Consideration of existing rainwater harvesting system and its enhancement using membrane filtration and UV irradiation

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY TRAN DIEU LINH CONSIDERATION OF EXISTING RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM AND ITS ENHANCEMENT USING MEMBRANE FILTRATION AND UV-IRRADIATION MASTER'S THESIS Environmental Engineering Hanoi, 2019 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY TRAN DIEU LINH CONSIDERATION OF EXISTING RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM AND ITS ENHANCEMENT USING MEMBRANE FILTRATION AND UV-IRRADIATION MAJOR: Environmental Engineering CODE: Experimental RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Principal Supervisor: Professor Jun Nakajima Co-Supervisor: Professor Naoyuki Kamiko Hanoi, 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my two brilliant supervisors, my main supervisor, Professor Jun Nakajima and my co-supervisor, Professor Naoyuki Kamiko To Professor Jun Nakajima: Thank you for accepting me as your student and helping me to find out my interest in studies of rainwater treatment Thank you for your outstanding guidance, continuous inspiration and support in my two-year research I appreciate the in depth discussions which have sharpened my thought process and shown me how to transform my mistakes into skills To Professor Naoyuki Kamiko: Thank you for all the instructive advices and valuable knowledges you have provided me during my research work as well as my internship in Ritsumeikan University, Japan I am truly grateful to have such a fulfilling experience working with you, which contributes no small part to my achievements I am indebted to my mentor, Professor Jun Nakajima: Thank you for being a good mentor and for guiding me on the right path as well as providing me with the necessary materials and knowledges to work with my project Moreover, your creative ideas about the projects have impressed and inspired me a lot To be honest, you are not only my respectable supervisor but also my beloved grandfather In addition, I highly appreciate Professor Hiroyuki Katajama, Associate Professor Kasuga Ikuro, Doctor Nguyen Thi An Hang, Mrs Nguyen Phuong Thao and Mrs Dinh Dieu Anh for their patience in guiding and assisting me through my Master course I would also like to extend my appreciativeness to my fellow lab mates who have been working with me and sharing their experience and knowledge to me Thank you for all the joy, laughter and friendships to help me get over the stress of after-hours work and make my research much easier In addition, I would like to send my special thanks to my classmate, Mr To Hoang Nguyen for his supports in my experiments and writing as well Eventually, I would like to thank my beloved family and friends for their deep love and support that enables me to concentrate on my pursuits Without their encouragement, this work cannot be done CONTENT Chapter Introduction and objective 1.1.Background 1.2.Problem statement 1.3.Objectives 1.4.Structure of the thesis Chapter Liter 2.1 Introduction of rooftop rainwater harvesting 2.1.1 Defin 2.1.2 Adva 2.1.3 Com 2.2 Quality of harvested rainwater 2.2.1 Facto 2.2.2 Phys 2.2.3 Trace 2.2.4 Micr 2.2.5 Case 2.3 Rainwater treatment and disinfection methods 2.3.1 Mem 2.3.2 Chem 2.3.3 UV i Chapter Meth 3.1.Web survey of rainwater harvesting manuals in 3.2.Questionnaire survey of rainwater harvesting 3.3.Examination of rainwater purification in a typ 3 3 Chap 4.1.Web survey of rainwater harvesting manuals in 4 4 4 4.2.Questionnaire survey of rainwater harvesting 4 4.3.Examination of rainwater purification in a typ 4.3.2 Combination system of RO purifier and UV sterilizer 56 Physicochemical properties 56 Microbiological properties 58 4.3.3 Submerged UV lamp 59 Chapter Conclusion 61 References 62 Appendix I 71 Appendix II 76 LIST OF FIGURE Page Figure 2.1 A cistern in Yerabatan Sarayi, Istanbul in Turkey .9 Figure 2.2 A common RWH system 13 Figure 2.3 Floating ball first flush diverter 15 Figure 2.4 Working mechanism of reverse osmosis filter 28 Figure 3.1 Sampling location of questionnair survey (Google Maps, 2019) .32 Figure 3.2 Pictures of the pilot of rainwater harvesting system (a: Catchment roof, b: Storage tank) 33 Figure 3.3 Design of DEWX RO AQUAPRO Serise AP-60 supplied by DEWX Vietnam 34 Figure 3.4 Sampling scheme of the examination of RO purifier in combination with UV lamp 36 Figure 3.5 Examination system of submerged UV sterilizer 37 Figure 4.1 Purpose of using rainwater (a: Total;b: Developing countries, c: Developed countries) 41 Figure 4.2 Different structure of roof 41 Figure 4.3 Materias for roof (a: Total; b: Developing countries; c: Developed countries) 42 Figure 4.4 Shapes of gutter 43 Figure 4.5 Material for gutter (a: Total; b: Developing countries; c: Developed countries) 44 Figure 4.6 Type of tank ( a: Developing countries; b: Developed countries) .45 Figure 4.7 Materials for tank (a: Developing countries; b: Developed countries) .45 Figure 4.8 Disinfection methods(a: Developing countries; b: Developed countries) 46 Figure 4.9 Histogram of number of contents in a manual 47 Figure 4.10 Number of family member 49 Figure 4.11 Types of water used 49 Figure 4.12 Percentage of families use each type of water 50 Figure 4.13 Monthly water bill 51 Figure 4.14 Purpose of using rainwater 52 Figure 4.15 Types of water treatment 52 Figure 4.16 Willingness of residential people to use the introduced water treatement system( a: RO (4.000.000 VND); b: UV lamp (700.000VND); c: combine system (RO+UV)) 53 Figure 4.17 Microoganism concentration in Raw water (a: Total Coliforms; b: E.coli) 56 Figure 4.18 pH change through the system 57 Figure 4.19 Conductivity change through the system……………………………… 57 Figure 4.20 Dissolved oxygen change through the system; Figure 4.21 Turbidity change through the system 57 Figure 4.22 Change in microoganism concentration through the system (a: Total Coliforms; b: E.coli 58 Figure 4.23 Change in microoganism concentration vesus time interval (a: Total Coliforms; b: E.coli) 59 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1.1 Heavy metal concentration in tap water districts in Hanoi .5 Table 2.1 Concentration of E.coli in storage tanks of roof-harvested rainwater (adapted from K Hamilton et al, 2018) 21 Table 2.2 Chemical and microbiological characteristic of harvested rainwater before and after treatment 24 Table 3.1 Components of DEWX RO AQUAPRO Serise AP-60 supplied by DEWX Vietnam 34 Table 4.1 Quality of rainwater in storage tank 54 Kwaadsteniet, M., Dobrowsky, P., van Deventer, A., Khan, W and Cloete, T (2013) Domestic Rainwater Harvesting: Microbial and Chemical Water Quality and Point-of-Use Treatment Systems Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 224(7) De Silva, C., Weatherhead, E., Knox, J and Rodriguez-Diaz, J (2007) Predicting the impacts of climate change—A case study of paddy irrigation water requirements in Sri Lanka Agricultural Water Management, 93(1-2), pp.19-29 Dinrifo, R., Babatunde, S., Bankole, Y and Demu, Q (2019) Physico-chemical properties of rain water collected from some industrial areas of Lagos State, Nigeria European Journal of Scientific Research, (3), pp.383-390 Dobrowsky, P., van Deventer, A., De Kwaadsteniet, M., Ndlovu, T., Khan, S., Cloete, T and Khan, W (2014) Prevalence of Virulence Genes Associated with Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Domestically Harvested Rainwater during Low- and High-Rainfall Periods Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 80(5), pp.1633-1638 Förster, J (1996) Patterns of roof runoff contamination and their potential implications on practice and regulation of treatment and local infiltration Water Science and Technology, 33(6), pp.39-48 Förster, J (1999) Variability of roof runoff quality Water Science and Technology, 39(5), pp.137-144 Gessler, A and Sparks, W (1963) Composition comprising aggregate, rubber and a steam-cracked petroleum resin US3093601A Ghanayem, M and Box, P (n.d.) Environmental Considerations With Respect to Rainwater Harvesting 64 Google Maps (2019) Location: Yên Nghĩa [online] Available at: https://www.google.com/maps/place Gould, J and Nissen-Petersen, E (1999) Rainwater catchment systems for domestic supply London: Intermediate Technology Gromaire, M., Chebbo, G and Constant, A (2002) Impact of zinc roofing on urban runoff pollutant loads: the case of Paris Water Science and Technology, 45(7), pp.113-122 Gupta, R and Agrawal, R (2015) Rainwater harvesting in Ancient Times and its Sustainable Modern techniques Montpellier: ICID 2015 Hadong.hanoi.gov.vn (2013) Vị trí địa lý điều kiện tự nhiên quận Hà Đông [online] Available at: http://hadong.hanoi.gov.vn/portal/Pages/vi-tri-dia-ly-va-dieukien-tu-nhien.aspx Hamilton, K., Ahmed, W., Palmer, A., Sidhu, J., Hodgers, L., Toze, S and Haas, C (2016) Public health implications of Acanthamoeba and multiple potential opportunistic pathogens in roof-harvested rainwater tanks Environmental Research, 150, 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Supplied water Ground water Rainwater Less than 50.000 VNĐ 50.000 VNĐ to 100.000 VNĐ 100.000 VNĐ to 200.000 VNĐ More than 200.000 VNĐ Question 3: If your family is using rainwater, please kindly answer the following questions: Size of storage tank: 76 Purpose of using rainwater: Potable Both potable and non-potable Non-potable Question 4: Which is your family’s water treatment method? No Commercial filter including RO UV lamp Other Question 5: How much did your family pay for water treatment? Question 6: Are you willing to pay 4.000.000 VNĐ for a commercial filter system? Yes No Question 7: Are you willing to pay 700.000 VNĐ for an UV lamp for treamtment? Yes No Question 8: Are you willing to pay 4.700.000 VNĐ for a combined system between commercial filter including RO and UV lamp? 77 Yes No 78 ... HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY TRAN DIEU LINH CONSIDERATION OF EXISTING RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM AND ITS ENHANCEMENT USING MEMBRANE FILTRATION AND UV- IRRADIATION MAJOR: Environmental Engineering... demand which requires all possible sources of water (Climateincorp.com, 1996) 10 2.1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of using rainwater harvesting Advantages of using rainwater The use of rainwater. .. Introduction of rooftop rainwater harvesting 2.1.1 Definition and history Definition The concept of ? ?Rainwater harvesting? ?? simply involves all those techniques of collection and storage rainwater