Consideration of existing rainwater harvesting system and its enhancement using membrane filtration and uv irradiation

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY TRAN DIEU LINH CONSIDERATION OF EXISTING RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM AND ITS ENHANCEMENT USING MEMBRANE FILTRATION AND UV-IRRADIATION MASTER'S THESIS Environmental Engineering Hanoi, 2019 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY TRAN DIEU LINH CONSIDERATION OF EXISTING RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM AND ITS ENHANCEMENT USING MEMBRANE FILTRATION AND UV-IRRADIATION MAJOR: Environmental Engineering CODE: Experimental RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Principal Supervisor: Professor Jun Nakajima Co-Supervisor: Professor Naoyuki Kamiko Hanoi, 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my two brilliant supervisors, my main supervisor, Professor Jun Nakajima and my co-supervisor, Professor Naoyuki Kamiko To Professor Jun Nakajima: Thank you for accepting me as your student and helping me to find out my interest in studies of rainwater treatment Thank you for your outstanding guidance, continuous inspiration and support in my two-year research I appreciate the in depth discussions which have sharpened my thought process and shown me how to transform my mistakes into skills To Professor Naoyuki Kamiko: Thank you for all the instructive advices and valuable knowledges you have provided me during my research work as well as my internship in Ritsumeikan University, Japan I am truly grateful to have such a fulfilling experience working with you, which contributes no small part to my achievements I am indebted to my mentor, Professor Jun Nakajima: Thank you for being a good mentor and for guiding me on the right path as well as providing me with the necessary materials and knowledges to work with my project Moreover, your creative ideas about the projects have impressed and inspired me a lot To be honest, you are not only my respectable supervisor but also my beloved grandfather In addition, I highly appreciate Professor Hiroyuki Katajama, Associate Professor Kasuga Ikuro, Doctor Nguyen Thi An Hang, Mrs Nguyen Phuong Thao and Mrs Dinh Dieu Anh for their patience in guiding and assisting me through my Master course I would also like to extend my appreciativeness to my fellow lab mates who have been working with me and sharing their experience and knowledge to me Thank you for all the joy, laughter and friendships to help me get over the stress of after-hours work and make my research much easier In addition, I would like to send my special thanks to my classmate, Mr To Hoang Nguyen for his supports in my experiments and writing as well Eventually, I would like to thank my beloved family and friends for their deep love and support that enables me to concentrate on my pursuits Without their encouragement, this work cannot be done CONTENT Chapter Introduction and objective 1.1 Background 1.2 Problem statement 1.3 Objectives 1.4 Structure of the thesis Chapter Literature review 2.1 Introduction of rooftop rainwater harvesting 2.1.1 Definition and history 2.1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of using rainwater harvesting 11 2.1.3 Components of rooftop rainwater harvesting system 12 2.2 Quality of harvested rainwater 16 2.2.1 Factors affecting rooftop harvested rainwater quality 16 2.2.2 Physico-chemical quality of rooftop harvested rainwater 16 2.2.3 Trace organics 19 2.2.4 Microbial quality of rainwater harvesting systems 20 2.2.5 Case study in Vietnam 24 2.3 Rainwater treatment and disinfection methods 26 2.3.1 Membrane filtration 27 2.3.2 Chemical disinfection 28 2.3.3 UV irradiation 29 Chapter Methodology 31 3.1 Web survey of rainwater harvesting manuals in the world 31 3.2 Questionnaire survey of rainwater harvesting situations and people’s attitude 31 3.3 Examination of rainwater purification in a typical existing RWH 32 3.3.1 Sampling area 32 3.3.2 Commercial filter containing RO in combination with UV lamp 34 3.3.3 UV submersible germicidal System 36 3.3.4 Measurement of physicochemical quality 37 3.3.5 Measurement of microbiological quality 38 Chapter Results and discussion 40 4.1 Web survey of rainwater harvesting manuals in the world 40 4.1.1 Purpose of using rainwater 40 4.1.2 Structure and materials for rainwater catchment roof 41 4.1.3 Design and material for gutter 43 4.1.4 Installation type and material for storage tank 44 4.1.5 Disinfection methods 46 4.1.6 Number of explanation contents 47 4.2 Questionnaire survey of rainwater harvesting situations and people’s attitude 48 4.2.1 Overlook of current situation in the area of study 49 4.2.2 Willingness to use our introduced rainwater treatment systems 52 4.3 Examination of rainwater purification in a typical existing RWH 54 4.3.1 Rainwater quality 54 4.3.2 Combination system of RO purifier and UV sterilizer 56 Physicochemical properties 56 Microbiological properties 58 4.3.3 Chapter Submerged UV lamp 59 Conclusion 61 References 62 Appendix I 71 Appendix II 76 LIST OF FIGURE Page Figure 2.1 A cistern in Yerabatan Sarayi, Istanbul in Turkey Figure 2.2 A common RWH system 13 Figure 2.3 Floating ball first flush diverter 15 Figure 2.4 Working mechanism of reverse osmosis filter 28 Figure 3.1 Sampling location of questionnair survey (Google Maps, 2019) 32 Figure 3.2 Pictures of the pilot of rainwater harvesting system (a: Catchment roof, b: Storage tank) 33 Figure 3.3 Design of DEWX RO AQUAPRO Serise AP-60 supplied by DEWX Vietnam 34 Figure 3.4 Sampling scheme of the examination of RO purifier in combination with UV lamp 36 Figure 3.5 Examination system of submerged UV sterilizer 37 Figure 4.1 Purpose of using rainwater (a: Total;b: Developing countries, c: Developed countries) 41 Figure 4.2 Different structure of roof 41 Figure 4.3 Materias for roof (a: Total; b: Developing countries; c: Developed countries) 42 Figure 4.4 Shapes of gutter 43 Figure 4.5 Material for gutter (a: Total; b: Developing countries; c: Developed countries) 44 Figure 4.6 Type of tank ( a: Developing countries; b: Developed countries) 45 Figure 4.7 Materials for tank (a: Developing countries; b: Developed countries) 45 Figure 4.8 Disinfection methods(a: Developing countries; b: Developed countries) 46 Figure 4.9 Histogram of number of contents in a manual 47 Figure 4.10 Number of family member 49 Figure 4.11 Types of water used 49 Figure 4.12 Percentage of families use each type of water 50 Figure 4.13 Monthly water bill 51 Figure 4.14 Purpose of using rainwater 52 Figure 4.15 Types of water treatment 52 Figure 4.16 Willingness of residential people to use the introduced water treatement system( a: RO (4.000.000 VND); b: UV lamp (700.000VND); c: combine system (RO+UV)) 53 Figure 4.17 Microoganism concentration in Raw water (a: Total Coliforms; b: E.coli) 56 Figure 4.18 pH change through the system 57 Figure 4.19 Conductivity change through the system……………………………… 57 Figure 4.20 Dissolved oxygen change through the system; Figure 4.21 Turbidity change through the system 57 Figure 4.22 Change in microoganism concentration through the system (a: Total Coliforms; b: E.coli 58 Figure 4.23 Change in microoganism concentration vesus time interval (a: Total Coliforms; b: E.coli) 59 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1.1 Heavy metal concentration in tap water districts in Hanoi Table 2.1 Concentration of E.coli in storage tanks of roof-harvested rainwater (adapted from K Hamilton et al, 2018) 21 Table 2.2 Chemical and microbiological characteristic of harvested rainwater before and after treatment 24 Table 3.1 Components of DEWX RO AQUAPRO Serise AP-60 supplied by DEWX Vietnam 34 Table 4.1 Quality of rainwater in storage tank 54 Kwaadsteniet, M., Dobrowsky, P., van Deventer, A., Khan, W and Cloete, T (2013) Domestic Rainwater Harvesting: Microbial and Chemical Water Quality and Point-of-Use Treatment Systems Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 224(7) De Silva, C., Weatherhead, E., Knox, J and Rodriguez-Diaz, J (2007) Predicting the impacts of climate change—A case study of paddy irrigation water requirements in Sri Lanka Agricultural 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Visnagar: Gujarat-A Case Study International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 03(04), pp.821-825 68 Penkett, S., R Jones, B and Eggleton, A (1979) A study of SO2 oxidation in stored rainwater samples Atmospheric Environment (1967), 13(1), pp.139-147 Pinfold, J., Horan, N., Wirojanagud, W and Mara, D (1993) The bacteriological quality of rainjar water in rural northeast Thailand Water Research, 27(2), pp.297302 Rattonetti, A (1974) Determination of soluble cadmium, lead, silver, and indium in rain water and stream water with the use of flameless atomic absorption Analytical Chemistry, 46(6), pp.739-742 Rotoplas (2018) How Old Is Rainwater Harvesting? 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Reverse Osmosis - Advantages and Disadvantages [online] Available http://www.separationprocesses.com/Membrane/MT_ChpRO-9.htm 69 at: Simmons, G., Hope, V., Lewis, G., Whitmore, J and Gao, W (2001) Contamination of potable roof-collected rainwater in Auckland, New Zealand Water Research, 35(6), pp.1518-1524 Song, J., Han, M., Kim, T and Song, J (2009) Rainwater harvesting as a sustainable water supply option in Banda Aceh Desalination, 248(1-3), pp.233-240 Thomas, P and Greene, G (1993) Rainwater Quality from Different Roof Catchments Water Science and Technology, 28(3-5), pp.291-299 Villholth, K and Rajasooriyar, L (2010) Groundwater Resources and Management Challenges in Sri Lanka–an Overview Water Resources Management, 24(8), pp.1489-1513 Waso, M., Ndlovu, T., Dobrowsky, P., Khan, S and Khan, W (2016) Presence of microbial and chemical source tracking markers in roof-harvested rainwater and catchment systems for the detection of fecal contamination Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(17), pp.16987-17001 World Health Organization, WHO/UNICEF Joint Water Supply, and Sanitation Monitoring Programme Progress on sanitation and drinking water: 2015 update and MDG assessment World Health Organization, 2015 WHO (World Health Organization) "Guidelines for drinking water quality." Geneva: WHO (2011) World Water Assessment Programme (2003) Water for People, Water for Life The United Nations World Water Development Report Geneva Yaziz, M., Gunting, H., Sapari, N and Ghazali, A (1989) Variations in rainwater quality from roof catchments Water Research, 23(6), pp.761-765 70 APPENDIX I LIST OF MANUAL COLLECTED ON WEBSITES Group of Countries/Areas Manual title countries Developing countries Lesotho Pacific Rainwater Harvesting System manual Island A manual for participatory training in rainwater Countries harvesting Bangladesh Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic consumption in Bangladesh Karnataka Manual on rooftop rainwater harvesting systems in School Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting Trainers’ Manual Malaysia A Guide To Rainwater Harvesting in Malaysia Maldives Guidelines and Manual for 71 Rain Water Harvesting in Maldives Mexico HARVESTING A healthy future Shirlanka Manual for Operation and Maintenance of Rainwater Harvesting System in Schools in Sri Lanka Thailand Harvesting the rain , a construction manual for cement rainwater Jars and Tanks Rainwater Collection and Storage in Thailand: Design, Practices and operation Vietnam Rainwater Harvesting Guidebook for the Mekong Delta Yemen Manual for Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Systems in the Republic of Yemen Developed Brazil Rainwater Harvesting in Buildings in Brazil: a 72 countries literature review Canada City of Guelph: Residential Rainwater Harvesting Design and installation best practices manual US Guidance toward a Sustainable Water Future Literature Review and Case Studies Literature Review and Case Studies Cisterns To Collect Non-Potable Water For Domestic use Water Quality of Rooftop Runoff: Implications for Residential Water Harvesting Systems C-7 Rainwater Harvesting 73 Rainwater Harvesting: Guidance for Homeowners New York State Rainwater Harvesting Guide 2015 Rainwater Harvesting 101 Sanfrancisco rainwater harvesting system for non-potable residental use Rainwater Harvesting manual for Southwest Texas A and M Rainwater harvesting: system plaining The Texas Manual on Rainwater Harvesting 74 water harvesting guidance manual Virginia rainwater harvesting manual Virginia rainwater harvesting manual Rainwater harvesting manual for home owner WATER HARVESTING – OUR AGE OLD TRADITION Guidance on the use of rainwater tanks 75 APPENDIX II QUESTIONNAIR Personal information Name: Address: Number of family members: House area: Question 1: What type of water are your family using? Supplied water Ground water Rainwater Question 2: Monthly water bill of your family Less than 50.000 VNĐ 50.000 VNĐ to 100.000 VNĐ 100.000 VNĐ to 200.000 VNĐ More than 200.000 VNĐ Question 3: If your family is using rainwater, please kindly answer the following questions: Size of storage tank: 76 Purpose of using rainwater: Potable Both potable and non-potable Non-potable Question 4: Which is your family’s water treatment method? No Commercial filter including RO UV lamp Other Question 5: How much did your family pay for water treatment? Question 6: Are you willing to pay 4.000.000 VNĐ for a commercial filter system? Yes No Question 7: Are you willing to pay 700.000 VNĐ for an UV lamp for treamtment? Yes No Question 8: Are you willing to pay 4.700.000 VNĐ for a combined system between commercial filter including RO and UV lamp? 77 Yes No 78 ... HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY TRAN DIEU LINH CONSIDERATION OF EXISTING RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM AND ITS ENHANCEMENT USING MEMBRANE FILTRATION AND UV- IRRADIATION MAJOR: Environmental Engineering... Introduction of rooftop rainwater harvesting 2.1.1 Definition and history 2.1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of using rainwater harvesting 11 2.1.3 Components of rooftop rainwater harvesting. .. demand which requires all possible sources of water (Climateincorp.com, 1996) 10 2.1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of using rainwater harvesting Advantages of using rainwater The use of rainwater