HOfP TAC CUA VIET NAIVI Vdl CAC TO CHlTC XA HQl MY TRONG VIEC KHAC PHVC HAU QUA CHAT DQC DA C A M / D I O X I N Vu Thi Thu Giang' Cude ehiln tranh ma My liln hanh d Viet Nam (1954 - 1975) da dl lai nhilu hau qua nang nl, dd cd van de chat dgc da cam/dioxin Chat da cam la mgt loai thude khai quang diet cd dugc My su dung d Vi?t Nam de lam Irui la cay, nham biln Vi?t Nam ddi hoang, nha trdng Ngay 10/8/1961, quan ddi My thyc hien phi vy rai thu thudc di?t cd dau lien tren bau trdi Kon Tum Ngay 30/11/1961, Tong thing John F Kennedy phe chuin chuomg trinh su dyng chat di?t cd ehiln Ihuat d Vi?t Nam Chuomg trinh cd mat danh "Con dudng byi" (Operation Trail dust) bao gdm vi?c phun rai chat di?t cd tir tren khdng (may bay) hoac dudi mat dai (cac thiel bj phun lap tren xe tai, ca no, tau hda) Theo sd ciia Bg Qudc phdng My dua thi cd khoang 72 tri?u lit hda chat va 176 kg dioxin dugc rai xudng Vi?t Nam [1] Nhung, cdng trinh nghien cuu keo dai nam ciia Vi?n Han lam Khoa hgc My dugc cdng bd chinh thuc tren tap chi Nature lai dua sd la: quan dgi My rai xudng Viet Nam bom 76,9 lri?u lit hda chat thdi gian lir nam 1962 din nam 1971 [2] So lUQtlg Phan tram Agent Orange 49.268.937 64% Agent White 20.556.525 26,7% Agent Blue 4.741.381 6,2% 1.892.773 2,5% 495.190 0.6% 76.954.806 100% Hoa chat Agent Green • — m Agent Pink Tong so (Ngudn: Tap san Nature) * Tien sT, Vien Sir hgc 272 HOP TAG CUA VI^T NAM VQl CAC T C H L / C XA HOI MY Theo sd lieu cua Viet Nam thi lir nam 1961 den nam 1971, quan ddi Hoa Ky da rai 80 Irieu lit chat dgc boa hgc, 61% sd dd la chat dgc da cam cd chua 366 kg dioxin xuong 17% dien tich loan mien Nam Viet Nam Cude chien tranh boa hgc gay hau qua lau dai va nghiem Irgng ddi vdi mdi trudng sinh thai va ngudi Viet Nam Cd idi 4,8 Irieu ngudi Viet Nam bj phoi nhiem chat dgc hda hgc, khoang trieu ngudi la nan nhan chat dgc da cam, nhieu ngudi la phu nir va Ire em [3], nhieu ngudi thugc the he thir va thu Viet Nam va My cd khac biet danh gia lac dgng lau dai ciia chat dgc da cam/dioxin Viet Nam khang djnh chat diet cd ma quan ddi My su dung trorig chien tranh da va dang lam hai ngudi va mdi trudng d Viet Nam Chat dioxin khdng chi lam rung la cay, tan pha va hiiy hoai mdi trudng, ma cdn lam nhOmg ngudi nhiem chat dgc bj ung thu, tan phe va mac benh la, chau cua hg cGng bj mac benh di truyen Viet Nam ludn de nghj phia My cd Irach nhiem giai quyel hau qua cua chat dgc hda hgc nguy hiem Nhung, cho den nay, chinh phii My vln chua thyc sy vao cugc Sau ehiln tranh, Viet Nam da cd nhilu cd gang nham khac phyc hau qua ciia chat dgc da cam/dioxin Hang nain, Nha nude da danh nhiing khoan chi phi Idn de trg cap, cham sdc svtc khde cac nan nhSn chat dgc da cam; triln khai nhilu dy an tay dgc, phuc hdi mdi trudng sinh thai Cling vdi vi?c chu dgng giai quylt hau qua ciia chat dgc da cam, Vi?t Nam tich eye hgp lac vdi cac nude, cac to chuc xa hgi tren the gidi, dd cd cac Id chtic x3 hgi My de Ihiic day vi^c khac phuc hau qua chat dgc da cam/dioxin Trong bai Iham luan nay, chung Idi de cap den su hgp tac ciia Vi$t Nam vdi cac to chuc xa hgi My viec khac phuc hau qua chat dgc da cam/dioxin va nhumg ket qua dat dugc cua su hgp lac dd Tu dd, rut nhimg bai hgc kinh nghi?m de sy hgp tac thdi gian idi dugc lien triln va hi$u qua bom, gdp phan vao sy phal triln xa hgi va phal Irien ben virng ciia Viet Nam Hg-p tac ciia Vi^t Nam vdi cac to chuc xS hgi My vi^c tiy dgc mdi trudng nhung khu vuc hi nhiem chat doc da cam/dioxin Chat dgc da cam da pha buy tren 3.060.000ha rirng, ca tren bd Ian viing ngap man, va nhieu trieu hecta dien tich cay luang thyc Viet Nam cd khoang 28 "diem ndng" bi nhiem dgc nang Cac hau qua ciia cude chien tranh boa hgc la mot ganh nang ddi vdi xa hgi Viet Nam Theo tinh loan ciia cac nha khoa hgc thi Viet Nam can it nhal 43 trieu USD de lam sach mdi trudng va lay dgc nhiing vung d nhiem nang dioxin [6] 273 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI T H A O Q U C TE LAN THlT TU Vi?t Nam hgp tac vdi cac to chuc xa hgi My tap trung trude nhal vao viec lay dgc d cac "dilm ndng" la nhumg can cu quan sy trude day cua My d Viet Nam nhu: san bay Da Nang, san bay Bien Hoa (Ddng Nai), san bay Phii Cat (Binh Djnh) Cac cdng trinh nghien cuu da dugc tiln hanh tu nhijmg nam 2000 den 2004 ciia Bd Qudc phdng Vi^t Nam cho bill ham lugng trung binh cua dioxin la khoang 35 ppb TEQ d san bay Da Nlng va Bien Hoa (cao gkp 35 lan mtic cho phep ddi vdi dat phi ndng nghiep dugc quy djnh d My - Ippb) Theo ket qua nghien cuu gan day nhal cua Cdng ty Tu van mdi trudng Hatfield, Canada nam 2007 cho thay muc d nhiem dioxin cao nhk mau dat d san bay Da Nang la 365 ppb san bay Da Nlng la mgt nhiing dilm ndng d nhiem dioxin My da su dung san bay Da Nlng lam nai van chuyin, bai chtia cac chdl diet cd ma chu yeu la chat da cam dioxin, bai nap va rua may bay chien dich Ranch-Hand d Viet Nam cac boat dgng dd gay d nhiem nang dioxin tai mgt sd dilm san bay Cac nghien cuu ciia cac nha khoa hgc Vi?t Nam da dua mgt buc tranh bao dgng ve muc d nhilm nang tai khu phia bac va khuyin cao vl thyc trang d nhilm t?i day cho cgng ddng dan cu sdng gan khu d nhilm Gan day nhat, nghien curu xac djnh pham vi va muc dg d nhilm dioxin d phia bac san bay Da NSng va vung phy can, Van phdng 33 va Cdng ty Tu \kn Hatfield thyc hi?n da cung ckp them cac sd li§u bd sung cho nhiimg kit luan tren Trong thdi gian thang va thang nam 2009, Van phdng 33 cimg vdi Cdng ty Tu vdn Hatfield dudi sy tai trg ciia Quy Ford da thyc hi?n nghien cuu lay mau mdi trudng va ngudi tai khu vyc san bay Da Nlng Kit qua ciia nghien cihi d ca phia bac va nam VSn phdng 33 phdi hgp vdi Cong ty Tu van Hatfield cho ihky, cac mau cd ndng dg dioxin cao cd ngudn gdc lir chat da cam d tang 10cm phia tren; mgt sd mau d sau hon din 30cm, d cac khu Iron nia, kho chua cu va PISA san bay Da Nlng Ndng dg dioxin d khu phia bde cao han rat nhilu so vdi cac khu phia nam, ddng va tay ciia san bay [7] Quy Ford, Quy Bill & Melinda Gates, Quy Atlantic Philanthropies ciia My da tai trg mgt so du an nhu: xay dyng cac cdng trinh chdng lan Ida tarn thdi tai san bay Da Nlng; xay dmg phdng thi nghi?m dioxin; nghien ctiu cac cdng nghe sinh hgc lay dgc didxin lai san bay Da Nlng; lugng gia loan dien d nhiem, phai nhiem va dk xuk bi?n phap gam Ihilu tir nam 2010 din 2012 san bay Bien Hoa cung la mgt dilm ndng vl d nhiem dioxin Hien nay, inh trang d nhiem dioxin lai san bay Bien Hda rat phuc tap Mac du vao nam 200"- da hoan chdn lap each ly 94.000m^ dat nhiem dioxin d khu vyc ZI san bay bien Hda, nhung khu vyc phia nam ZI va khu vyc phia lay san bay van cdn hon lOha bj d nhiem Ngoai ra, khoang 5-7ha dien tich ao bd san bay cung bj nhiem ning, gay anh hudng din cac ddng vat Ihiiy sinh va cac chudi thyc pham 274 HOP TAC CUA VI^T NAM VQl CAC T C H L / C XA HOI MY Theo ket qua nghien cuu mdi nhal ciia Sd Tai nguyen - Mdi trudng Ddng Nai, giai doan 2009-2010 da phal hien 3/10 vj In d nhiem mdi Den nam 2011, kit qua quan trac phal hien them 7/23 vj Iri cd ham lugng dioxin vugt ngudng cho phep, nang long sd len 10/23 diem nhiem dioxin 6ng Thomas Boivin, Cdng ly Hatfield vien nghien cuu ve chat dgc da cam cua Quy Ford, dua nghien cuu mdi nhal ve d nhiem dioxin mdi trudng tai san bay Bien Hoa, mgt dilm ndng vl chat dgc da cam/dioxin d Viet Nam Ndng dioxin tai cac mau phan tich tu dat lly d san bay Bien Hoa cao gap nhieu lan lieu chuan cho phep ciia Viet Nam va qudc le TS Le Ke San - Chanh Van phdng Ban chi dao 33 cho bill: san bay Bien Hda la khu vyc cd ndng nhiem dioxin cao nhat the gidi [8] Tdm lai, viec hdi phuc mdi trudng bj tan pha ehiln tranh cd lam quan Irgng bac nhal neu coi sy van hanh hai hoa ciia cac he sinh thai chinh la cdl Idi cho sue khde eon ngudi, la dieu kien de xoa ddi giam ngheo va phat triln bin vOng lai cac viing ndng thdn, viing sau, vung xa ma ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien da bj suy thoai, can kiet Van de cap bach dat la can tap trung cho vi?c lay sach mdi trudng d cac diem ndng, nham ngan chan tinh trang phai nhiem cho cdng ddng Hgp tac ciia Viet Nam vdi cac to chuc xa hdi My vi^c tky dgc mdi trudng nhimg khu vyc bj nhiem chat dgc da cam/dioxin mdi chi mang lai kit qua bude d§u va cdn nhilu ban che vi ngudn lye cd ban K I hoach 10 nam (2011-2021) de xoa bd nhiing vlt tich, hau qua nang nl ciia chat dgc da cam/dioxin tai 28 "dilm ndng" d Vi?t Nam s6 van day gian khd Van de \a Vi?t Nam phai hgp tac vdi cac td chuc xa hdi My dl dau tranh ddi Chinh phu My vao cugc thi vi?c tky dgc mdi trudng nhirng khu vyc bi nhilm chat dgc da cam/dioxin mdi cd bude tiln thyc sy Hgrp tac cua Vif t Nam vdi c^c to churc xa hpi My vifc giiip d& nhihig nan nhan chat dgc da cam/dioxin Tac ddng ciia chat dgc da cam den ngudi Viet Nam la rat nang nl Hau qua khiing khiep eiia chat da cam ddi vdi ngudi Viet Nam da cku mgt nhirng iham hga nhan dao Idn nhat Uch su Trong sd nhung nan nhan chat dgc da cam d Viet Nam, rk nhilu ngudi da chet, hang tram nghin ngudi mang cac chung benh hiem ngheo, hang tram nghin Ire em mang cac dj tat bam sinh nghiem Irgng va dang sdng dieu kien cdn Idi le bom ca cai chet Nhirng nan nhan chat dgc da cam la nhimg ngudi thudc nhdm yeu the xa hdi, ngheo nhat nhimg ngudi ngheo, dau khd nhat nhiing ngudi dau khd Giiip da cac nan nhan da cam can hudng Idi viec: cham sdc sue khoe cho hg; xoa ddi giam ngheo; dua cac nan nhan da cam hoa nhap xa hdi 275 V1|:T NAM HQC - KY YfeU HQI THAO QU6C T £ LAN THlT TU Giiip dd cac nan nhan da cam trude het phai hudng tdi vigc cham sdc sire khde cho hg Nhd sy hgp tac giiip da, tai trg ciia cac Id chuc xa hgi My ma nhieu can nha tinh thuomg, trung tarn nudi dudng, phyc hdi chuc nang cho cac nan nhan chat dgc da cam dugc xay dyng Dae bi?t, hai Trung tam khu dgc td tu ca thi ngudi dugc xay dyng la Trung tam Khu dgc td dioxin tinh Thai Binh va Trung tam Khu dgc td dioxin tai Vi?n 103 Din nay, ngudi ta vSn chua hilu hit dugc nhumg tac ddng loan dien va sau sac ciia dioxin ddi vdi ca thi eon ngudi Qua cac nghien ciiu, cac nha khoa hgc thay rang chat dgc dioxin cd kha nang gay tdn thuomg da dang va phuc lap cho ca Ihl ngudi, lam phat sinh nhilu loai b?nh ly nhu b?nh ung thu, benh tim m£ch, b?nh ca quan ho hdp, b?nh thin kinh, b?nh mau va ca quan tao mau, benh ca qian sinh san, suy giam mien dich, di tat hkm sinh Cac nghien cuu khoa hgc cho thay chat dgc da cam anh hudng din thi h? thu Thyc tl d Vi?t Nam di chung ciia chat dgc da cam da anh hudng tdi thi h? thu 4, vi vay viec khu dgc Id dioxin la mgt nhi?m vy vua cap bach vua lau dai Dau nam 2011, sau nam nghien cuu, thu nghiem, Hgi N ^ nhan da cam/dioxin tinh Thai Binh vdi sy giiip dd, tai trg ciia Td chuc Vi cugc sdng va nin giao dye tdt d?p horn (ABLE), Trung uomg Hgi N^n nhan chdt idc da cam/dioxin Vi?t Nam da dua Trung tam Khu dgc td dioxin tinh Thai Binh vao boat dgng Trung tam da dilu trj tay dgc theo phuomg phap Hubbard, la mgt phuang phap thai bd chat dgc kit hgp nhilu li?u phap, nhung chii ylu theo mgt phuang phap trj lifu cua y hgc cd truyin la xdng hai Day la phuang phap dua Ten ca chi tuan hoan, trao doi chat ciia ca thi ngudi, dugc nha khoa hgc L Ron Hubbard nghien cuu va ung dyng cdng d My va Nga sau tham hga Chemcbyl nam 1986 Tren thi gidi, phuang phap cung da dugc ung dyng de dieu trj :ho linh My tham gia cugc ehiln tranh vimg Vjnh nam 1991, linh cuu hda va cac lan nhan vy Trung tam Thuomg mai thi gidi d New York bj tdn cdng khung bd 11/9/2001 va cac nan nhan tham hga Chernobyl Thai Binh hien cd bar 30 nghin ngudi nghi nhilm chdt dgc da cam va la dja phuang dau lien d Viet Nan cd mgt trung tam tky doc Tai day, cac nan nhan bj phai nhiem chat dgc hda hgc digc theo ddi, dilu trj lay dgc theo phuang phap Hubbard to chuc qudc le ABLE lai trg Din nay, Trung tam Khu dgc Id dioxin tinh Thai Binh da dilu trj bieu qua cho ghn 600 trudng hgp [9] Tuy nhien, dd mdi la khu dgc dilu trj lam sang ma ihiei sy khang djnh vl mat khoa hgc Chinh vi vay, Trung tam Khu dgc Id cho nan nhai da cam/ dioxin tai Benh vien 103 dugc lap Trung tam irng dung phuang fhap khu dgc id Hubbard ciia Td chuc ABLE dang dugc su dung rdng rai tren the jidi Thang nam 2012, Benh vien 103 khanh giai doan I Trung tam khu do: td cho nan nhan da cam/dioxin Trude, va sau dilu trj lai Trung tam Khu dgc Id cho nan nhan da cam/dioxin lai Benh vien 103, benh nhan dugc xet nghiem nau 276 HOP TAG CUA VltT NAM VQl CAC T6 CHLfC XA hOi MY de danh gia ndng dioxin Vdi viec ling dung phuomg phap khu dgc Id Hubbard, muc lieu cua trung tam la phuc hdi sue khde, nang cao chat lugng cugc sdng cho nan nhan chat dgc da cam/dioxin, tir dd nhan rdng md binh cd bieu qua dk dao tao, chuyen giao quy trinh giai dgc.Vi du, phd Da Nlng, cd tren 5.000 ngudi bj nhiem dioxin, sd cd ban 1.400 Ire em, phan Idn bj dj tat nang, khdng Ihl tu cham sdc dugc minh Du an khao sat va giai quyel d nhiem dioxin lai Da Nang (DDAMP), Quy Ford tai trg, cac vien Cdng ly Tu \kn Hatfield, Van phdng 33 ciia Chinh phu va Bd Y le da xet nghiem 62 ngudi thi 100% kit qua cho thay deu bj nhiem dgc dioxin nang song gan khu vyc san bay Da NEng Trong sd dd, 24 ngudi se dieu trj tay dgc lai Benh vien Quan y 103 (Ha Ndi) bang phuomg phap Hubbard Dy kien Du an B?nh vi?n 103 se ap dung Phuang phap Hubbard song song cung nhieu bien phap dieu trj khac Nhin chung, nhumg benh nhan dugc chgn dieu tri theo phuang phap Hubbard la nhumg benh nhan cd ndng dioxin mau cao Viec lya chgn benh nhan theo each nham hudng din kit qua dieu trj cd y nghTa khoa hgc, Ihuyel phyc, la ca sd dl cd Ihl triln khai dilu trj d^i tra cho sd Idn benh nhan sau Cung vdi viec cham lo sue khoe cho cac nan nhan da cam, Vi?t Nam tich eye hgp tac vdi cac td chiic xa hdi My giiip hg xoa ddi giam ngheo va hoa nhap xa hdi bang vigc xay dyng cac cbuong trinh day nghl mien phi cho cac nan nhan chit dgc da cam de tao cho hg vi?c lam on djnh nhu dao tao nghl may, mai da trang sue m^ ngh? va thcu ren hang thii cdng my ngh|, ; cac chuomg trinh ho trg vdn cho nan nhan da cam budn ban, chan nudi, lam vudn de cai thi?n cugc sdng; mgt sd nan nhan chat dgc da cam va em hg dugc cap hgc bong, trg giiip tim vi^c lam; Vi du: lir thang nam 2008 din nay, UBND tinh Binh Djnh phdi hgp vdi Td chuc Cuu trg va phat trien (CRS) thyc hi?n dy an "Giao dye hda nhap va ho trg cgng ddng cho Ire khuyel tat d khu vyc anh hudng hdi dioxin" tai Binh Dinh; nhihig n^n nhan cam diec tinh Thai Binh dugc bd tri lam viec lai cac ca sd san xuat dd go; nhihig nan nhan van cdn cd the su dung ban tay dugc lap hgp lai cac nha may then va may d Bac Giang; nhiing nan nhan d Lang Hiru nghj Van Canh, gan Ha Ngi thi lam vudn trdng rau de ty phuc vu cho cugc sdng ciia hg Tdm lai, khac phuc hau qua khiing khiep ciia chat dgc da cam ddi vdi ngudi Viet Nam thi can nhieu thdi gian va lien bac Tuy nhien, dieu kien kinh le cua Viet Nam hien de cham soc sue khde cho tat ca cac nan nhan chat dgc da cam la rat khd khan vi viec phan tich dgc Id dioxin ca the ngudi rat tdn kem (khoang 2000 USD/1 mau phan tich) Hgp tac vdi cac td chuc xa hgi My mdi chi mang lai ket qua bude dau vi ngudn luc cd han Van de la Viet Nam phai hgp tac vdi cac Id chiic xa hgi My de dau tranh doi chinh phu My vao cugc thi viec khac phuc hau qua ciia chat dgc da cam ddi vdi ngudi Vict Nam mdi cd bude lien thyc sy 277 VI$T NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QU6C TE LAN THU' TU Hgrp t^c cua Vift Nam vol cac to chuc xa hgi My dau tranh yeu can chinh quyen My phai c6 trach nhi^m tham gia khSc phyc hau qua chien tranh hoa hQC hg gay Sau hai nude binh thudng hda quan he, Viet Nam tich eye hgp lac vdi cac to chuc xa hdi M5^ dku tranh yeu cau chinh quyen My phai cd trach nhiem tham gia khac phuc hau qua chat dgc da cam ma hg da gay Sy hgp tac bude dau mang lai kit qua Thang 8/2001 (sau nam dam phan), My ky vdi Viet Nam Ihda thuan vl viec cu cac chuyen gia va cac nha khoa hgc ciia hg ciing cac nha khoa hgc Vi?t Nam nghien cuu vl hau qua ciia chat dgc da cam/dioxin ddi vdi dat dai va ngudi Viet Nam Thda thuan dugc coi la "buac ngogt" quan he giua hai nude nham giai quylt nhung hau qua nang nl chat dgc da cam/dioxin gay Tir thdi dilm nay, hai ben hgp tac dk giai quylt vdn dl nhilm dgc dioxin d Viet Nam tren quan dilm hudng tdi tuomg lai thay vi nhin lai qua khu Tir 3/3-6/3/2002, Vi^t Nam va M>^ to chuc hgi nghj khoa hgc dku lien vl "anh huang ciia chdt dgc da cam/dioxin doi vai mdi trudmg va sire khde nguai" tai Ha Ngi vdi sy tham gia ciia hang tram nha nghien cuu hai nude Thang 8/2002, Dai hdi loan qudc To chuc cyu ehiln binh vi Hda binh My da thong qua nghi quylt vl Vi?t Nam Mgt nhimg ngi dung ciia Nghi quylt la ddi Chinh phii My cd trach nhiem chua chay cho cac nan nhan chat dgc da cam d Viet Nam va Hoa Ky Ngay 30-01-2004, Hgi Nan nhan chit dgc da cam Vi?t Nam (VAVA) va cac nan nhan da giri don tdi Tda an sa tham quan Bruklin, bang New York kien 37 e5ng ty hda chk MS da san xuk va cung ckp hda chat dgc hai cho quan dgi My su ding ehiln tranh d Vi?t Nam Vy ki?n dan sy tap thi cua cac nan nhan chat dgc da cam Vi?t Nam da dugc sy ling hg, hgp tac, giiip dd cua nhilu Id chuc xa hgi My Nhung, cac cap tda an My da tu choi, khdng thy ly vy kien ciia cac nan nhan chat dgc da cam Vi?t Nam Hg cho rang: d$c trung ciia chat da cam la chat diet cd, khdng thCra nhan chat da cam la chat dgc hai ddi vdi ngudi Quylt djnh ph ly, bat cdng dd lam dky len lan sdng phan ddi chinh quyin My d nhilu nude tren thi gidi, kl ca d My Hdi Nan nhan chat dgc da cam Viet Nam phdi hgp vdi cac id chuc xa hgi My dau tranh Id cao Chinh phu My la tbii pham su dung chat didxin, cac cdng ty hda ohSt My la tdng pham cac hanh ddng cua Chinh phu My; yeu cau Chinh phu My va cac cdng ty hda chat cung ckp chk doc da cam phai bdi thuTng loan bd cho cac nan nhan chat dgc da cam va gia dinh hg; phai cd trach nhiem lam sach mdi trudng, lay sach chat dgc da cam khdi cac viing dat va nude bi nhiem dgc d Viet Nam Vu kien cua cac nan nhan chat dgc da cam Viet Nam bj tda an My lir :hdi thu ly, nhung da vach Iran am muu che day tdi ac ciia My cugc chien I'anh 278 HOP T A C CUA VI^T NAM VQl CAC T CHIJC XA HOI MY boa hgc d Vict Nam trude cdng luan the gidi; lam cho nhan dan nude va tren the gidi bieu rd ban ve tham hga da cam d Viet Nam; qua dd, thu hiil sy quan tam ciia du luan nude, qudc le va d My; binh phong trao dau tranh chong chien tranh hda hgc, ddi My phai bdi thudng thiel hai cho cac nan nhan chat dgc da cam Vu kien chua dat ket qua nhu mong mudn, nhumg bude dau da cd tac ddng tich eye den thai va hanh ddng ciia nganh lap phap va nganh hanh phap My Cudi nam 2005 (12/11-12/12/2005), mgt sd Id chuc xa hdi My da mdi va Id chuc cho doan nan nhan chat dgc da cam Viet Nam sang tham My va ihuyel trinh tai 10 phd ve hau qua cua chat dgc hda hgc Nhiing budi Ihuyel trinh cua doan nan nhan chat dgc da cam Viet Nam da tac ddng manh den cdng chiing My, tu dd gay ap luc ddi chinh quyen nude hg phai cd trach nhiem giai quyel hau qua ciia chat dgc da cam/dioxin d Viet Nam Thang 11-2006, Hoa Ky va Viet Nam Tuyen bd chung khang dinh: "Hai ben cung no luc han nira de gidi quyet vdn de nhiem doe mdi truang gdn cdc kho chua didxin truac day se gdp phan ddng ke vao viec tiep tucphat trien quan he hai nudc"[\()] Thang 2/2007, Dai su My tai Viet Nam Michael W Marine va TS Le K I San td chuc hgp bao thong tin ve mgt sd ket qua khac phyc hau qua dioxin d Vi?t Nam Trong budi hgp bao nay, Dai su Michael W Marine thira nhan cd nhiem dgc didxin tgi san bay Da Nlng va cdng bd khoan trg giup ky thuat trj gia 400.000 USD cua Chinh phii My de nghien cuu lay dgc tai cac dia dilm timg la kho chua dioxin ciia My cugc chien tranh d Vi?t Nam trude day Nam 2007, 2009, Qudc hgi My da thong qua khoan vi^n trg tri?u USD/nam dl gdp phan giai quylt van dl d nhiem dioxin d Viet Nam Ngay 4/6/2009, Qudc hgi My tiln hanh dilu ttkn vl v ^ dl da cam/dioxin tai Vi?l Nam Ngay 16/12/2009, Chinh phu My ky kit vdi Bg Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng Vi?t Nam "Bien ban ghi nha (MOU) ve khudn khd thuc hi^n cdc chuang trinh y te mdi truang va khde phuc dioxin" Ban ghi nhd thiel lap khung ve ca che hgp tac giua Viet Nam va My de thyc hien chuang trinh y le va lay dgc mdi trudng cac diem bj nhiem chat dgc da cam/dioxin Nam 2010, My vien trg 15 trieu USD cho viec khac phuc hau qua chat dgc da cam d Viet Nam Nam 2011, Chinh phu My thong bao khoan tai trg 34 trieu USD de tay dgc san bay Da Nang Trung uomg Hdi Nan nhan chat doe da cam tiep luc van ddng cac Id chuc xa hgi My thuc day cac boat ddng ung hg nan nhan chat dgc da cam Viet Nam lai Qudc hgi My Ngay 25/7/2012, Ha Nghj sT Bob Filner, da trinh Ha vien Dy lual HR-2634 Theo dd Bd Ngoai giao My phai de xuat viec bd trg y le, giam bdi khd khan ve nha d cho nan nhan chat dgc da cam Viet Nam, tiep luc cac chuang trinh lay dgc cac diem ndng d Viet Nam Den nay, dy lual da cd ngudi ddng bao trg, dirge dua xem xet d ca quan thudc Ha vien My 279 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QU6C Tt LAN THlT TU' Thong qua cac to chuc xa hgi My, Vi^t Nam va My da tiln hanh ddi ll.oai thang than, chan th^t vl chdl dgc da cam, tu dd hai ben dat dugc mgt muc tin tudng vdn la dilu khdng tudng chi each day vai nam Cac td chuc xa hgi M) cd nhumg dl xuat, kiln nghj cu thi va tich eye vdi Chinh phii My tilp tyc phan bd ngudn ngan sach giai quylt cac hau qua vl mdi trudng cung nhu bd trg nan nhan chat dgc mau da cam tai Vi?t Nam Kit qua la: 9/8/2012, lai Da Nlng Viet Nam va My khdi cdng dy an xii ly d nhilm dioxin tai cac khu vyc ciia san bay Da Nlng nai luu trii chat da cam ehiln tranh Vi$t Nam Theo dy an nay, Bd Qidc phdng Viet Nam va Ca quan Phat triln Qudc tl My (USAID) se tiln hanh xir ly khoang 73.000 m^ dk \a tram tich d nhiem Khi dy an hoan thanh, dy kiln vao ram 2016, dat va tram tich da qua xii ly se an loan cho su dung cdng nghiep va thuang mai theo nhu cac lieu chudn Chinh phii Vi?t Nam ap dung cung nhu cac lieu chuan ciia Chinh phii My ddi vdi cac dia dilm xu ly mdi trudng tai My Day \a dy an quan Irgng no lye hgp tac giiJa Chinh phu hai nude Khdng chi dirng lai d day, cung vdi Chinh phii Vi?t Nam, My da trg giiip dl tiln hanh danh gia mdi trudng tai "dilm ndng" Bien Hoa nhlm xac djnh muc dg d nhiem dioxin va khuyin cao cac bi?n phap thich hgp cho vi?c tay dgc dioxin tai khu vyc Vao cudi nam 2012, USAID sg khdi dgng mgt chuang trinh mdi vl y tl va trg giiip ngudi khuyet tat tri gia tri^u USD thdi gian nam nhlm cung ckp cho ngudi khuyl: tat cac djch vy cham sdc y tl, phyc hdi chuc nang, giao dye va dao tao nghl can tniet ddi vdi hg Chuang trinh mdi sg giiip phdng ngua khuylt t$t va di tat bdm sinh vdi sy ho trg tu Trung tam Kilm soat va Phdng ngira Djch b?nh Hoa Ky (CDC) Tdm lai, ban ba thap ky trdi qua tir ehiln tranh kit thiic, d hlu khlp mgi nai tren dat nude Vi?t Nam, nhilu vung thien nhien rgng Idn bj rai chit dgc boa hgc van tilp tyc bj suy thoai, nhilu ngudi dan lanh, nhung nan nhan ciia chien trmh, nhat la nan nhan ciia chit dgc dioxin van phai chju nhilu dau kho, chua biet den bao gid mdi kit thiic Hgp tac cua Viet Nam vdi cac to chuc xa hgi My da dem lai nhimg kit qua bude dlu dang ghi nhan vi?c tly doe mdi trudng nhihig khu vu: bj nhiem chit dgc da cam/dioxin va giiip dd nhGng nan nhan chat doe da cam/dicxin, gdp phln vao sy phat triln xa hdi va phat triln bin vumg ciia Vi?l Nam Dae Met, dlu tranh yeu clu chinh quyIn My phai cd trach nhiem tham gia khac fbuc hau qua ehiln Icanh hda hgc, sy hgp lac vdi cac Id chuc xa hdi My da lac dgng ii?u qua len chinh quyIn nude hg Tir viec thira nhan My cang dly manh bgf tac song phuang vdi Viet Nam viec khlc phuc hau qua dioxin, Vien trg cua M' de khlc phuc hau qua chit dgc da cam/dioxin d Viet Nam cang cd tinh thuc ihal Tuy nhien, Chinh phii My van chua cdng nhan bit cu trach nhiem phap ly naocho nhumg tdn hai lien quan den chat da cam 280 HOP TAG CUA VI^T NAM VOl CAC T CHL/C XA HOI MY Tai li('u tham khao 1 Igi Nan nhan chat dgc da cam, http;//www.vava.org.vn Stellman, J.M - S.D.Stellman - R Christian - T.Weber - C.Tomasallo (2003), The extent and patterns of usage of Agent Orange and other herbicides on Vietnam, Nature, so 17/4/2003, bg 422 Bao Nhan dan, 5/3/2009, tr Tuyen bo ciia Hoi Nan nhan chat dgc da cam/dioxin Viet Nam (VAVA) vl viec 16 chuc tda an Nhan dan thudng true (PPT) tai Banggalo, An Do (3-6/12/2011), http://www.vava.org.vn/modules.php?name=News&op=viewst&sid=1014 Nguyen Van Rinh: Tham hga chat dgc da cam - trach nhiem, luang tam cua loan xa hgi va cgng dong quoc te, http://www.vava.org.vn/modules.php?name=News&op= viewst&sid= Van phong Ban Chi dao 33: Hau qua lau dai ciia CDHH My su dung chien tranh d mien Nam Viet Nam len mdi trudng va cac h? sinh thai, http://www.ofrice 33.gov.vn Thyc trang nhiem dat tai phia nam san bay Da Nlng, http://www.ofFice33.gov.vn Kim Cuang: San bay Bien Hoa c6 nlng nhiem dioxin cao nhit Ihl gidi, http:// www.office33.gov.vn Bi mat d Tmng tam Khu dgc dioxin, http://antg.cand.com.vn/Ne ws/Print Vie w aspx? ID=79080 10 Tuyen bd chung giflra Hoa Ky va Vi?t Nam thang 11 nfim 2006, Bao Nhan dan, 18/11/2006, tr 1-2 281 ... dgc da cam anh hudng din thi h? thu Thyc tl d Vi?t Nam di chung ciia chat dgc da cam da anh hudng tdi thi h? thu 4, vi vay viec khu dgc Id dioxin la mgt nhi?m vy vua cap bach vua lau dai Dau nam. .. dgc da cam d Viet Nam va Hoa Ky Ngay 30-01-2004, Hgi Nan nhan chit dgc da cam Vi?t Nam (VAVA) va cac nan nhan da giri don tdi Tda an sa tham quan Bruklin, bang New York kien 37 e5ng ty hda chk... Nhung, cac cap tda an My da tu choi, khdng thy ly vy kien ciia cac nan nhan chat dgc da cam Vi?t Nam Hg cho rang: d$c trung ciia chat da cam la chat diet cd, khdng thCra nhan chat da cam la chat