Phum - Sork nguai Khmer song xen ke la nhung gia dinh nguai Viet, nguai 403 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU Hoa, nguai Cham va ngugc lai ben canh nhirng Palei (lang) cua nguai Cham eo ca nhom nguai Viet, nguai Hoa, nguai Cham Thie hai, nguai Khmer va nguofi Cham chii yeu san xuat nong nghiep (tring Ilia, chan nuoi, danh bat ca ) d tinh Tra Vinh, noi nguai Khmer chilm dong dao dan cu, c6 tren 90% nguai Khmer a nong thon Nguai Cham, ngoai mot bg phan lam nghe nong, mot so it tham gia buon ban vira va nho, lam nghl thii cong Chinh vi vay, dac trung nguai nong dan hien lanh, chat phat, giau cam xiic, nhung van cham chap, tu tuang chap nhan va ngai "di dong" la tam ly el hu-u eiia nguai Khmer va nguai Cham Ngheo doi, it hgc la van nan quoe gia, nhung doi vai nguai Khmer la dinh menh! Theo ket qua khao sat 600 hg gia dinh Khmer, Cham a tinh An Giang nhom nghien cuu Vo Cong Nguyen - chii nhiem de tai, thi c6 din 22,7% so hg tra lai " Dai song rat kho khan"' Trong 400 hg gia dinh nguai Khmer CO 46% " kho khan", 23,3% " rat kho klian"l Thu ba, nguai Khmer va nguai Cham la cong dan ciia cac xa hgi lieh sii CO nen van hoa - van minh phat trien kha rye Nhirng gia tri van hoa Khmer va Champa da ket tinh a hg niem ty bao, ty ton ty cuang dan tgc cao Tinh than dan tgc sau sac mot mat giup hg y thue gin giii nhirng pham gia dan tgc, mat khae tao nen a hg nhirng cam xiic e ngai, xa lanh giao tiep ben ngoai Thu tu, den ty cu a DBSCL, nguai Cham va nguai Khmer diu limg trai qua thai ky xa hgi c6 nha nuae - to ehurc Nhung tri thirc, Ihoi quen va hanh vi cu xii cua hg mot trat ty xa hgi eo ky euang, phap luat la ca so kinh nghiem giup hg nhanh chong lam quen vai nhirng thiet che chinh tri mai ben canh vice tri cac thiet che quan ly c6 truyen Thie nam, lieh su dan toe Viet la lieh sir cua nhung cugc dau tranh dyng nuae va chien tranh giti nuae lau dai va gian kho Trong cugc chiln khic liet da hinh a nguai Khmer, nguai Cham va cac cong ding dan tgc khae y thue sinh tin va finh than doan ket, gan bo cao ca Trong hai cugc khang chiln ehing thue dan Phap va de quoe My da eo rat nhieu tam guang sang dau tranh ben bi va by sinh cao ea la nguai Khmer va nguai Cham Trong thai ky khang chien ching My xam luge, hang chuc ngan dong bao Khmer va sir sai trye dien dau tranh vai chinh quyen ngyy quyen chong khiing bo, chong bat linh, chIng pha hoai chiia chien Tir phong trao xuat hien nhirng can bg uu tii la nguai Khmer, xuat than tir su sai nhu Bao cao long hgp de tai nghien cuu khoa hoe " Phat trien kinh te - xa hoi vung dong bao dan loc Khmer, Cham a An Giang giai doan 2011 - 2015 va den nam 2020", thang 6/2011 Nhu tren 404 QUAN LY xA HQI CUA CQNG D5NG DAN TOC THIEU SO Malia Thong (tri thirc su sai), hoa thugng Son Wong (thanh vien eiia Mat Iran dan toe giai phong Tay Nam Bg) Cuoi ciing, thai ky cong nghiep boa, hien dai hoa dat nuae, sy ehuyin minh lien bg cua dat nuae keo theo nhiing thay doi, ea ve vat chat, ea ve tinh thin eiia cong dong nguai Khmer va nguai Cham Sy ehuyen dich eo cau kinh le a cac tinh eo dong nguai Khmer, Cham nhu linh An Giang, Soc Trang, Tra Vinh da tac dong manh me den boat dong kinh te va cai thien dai song nguai dan Ngoai san xuat thuan nong, nguai Khmer, nguai Cham da dan dan ehuyen sang khu vyc san xuat hoac la ket hgp boat dong kinh le nong nghiep va phi nong nghiep; hoac la hoan loan tach khoi nong nghiep de buon ban, san xuat thu cong nghiep Sy da dang boa cac hoat dong kinh te da gop phan cai thien dai song cac dong bao dan tgc nhu vice lam, thu nhap va thay doi ea cau lao dong cong dong Nhom nien nam nii Khmer, Cham rai bo nong thon ve thi fim kiem viec lam Nhirng dac trung long hgp tren cho thay, ve ca ban, dien mao ciia nguai Khmer, nguofi Cham a DBSCL rat it thay doi Tinh c6 ket cong dong, tam ly ty ton, ty hao dan tgc, dai song vat chat, tinh than la dau an nen van hoa c6 truyen cua nguaii Khmer, nguai Cham 2.2 TS chijrc quan ly xd hoi truyin thdng ciia cpng dSng ngirdi Khmer, ngirdi Cham Van boa to chiic la loan bg gia tri, niem tin, truyen thong, thoi quen quyet dinh hanh vi ciia moi ca nhan to chuc, cang phong phii them va thay doi theo thai gian, mang lai cho to chuc mot ban sac rieng' Nhu da n6i, nguai Khmer la tgc nguai c6 mat sam a DBSCL Don vj kinh te xa 10 i truyen thong cua hg hien eon ton tai la Phum va Sork Moi Phum eo khoang tir 50 den 200 hg Nhieu Phum hgp lai ggi la Sork Quan he giira cac vien troiig Phum thuong la quan he ba dong hg (huyet thong) Dung dau Phum la cac Me Phum, dieu hanh ehu yeu cac cong viec moi Phum Me Phum la nguai am hiea cac phong lye tap quan, cac kinh nghiem san xuat, gioi noi, giao tiep va eo uy fin cong dong Hg thuong la nguai Ion tuoi, c6 thir bac, dung dau dong hg Coig viec chii yeu cua Me Phum la thu xep cac moi quan he giira cac vien troig Phum, cac nghi thue tin nguong, ton giao, ciing gio theo phong tue c6 truyen Me Phum eiing Me Sork (dung dau Sork) va cac Me Phum khae tham gia cac boat Quan ly hdnh chinh - ly thuyet va thue hanh, Nxb Chinh tri quoe gia, Ha Noi, 2000, tr 39 405 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THIJ TU dong quan ly cua Sork Dja vi ciia Me Phum gilng nhu Po - Piteq cac dong hg nguai Raglay va tgc truang cac dong hg nguai Viet Moi quan he giiia cac vien Phum dya tren nguyen tic hinh ding, eimg chia se trach nhiem, quyen Igi Ban than Me Phum ciing nhu mgi vien khae Phum khong c6 dac quyen dac Igi gi Nhu da noi, nhilu Phum hgp Sork Dung dlu Sork la Me Sork (Chii Sork) Nguai dirng dau Sork thuong la nhiing nguai dan ong trung nien, eo sire khoe va trai nghiem am hieu phong tye tap quan, biet each xii the va kha nang giao fiep, CO uy tin cao cong dong Giiip da cong viec cho Me sork la mot Ban quan tri (Kanak kamaka) gim cac chii Phum va mot so nguofi dai dien khae, vi dy nhu Chu - chuc (Nhom wat) Ban quan tri thuang c6 tir den nguofi, nhiem ky nam Cong viec chii ylu ciia Me Sork la dieu hanh cac cong viec Sork, giai quyet cac cong viec lien quan giira cac Phum Sy khae biet gitJa Me Sork va Me Phum la a cho, nlu Me Phum quan tam nhieu lai cac cong viec lien quan tai viec tri, bao ton cac gia tri gia dinh va truyen thing dong hg thi Me Sork giir vai tro to chuc cac boat dong kinh ll, xa hgi Sork va dieu fiet cac mli quan he giira cac Phum Gilng Me Phum, Me Sork eQng khong eo cac dac quyen dac Igi Tham gia vao he thong to chirc quan ly va dieu hanh cong viec ciia Phum va Sork la Ban quan tri chiia Mot dac trung dai song nguofi Khmer thill che xa hgi c l truyen la vai tro eiia Phat giao Ngoi chiia la Imng tam ton giao, tin nguong, van boa xa hgi ciia nguai Khmer Moi Phum eo mot ngoi chiia Vi su ca (Luk Kroa) - dirng dau cai quan cong viec chua, c6 vi tri rat Ion dai song van hoa xa hgi nguai Khmer Su ca dugc nguai dan coi trgng, tin tuong Trong nhieu cong viec mang tinh quyet dinh ciia Phum - Sork khong thi thieu sy tham gia cua su ca Trong xa hgi eo truyen ciia nguai Khmer, ngoai cac tu sT, nguai tri thiic - nhan sT (Achar) c6 vai tro kha quan trgng dofi song van hoa, giao due Hg la nhUng nguai dugc kinh trgng xa hgi vi sy hilu bill rgng, dao dire, pham chat til; gioi dang cac nghi le ciing kieng, va thuong la cac tu sT tirng trai qua thai gian tu hanh chua Trong xa hgi nay, cac dau an cua thiet che quan ly xa hgi truyen thong dan dan bi phai ma, nhung nhirng nen tang ea ban etia no van luu giu dai song cong dong nguoi Khmer Nguai Cham song tap trung chii yeu a tinh An Giang Palei (lang) - don vi kinh te - xa hgi cua nguoi Cham, phan bo dgc theo song Hau, tren cac cii lao Ihugc 406 QUAN LY xA HOI CUA CONG O5NG DAN TQC THIS'U SO huyen An Phii va thi xa Tan Chau Tat ea Palei cua nguai Cham a An Giang, DBSCL la cac Palei Hoi giao, tao mot don vi cu tru - hanh le (ggi la yama ah) giong nhu hg dao hay giao xii cac lang Cong giao cua nguoi Viet M6i Palei CO nhieu Puk (tuong dong xom cua nguai Viet) Trong he thong quan ly xa hgi c l truyin cong ding nguai Cham, Ban Haken hay Ban quan tri duong giir vai tro chii dao cac Palei Con nguai dirng dau cac Puk la Ably Trong Puk c6 cac tilu duong (surao) thi Ably ding liie kiem luon cong viec quan tri lieu duong Khae he thong ty quan eiia nguai Khmer, he thing ty quan cua nguai Cham CO sy thong nhat giira quan ly xa hgi va quan ly ton giao To chirc ly quan cua nguai Cham bao gom: Haken: nguai dirng dau Palei, ggi la giao ca, nguai quan tn cao nhat a duimg Naifi nguai phy la chinh cua Haken Ably: dirng dau Puk, la nguai thu ky hay thu quy ciia Ban quan In Ngoai ban giiip viec cho JHaken c6 Haji - nguai hanh huong tra ve lir dia Mecca Cong viec ehu ylu etia Ban quan tri la coi cac cong viec sinh boat kinh te, van boa, xa hgi ciia cong dong; giai quyet cac vu viec lien quan giira cac Puk; van dong, dong vien cac dong bao Ihye hien cac chinh sach van hoa, xa hgi eiia Dang va Nha nuae Noi torn lai, nhiem vu chii ylu cua cac Ban quan tri la lien quan den cac sinh boat cong ding M6i duong cac Palei dIu eo mot t l chuc ty quan Dung dau ban quan trj la Haken - nguofi quan tri cao nhat cua duong Naif la giao ca, thay mat Haken vang mat giai quylt tat ca cong viec Ably - phy trach tilu duong, nguoi giiip viec cho Haken Ngoai eo: Biiak (muszin) - nguai lam nhiem vy keu ggi tin dl lam ll vao trua cac ll (thu sau hang tuan); khotip - nguoi giang giai giao ly cho fin dl tai duong vao cac ll Imam - huong dan tin dl Ihye hien nghi thue cki nguyen vao cac ll; Tuol - thay giao cham soc Ire em dgc kinh; Seak - nguoi cham soc, dgn dep duong Ngoai cac boat dong lien quan den ton giao va quan ly giao dan Ban quan tri duong tham gia giai quyet cac cong viec lien quan din Palei, hoac nhirng viec quan trgng vugt qua tam tay cua cac Ably 407 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU Ngoai Ban quan tri duong dai dien cho cong dong Ihye hien cac cong viec quan he voi cac Palei khae hoac tiep xiic, quan he voi chinh quyen dia phuang viec quan ly xa hgi, Ihye hien cac chii truang, chinh sach phap luat To chirc ly quan o Puk, Pulei boa quyen vao to chuc ty quan duong ca ve phuong dien to chirc, ea ve cac boat dong quan ly thong thuang Quan sat cac each thiic to chirc va van hanh cac thiet che quan ly cong dong ngucri Khmer va cong dong nguofi Cham, nguoi ta thay net noi bat la vai tro eua ton giao va cac gia tri tri thiic ban dia the hien rat Ion Cac gia tri van hoa to chirc ciia hg nhu vay, mot mat, da dam bao sy on dinh trat ty xa hoi; mat khae, giiip cho viec thich nghi de dang cac eo cau, thiet che quan ly xa hgi hien dai He thong quan ly xa hoi hien dai cong dong nguoi Khmer, nguoi Cham va sy thich nghi Mot Ihye te hien la, cong dong cac dan tgc thieu so o DBSCL ciing ton lai hai he thong quan ly xa hgi: he thong truyen thong va he thong hien dai (Mot so nguoi ggi la he thong quan phuang va phi quan phuong)', lire mot he thong dya tren cac tri thire to chire ban dia va cac nguyen tac quan ly ty quan, dan chii cgng dong va mot he thong dya tren cac tri thire to chirc hgp hien va cac nguyen tac quan ly dan chii nhan dan DBSCL gom 13 tinh, pho, 130 don vi hanh chinh cap huyen hoac tuong ducmg (12 pho, quan, thi xa, 106 huyen), 1606 don vi hanh chinh cap xa (178 phucrng, 118 thi Iran, 1310 xa) He thong chinh tri dia phuong a DBSCL cung nhu a noi khae bao gom cap, dugc cau triic theo: Dang bg, Hgi dong nhan dan, Uy ban nhan dan va cae to chire chinh tri - xa hgi (cac doan the chinh tri - xa hgi) He thong chinh tri xa hgi la mot eo che ma giai cap Ihong tri dya vao no de lanh dao chinh tri va thyc hien viec quan ly xa hgi Nguyen tac to chuc va boat dong ciia he thong chinh tri Viet Nam hien la: Dang Cong san lanh dao loan dien, Nha nuae thyc thi cong viec quan ly va nguoi lao dong tham gia thong qua cae To chirc chinh tri - xa hgi va cae to ehiic doan the quan chung khae Dieu 26 ciia Hien phap nuae Cong hoa xa hgi ehu ngliTa Viet Nam nam 1992 khang dinh: Dang Cong san la lye lugng chinh tri nhat lanh dao sy nghiep each mang Viet Nam Lieh su nghien eiru vd phuang phdp tiep can Ky yeu Hoi thao Khoa hoc Ian 1, Ha Noi, 12/8/2008, tr 137 408 QUAN LY XA HOI CUA CQNG DONG DAN TOC THIEU S6 DBSCL hien c6 8.492 t l chirc eo so Dang voi ban 400.000 dang vien To chiic Dang 16 chiic theo don vi hanh chinh gIm 13 t l chue Dang cap linh - pho, 130 to chirc dang cap huyen va tuong duong Con lai la ll chirc cip eo so Cac to Dang hay chi bg Dang dugc xay dyng a cac ap theo nguyen tac lanh thi hoac nghe nghiep Ci cac finh - Ban Chip hanh Dang bg Dai hgi dai bilu bau ra, la 10 chirc cao nhat, ehiu trach nhiem loan bg cong viec, dua duong lli, ehu Iruofng, true tiep lanh dao to chire dang cap duoi trye thuge Dang bg huyen la t l chirc dang cao nhat huyen Dai hgi Dang bg biu Bail Chap hanh (Dang liy) voi nhiem ky nam Dang liy khong chi don thuin la ea quan trung ehuyen cac nghi quyet, duong lli va cac chii truong ciia dang bg liy cap trer ma eon vach cac chinh sach phat Iriln cua huyen va trye lilp lanh dao cae darg bg eo so Chi bg Dang la don vi eo so Dang thap nhat, trye tilp chi dao cae cong viec a dia phuang Dang vien va nh&ng nguoi lanh dao dang eua cac eo so dang la hinh anh sinh dong nhat phan anh loan bg dien mao eiia dang truoe quan chiing nhan dan Ve he thong chinh quyen cac cap, o cac tinh DBSCL (ciing nhu a loan quie) bac gom: Thu nhdt, cae ea quan dai dien - eo quan quyen lye nha nuae a dia phuong Hgi dong nhan dan cap tinh - (13 don vi) Hgi dong nhan dan cap huyen (130 don vi) Hgi dong nhan dan cap xa (1060 don vi) Hgi dong nhan dan cac cap c6 chuc nang: quyet djnh va giam sat cae ea quan nhi nu(Vc khae o dia phuang Thu hai, theo Dieu 129, Hiln phap nam 1992, tJy ban nhan nhan cac d p Hgi dorg nlian dan ciing cap bau ra, la eo quan chap hanh ciia Hgi ding nhan dan, eo quai hanh chinh a dia phuang, ehiu trach nhiem chap hanh Hiln phap, phap luat va cac van ban eua eo quan nha nuae cap tren vao nghi quylt ciia Hgi ding nhan dan Vai nhung tu each do, Uy ban nhan dan cac d p eo nhiem vy thyc hien quan ly rha nuae mot each loan dien tren viing lanh tho thuge pham vi eiia minh; t l ehurc thy: hien nhiing nghi quyet va quyet dinh cua Hgi ding nhan dan ciing cap va ehiu trach nhiem quan ly boat dong ciia cae Uy ban nhan dan cap duoi Cy thi, Uy ban nhin dan xay dyng ke hoach phat trien kinh te - xa hgi timg nam, nhilu nam eua dia phiong, lap dy loan va phuong an bo sung ngan sach dia phuang, quan ly cae boat dgrg kinh te, xa hgi, van hoa, ton giao, giao due, y tl, quic phong, an ninh trat ty, an oan xa hgi, kiem tra va thyc hien phap luat tren dia ban 409 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU De hoan thien chiic nang, nhiem vy eiia Uy ban nhan dan, cac ban chirc nang ehuyen mon eiia Uy ban nhan dan la nhirng eo quan ehuyen trach giiip va xir ly cong viec Vi tinh chat ehuyen mon cao nen cac ea quan doi hoi doi ngii ehuyen vien vira eo nang lye, vira eo kien thiic d DBSCL e6 13 Uy ban nhan dan tinh - Giup viec cho Uy ban nhan dan la cae so - ban nganh ehuyen trach Vi van de dan tgc luon tro nen birc fiiilt nen hau het cac tinh DBSCL lap Ban dan tgc (tuong duong cap So) Ban ton giao truoe day, giof day sal nhap vao So noi vu Dirng dau cae Uy ban nhan dan la cae ehu lieh, chu lieh O cap huyen, cae xa eo cac Uy ban nhan dan ciing cap Giiip viec cho Oy ban nhan dan la cae ban - nganh Cae ban - nganh cap huyen vira ehiu trach nhiem true tiep quan ly eiia ehu lieh huyen (hoac cac chii lieh huyen), vira c6 nghia vy ehiu sy giam sat va chi dao eiia cac eo quan cap tren ciing nganh Uy ban nhan dan cac xa la eo quan hanh chinh thap nhat Hieu qua boat dgng cao ciia Uy ban nhan dan la thuoe nang lye, uy fin cua bg may nha nuae nhan dan O cac xa eo dong nguoi dan tgc thieu so (nhu o tinh Soc Trang, Tra Vinh) cac can bg nguoi Khmer tham gia kha dong dao Trong he thong chinh tri dia phuang, cac to chirc chinh tri - xa hgi nhu Mat tran To quoe, Doan Thanh nien Cong san, Hgi Phu nir, Hgi Nong dan va Hgi Cuu chien binh eo vat tro quan trgng viec tap hcjfp, thu hiit dong dao cac lang lop nhan dan tham gia va la noi giao due, to chirc, luyen truyen, giai thich cac duofng loi, ehii truong, chinh sach eua Dang va Nha nuae Hgi Phy nir of cae tinh DBSCL thu hut kha dong dao phy nir tham gia Hgi Rieng a tinh An Giang, niia dau nam 2012 CO tai 2244 nguoi Cham la hgi vien cae doan the Nhirng nguofi dan tgc thieu so tra nguai diing dau cac to ehiic chinh tri - xa hgi dia phuong Trai qua nhieu che chinh tri, nguofi Khmer va nguoi Cham da tirng lam quen va nhanh chong thich nghi voi eo cau quyen lye moi Tir sau nam 1976, dac biet tir doi moi dat nuoe, Dang va Nha nuae rat quan tam den doi song va sy phat trien eiia cac cgng dong dan tgc thieu so DBSCL Vi vay, nhan thiic cua hg ve he thong quyen lye moi la kha ro rang ciing nhu sy tham gia eiia hg vao viec xay dyng, bao ve chinh quyen va cae phong trao phat trien kinh te xa hgi, van hoa giao due rat thuong xuyen, soi noi va c6 trach nhiem Nhan thiic ciia nguoi Khmer va Cham ve he thong quan ly nha nuae the hien nhiing chieu huong dang quan tam, tham chi trai ngugc Nhan thiie ve ea cau cac don vi hanh chinh: cgng dong nguoi Khmer xuat hien thyc trang, mot bg phan nguofi Ire tuoi (tir 25 den 40 tuoi), dac biet la 410 QUAN LY XA HOI CUA CQNG O6NG DAN TQC THIEU S6 tharh nien nam nu it dirng khai niem "Phum Sork" quan he cong viec, hanh chirh, tham chi a hg cac don vi "ap - xa" thay cho "Phum Sork" Ngugc lai, gan nhu tat ea nguoi Cham dIu dung ten ggi Palei thay cho "Lang" Quan he nguoi dan tgc thilu so voi doi ngii can bg lanh dao cac cap, cac nganh Qua khao sat dinh lugng (228 phieu danh cac can hoi cho ding bao dan tgc Khmer va Cham) nam 2011 va 2012, ehiing toi thu dugc kit qua nhu sau: Thir nhdt, iniic quan trgng ciia quan he voi chinh quy In cac cap: 56% Thu hai, nhan biet nhirng can bg cae cap: - Vi Bi thu Dang uy xd: 51,1% khong bill 12,7% biet mat, biet ten - Vi Chu tich Hgi dong nhan ddn: 59,8% - khong bill 10,0% - hilt mat, bill ten 7,4% - da tiep xuc - Vi Chu tich Uy ban nhan ddn: 52,9% - khong hilt 17,2% - bill mat, bill ten 5,7% - deu tiep xuc - yi Chu tich ede doan thi: tren 50% - khong biet 15%-bill mat Nhan xet ve can bg dang, chinh quyen va cac doan thi Qua phan tieh 225 phieu khao sat o ding bao dan toe, chiing toi nhan thay: - Vi can bg Dang: Quan tam dofi song nhan dan 20,8% Co uy tin 20,8% Co nang lye 15,9% Dcgangui: 13,3% Co thien cam: 12,4% - Vi can bg nha nude: Quan tam den doi song nhan dan: 14,9% Couytin: 15,3% 411 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU Co nang lye: 13,5% Khong y kien: 41% - Vi can bg doan thi: Quan tam doi song nhan dan: 20% Co uy fin: 15% Co nang lye: 15% De gan giii: 10% Co thien cam: 10% Cac thong so tren cho thay: chua noi den danh gia eiia dong bao dan toe thieu so ve chat lugng doi ngii can bg he thong chinh tri dia phuong, ma ro rang, nhan thirc eua hg da danh mot phan sy quan tam va trach nhiem eiia hg doi voi he thong quyen lye moi Khong chi dirng lai o viec nhan thiic, dong bao Khmer va nguoi Cham eon tham gia mot each eo Iraeh nhiem vao viec xay dyng doi ngii can bg dia phuang Nhieu nguoi dan tgc tham gia vao cae cong viec Dang, quan ly nha nuae va cong tac doan the' Dau nam 2012 o DBSCL eo 8492 to chire, ca so Dang vai 409.864 dang vien, dang vien la nguoi dan toe Khmer : 11.991 nguoi Loan khu vyc c6 12131 can bg cong chirc la nguai Khmer lam viec a cap linh, thanh, cap huyen va cap eo so (xa phuofng thi Iran); cy the: eo dong chi la Uy vien Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang, dai bieu Quoe hgi khoa Xlll Cap finh c6 708 nguofi, c6 50 dai bieu Hgi dong nhan dan (chiem 1,64%) 25 nguoi la cap truang, so, ban, nganh; cap huyen c6 1620 nguoi, eo 208 nguoi la dai bieu Hgi dong nhan dan, 13 nguoi la cap truang, phong ban nganh Cap co so CO 8711 can bg cong chirc, e6 2949 can bg ehuyen trach, 2064 Ban Chap hanh dang iiy xa, FIgi dong nhan dan xa^ Chung toi khong di sau phan tich so lugng va chat lugng doi ngii can bo dan toe thieu so a DBSCL, ma ehi dua mot so chung minh cho y thirc xay dung he thong chinh tri dja phuang Ban can su Dang Uy ban dan toe Trung uong; Bao cao ket qua thue hien Chi thj 68 CT/TW eua Ban Bi thu Trung uang Dang (khoa VI) ve cong tae a vung dong bao dan toe Khmer Bao cao long ket eua Ban Chi dao Tay Nam Bo 2010 - 2011 412 QUAN LY XA HQI COA CONG D6NG DAN TOC THI^U S6 So lugng can bg cong chire nguoi Khmer tham gia vao t l chire chinh tri nhu tren, so voi ti le dan cu eiia nguoi Khmer o day (7,43%) la chua tuong xiing, nhung ro rang, viec tham gia ciia hg c6 y nghia chinh tri - xa hgi het sue quan trgng So voi cgng dong nguoi Khmer, cgng dong nguoi Cham eo dan so it hon va song chii yeu 6f tinh An Giang Nhiing eon so sau day cho thdy ding bao nguoi Cham cQng the hien sy quan tam va eo gang tham gia vao cae t l chiic chinh trj - xa hgi, cac eo quan nha nuoe dia phuong Nam 2011, so nguoi Cham tham gia cap liy o tinh An Giang la nguoi, do: nguoi cap huyen, nguoi cap xa phuang Truoe do, nam 2010 eo long so 32 nguoi Cham a An Giang tham gia cac ea quan dang, chinh quyen, doan thi: nguoi cap tinh, nguoi ekp Huyen, 23 nguoi cap xa Sy tham gia ciia nguoi dan tgc vao he thong chinh tri dia phuong eo y nghTa ehinh tri - xa hgi va tam ly het siic to Ion Hg khong chi la cau nli quan he giita dong bao dan tgc voi dang va chinh quyen dia phuong, ma eon la niem ty bao, kieu hanh cua hg Trong thofi ky khang chien cung nhu cong cugc xay dyng va phat trien dat nuoe, dong bao dan tgc Khmer va Cham tham gia mot each fich eye voi tinh than trach nhiem ^ao O cac finh dong nguoi dan tgc thieu so nhu a S6c Tmng va Tra Vinh, nguoi Khmer la cac chii thi tham gia, huong ting vk nhiet tinh va thuimg xuyen vao cae phong trao xay dyng phat trien kinh te - xa hgi, bao ve trat ty va an ninh chinh tri, giir gin ban sac van hoa truyen thong dan tgc Tuy nhien, nhu trinh bay a tren, dac trung van hoa tgc nguoi, hoan canh Ijch sir va dieu kien sinh song da anh huong den nhiing ban che nhan thiic tam ly dan tgc: that tha, chat phat, ea tin, nhe da de bi cae the lye, nguoi xau Igi dung, loi keo tham gia cac boat dgng chong doi chinh sach, chii truong cua Dang va nha nuae; tam ly dan tgc hep hoi va phan nao hien him nhan thiic ban che den sy doan ket cgng dong, tam trang y lai, dya dam, cho vao " phao cuu sinh" eua chinh quyen da ban che den sy nang dgng, sang tao eua hg; niem tin manh me vao ngoi chiia phat giao eo the se lam cho hg phan nao xao nhang trach nhiem cgng dong, ban than va gia dinh Viet Nam la quoe gia da dan tgc, da van hoa Do nguon goe va qua trinh tgc nguoi, hoan canh lieh sir va moi truang sinh song da tao nen sy phat trien khong 413 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TVf dong deu giira cac dan tgc, dac biet d i i voi cac dan toe thilu s i Birc tranh tgc nguoi tuong phan o Viet Nam la mot nhom tgc nguoi da tirng trai qua nhung giai doan phat trien van hoa - van minh rye ro, nhom khae van eon dang 6f linh trang phat trien thap Tuy nhien, dii eon so khai hay cao do, doi sing van hoa ciia hg la het siic phong phii, da dang Sy ton tai song song hai thiet che quan ly xa hgi a hg thofi ky khong ban che hay lam kem di hieu qua quan ly nha nuoe, ma ngugc lai se tang euang, ciing c6 sire manh quyen lye nham giir gin on dinh trat ly xa hgi va hoan sy nghiep cong nghiep hoa hien dai hoa dat nuoe Tai lieu tham khao Biii Xuan Dinh, 1998 Hmxng u&c vd qudn ly Idngxd, Nxb KHXH A.A Belik, 2000 Van hoa hgc - nhirng ly thuyet nhan hgc van hoa, Nxb VH-NT\ Hoc vien Chinh tri quoe gia HCM, 2005 Gido trinh Xd hgi hgc qudn ly Nxb CTQG Le Phuang Thao, Nguyen Cue, Doan Hiing (ehu bien), 2005 Xdy dung doi ngii can bg dan tgc thieu so a nude ta thai k\' ddy mgnh cong nghiep hoa, hien dgi hoa - lugn cu vd giai phdp Nxb Ly luan ehinh tri Toh Goda (ehu bien), 2009 Urbanization and Formation of Ethnicity in South East Asia Nxb New Day, Phillipines Hoang Van Viet, 2009, Cdc quan he chinh tri a phuang Dong Nxb DHQG TP.HCM (Tai ban Ian 1) V6 Cong Nguyen (chu nhiem de lai), 2011 Phat trien kinh te - xd hgi vung dong bdo ddn tgc Khmer, Cham linh An Giang giai doan 2011 - 2015 vd den nam 2020 Dc tai nghien eiru khoa hoc 414 ... Khmer song tap trung ehu yeu a tinh pho: Soc Trang, Tra Vinh, Ca Mau, Bac Lieu, Hau Giang, VTnh Long, Kien Giang, An Giang va Can Tho, nhung dong dao ban la a hai tinh Soc Trang (367.518 nguai)... Nguai Cham cu tni chii yeu a tinh hien giai An Giang (13.722 nguai) va song rai rac a cac tinh Long An (248 nguai), Hau Giang (86 nguai) va Dong Thap (97 nguai) Co Ihl khai quat nhiing dac diem... Tir phong trao xuat hien nhirng can bg uu tii la nguai Khmer, xuat than tir su sai nhu Bao cao long hgp de tai nghien cuu khoa hoe " Phat trien kinh te - xa hoi vung dong bao dan loc Khmer, Cham