Translation procedures applied in english vietnamese translation of metaphors in 4 selected short stories in the book o henry 100 selected stories

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION GRADUATION PAPER TRANSLATION PROCEDURES APPLIED IN ENGLISH-VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF METAPHORS IN SELECTED SHORT STORIES IN THE BOOK “O.HENRY 100 SELECTED STORIES” Supervisor : Nguyen Thi Dieu Thuy, M.A Student: Tran Duy Quang Course: QH2010.F1.E21 HANOI – 2014 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TI NG NH KHOÁ LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP CÁC THỦ THUẬT DỊCH THUẬT ĐƯỢC ÁP DỤNG VÀO DỊCH ANH-VIỆT PHÉP ẨN DỤ TRONG TRUYỆN NGẮN ĐƯỢC CHỌN TRONG CUỐN „O.HENRY 100 SELECTED STORIES‟ Giáo viên hướng dẫn: ThS Nguyễn Thị Diệu Thúy Sinh viên: Trần Duy Quang Khoá: QH2010.F1.E21 HÀ NỘI – NĂM 2014 DECLARATION I hereby state that I: Tran Duy Quang, QH2010.F1.E21, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts(TEFL) accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Hanoi, 2014 Tran Duy Quang ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, the completion of this graduation paper will not have been possible without valuable guide and assistance I received from my supervisor Ms Nguyen Thi Dieu Thuy, M.A Also, her sincere advice and inspiration are among the most important elements helping me to finish this paper in advance I would also like to express my special thanks to my friends whose helpful advice and comments are always beside me whenever needed Last but not least, I am truly grateful to acknowledge the care and support that my family gave me all throughout the process of conducting this paper To all of them, thanks you very much i ABSTRACT Metaphor is one of the key elements greatly contributing to the variety and beauty of literary works, particularly in poetry and stories There, however, are few research papers or studies focusing much on the significance of metaphor along with its types used in these literary works Although numerous studies have raised and acknowledged issues relating to metaphor, most of them tend to pay much attention to the linguistic aspects rather than the translation of metaphor from source language into target language Furthermore, in the world without much distance thanks to the Internet, literary works can reach any regions, nations or continents instead of staying within their original borders And that has given a great deal of motivation and inspiration for the study conductor to write this research paper along with its objectives of gaining further knowledge about types of metaphor and translation procedures applied in literary works, especially in short stories With such objectives, short stories in the book named “O.Henry 100 Selected Stories” and their translated versions by translator Ngo Vinh Vien have been selected as the core materials of this study that will use chosen material analysis itself as the research method 49 metaphorical expressions are listed out, including types of metaphor: Dead metaphor, faded metaphor and living metaphor In terms of applying translation procedures in translated versions, literal translation and modulation in translation procedures detected are the two most frequently used by translator Ngo Vinh Vien ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Statement of research question 1.2 Research objectives and research questions 1.3 Background and significance 1.4 Scope of the study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Key concepts 2.1.1 Translation 2.1.2 Metaphors 2.2 Related studies on the definition of metaphor 14 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 15 3.1 The design of the study 15 3.2 Research method 16 3.3 “O.Henry 100 Selected Stories” and its Vietnamese translated version 16 3.4 Sample gathering 16 3.5 Research instrument 17 iii 3.6 The stories for data collection and analysis 17 3.7 Data collection procedure 17 3.8 Data analysis procedure 18 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 20 4.1 Research question no.1 20 4.2 Research question no.2 27 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS 38 5.1 Major findings and concluding remarks 38 5.2 Limitations of the study 39 5.3 Suggestions for further study 40 REFERENCES 41 APPENDIX 43 iv LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Page Table 1: Selected metaphorical expressions in “A Tempered Wind” 20 Table 2: Selected metaphorical expressions in “An Unfinished Story” 22 Table 3: Selected metaphorical expressions in “The Cop and The Anthem” 23 Table 4: Selected metaphorical expressions in “The Gift of The Magi” 25 Table 5: The frequency of applied translation procedures (times) 34 Figure 1: Types of metaphor 26 Figure 2: Translation procedures applied 35 v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Statement of research question I have decided to choose the application of procedures in the translation of metaphors as an area of study in Translation and Interpreting for the following reasons: First of all, metaphors always play a crucial role in books, particularly in both original and translated works of literature as they carry the message or the meaning the authors want the readers to comprehend it with their feelings, emotions and thoughts And on the global scale in which cross-culture is bringing people from different cultures much closer, translated books and publications are a special tool which contributes to enhancing people’s knowledge of different cultures and to leading them to more morally valuable experiences of cultures than they ever know Secondly, the translation of metaphors in works of literature crucially depends on the age of the readership, which is seemingly a major obstacle for translators In most cases, a translated book for kids and teenagers is significantly different from a translated one for adults, so the language used to transfer the author’s messages to the readership often varies a lot Furthermore, translators can leave lasting impressions on the readership through a smoothly and naturally translated version of a book along with meaningful lessons As a result, the readership will warmly welcome a good translated version of a book with high respect and appreciation Thirdly, translators often face many challenges when they are doing the translation of metaphors in books in general and in works of literature in particular Such challenges are the recognition of metaphors, the equivalence of metaphors from source language to target language, the recreation of metaphors needed to smoothly translate them into target language, etc Besides, cultural differences can generate many unexpected problems like cultural misunderstanding of behaviors and customs if a translator does not have a deep comprehension of the two cultures (the source language and the target language) Then, the necessity of a study in the area of metaphors is worth doing Last but not least, the study aims to find out how translator Ngo Vinh Vien applies translation procedures in the translation of metaphors in selected short stories in the book named “O.Henry 100 Selected Stories” This study also includes some conclusions and findings that are helpful for students learning Translation and Interpreting as their major and for those who are concerned with this area of metaphor translation 1.2 Research objectives and research questions The study aims to concentrate on the translation of metaphors with the use of New Mark translation procedures in selected short stories in the book named “O.Henry 100 Selected Stories” And the selected short stories in the book named “100 selected stories” are translated by translator Ngo Vinh Vien With such goal, here are the following questions used as research questions in this study: • What types of metaphors are used in the selected stories? • What are the translation procedures applied in Ngo Vinh Vien’s translation of metaphors in the selected stories? 1.3 Background and significance The translation of metaphors has been considered as part of the more general problem of the “Untranslatability” This trend builds on the fact that metaphors in general are associated with the 'indirectness,' which in turn contributes to the difficulty levels of translation Different theories and approaches have been proposed with regard to metaphor translation, each of which has dealt with this problem from a different point of view Regardless of its popularity and mechanism of operation, metaphor as a linguistic device exists in all human languages The word 'metaphor' comes from Greek metapherein, meaning 'to transfer' or to 'carry over.' Reference to Figure 2: Translation procedures applied 30 27 25 25 20 14 15 10 Literal translation Modulation Others Figure Translation procedures applied However, for those metaphors that are translated by applying literal translation and modulation procedures, their whole meaning cannot be frequently found out by simply combining the literal meaning of its individual words or reproducing the original texts Besides, metaphorical expressions can convey positive, neutral, or negative meanings so the research conductor suggests that the combination of other translation procedures, such as couplets or shift should be used in those cases that the meaning of metaphorical expressions is not so obvious in certain contexts And that point leads to a recommendation that the application of couplets and other translation procedures to translate metaphorical expressions in short stories in general, in selected ones in particular is highly recommended Furthermore, metaphor can be in the form of a word, noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, preposition phrases and sentences Considering the above pattern, metaphor can have a 35 regular structure, an irregular or even a grammatically incorrect structure in both source texts and target texts Also, an existing problem with the two depicted translation procedures is that some of translated versions not convey the whole image or content of the metaphorical source texts, which, as a result, distracts readers and force them to double-check the author’s intended content The problem will be ignored if the target readers not know or understand the source text, but it will get worse if they The weakness of these translation procedures is revealed in some cases of metaphor with some proper names of place, such as the noun phrase Old Badville-near-Coney (A Tempered Wind) or some other cases of metaphor as a phrasal expressions or a whole sentence When the translator replaces or reproduces metaphors literally or/and translates them by sense, this act of translating is mostly appropriate and accurate in terms of meaning transfer, but in terms of language use, it often skips or eliminates the live and beautiful metaphorical words of the source language, especially a multi-cultural country like America Another issue resulting from this study is that the cultural differences between the American and the Vietnamese are reflected in metaphorical expressions used in the original stories and translated versions, so there are no absolutely perfect translated versions for the source texts Besides, Ngo Vinh Vien’s translated versions partly help to reflect such differences in terms of language use and formation In general, Vietnamese culture is closely interacted with the daily life That is, in everyday activities people often use simple and informal language, even in poetry and literature And such simple and informal language is clearly reflected in most translated metaphorical expression given by translator Ngo Vinh Vien In addition, the 36 differences resulted from lifestyle, living conditions and ways of thinking have led to various translated versions presented by Ngo Vinh Vien With the same types of metaphor, such as dead metaphor, faded metaphor or living metaphor, the translator usually use different types of translation procedures to translate the source texts Lastly, one major finding through the process of conducting this study is that metaphor and metonymy can be mistaken for each other in some situations in the selected stories To be more specific, metaphorical expressions consist of words relating different parts of human body, such as head and hands can be assumed as metonymy In order to distinguish metaphor and metonymy in those cases, the contexts should be carefully considered and analyzed based on the features and characteristics of each figure of speech in literary works 37 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS 5.1 Major findings and concluding remarks The study has so far reached initial objectives Regarding of the metaphor classification presented by Hoa Nguyen (2001), all three types of metaphor: Dead metaphor, faded metaphor and living metaphor have been spotted in the selected stories in the book “100 Selected Stories by O.Henry” In terms of applying translation procedures in Ngo Vinh Vien’s translated versions, all tranlsation procedures are given by Newmark (1988) The research conductor came to some concluding remarks as followed:  In total, 49 metaphorical expressions, including metaphorical words, phrases and sentences, have been selected from the selected stories in which living metaphor occupies for the highest scores (31 times), dead metaphor and faded metaphor share the same number of used times (9 times) Hence, expressions used with unusual metaphorical sense or the metaphor created by the author O.Henry show the high frequency of using living metaphor in his literary works, particularly in short stories And the interpreting of these living metaphors is not the matter of comprehending each word literally but indirectly  There are only out of 20 translation procedures have been used in Ngo Vinh Vien’s translated versions Specifically, literal translation and modulation are the most frequently used out of translation procedures spotted As a result, literal translation and modulation are considered the most prevalent translation procedures applied in translating English metaphor in to Vietnamese However, there is not much flexibility in the ways translator Ngo Vinh Vien use translation procedures to translate the source texts that leads to the following consequences: First of all, the structure and the meaning of metaphorical expressions in the source texts are literally conveyed to target texts in most of 38 the cases, but, sometimes, the intended meaning is faded away or even lost when those expressions are converted into the target texts with equivalent, actually not the right equivalent in meaning in some cases Second, there is no evidence to assure that the applied translation procedures in Ngo Vinh Vien’s translated versions are among the most suitable ones for the act of translating metaphorical expressions in general, in selected stories in particular if there is no comparison with others’ works in terms of accuracy and translation quality  Through the process of identifying metaphor in the selected stories, the research conductor found that English metaphor is quite different from Vietnamese metaphor in speech acts, conversations or literary works interms of structure and formation Furthermore, cultural differences between America and Vietnam are presented in the ways metaphorical expressions are presented in not only in daily conversation, but also in literature, particularly in poetry and short stories  Metaphor and metonymy can share something in common in terms of recognition and formation, so the general pattern to differentiate both of them is to base on the certain contexts, here in short stories, in which speech acts occur 5.2 Limitations of the study Although the study has fulfilled its initial objectives, there are some minor points in this study as described below: First of all, the scope of the study is quite limited (only stories are selected) along with the shortage of relevant materials and reliable sources for analysing process Besides, this study focuses on only translated versions presented by translator Ngo Vinh Vien, which lacks the comparison between his translated versions and other’s ones in terms of reseaonability and quality of translation As a result, the final results of this study are somehow favorable to personal analysis and observation 39 Also, three mentioned types of metaphor are just a very small part concerning the variety of metaphor classification all over the world This point leads to the fact that other types of metaphor can be more reseasonable to use and they can be accepted more widely in larger-scale studies with the same raised issues 5.3 Suggestions for further study It can be clearly seen from this study that there are certain limitations such as the small-scale size of the data collected, the absence of different translated versions translated by different translators for comparison In addition, when translating metaphor in general, in selected stories in particular, the writer highly recommends the teamwork of different translators involving the source and target language to create a common and clear equivalent between two languages (English and Vietnamese) Another suggestion from the writer is that for those who are interested in translating metaphor with the use of translation procedures in this study or other related studies, a more comprehensive study should be conducted to figure out and comprehend translation procedures and types of metaphor to improve this study or other related studies with the same limitations 40 REFERENCES Al-Hasnawi, R, A (2007) A Cognitive Approach to Translating Metaphors, 11(3) Retrieved from http://www.bokorlang.com/journal/41metaphor.htm Barcelona, A (Ed.) (2000) Metaphor and metonymy at the crossroads A cognitive perspective New York: Mouton de Gruyter Press Catford, J.C (1965) A linguistic theory of translation Oxford University Press Dickin, J (2005) Thinking Arabic Transaltion, (pp.147-148) New york: Routladge Press Dinh, L.T & Nguyen, H.T (1995) Vietnamese stylistics Hanoi: Education publishing house Do, H.C (1996) Vietnamese lexico-semantics Hanoi: Vietnam National UniversityPress Galperin, I R (1977) Stylistics Moscow: Moscow Higher School Publishing House Hoa, N (2001) An introduction to semantics Hanoi: Vietnam National University Press Jakobson, R and Halle, M (1956) Fundamentals of language The Hague: Mouton Publisher 10 Knowles, M and Moon, R (2005) Introducing Metaphor (pp 3-4) New York: Routledge Press 11 Lakoff, G and Jonhson, M (1980) Metaphor we live by London: Chicago University Press 12 Larson, M (2th Ed.) (1997) Meaning-based translation-A Guide to CrossLanguage Equivalence University Press of America 13 Lazar, G (2003) Meaning and Metaphor, (pp.1-2) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 14 Newmark, P (1981) Approaches to Translation Oxford: Pergamon 41 15 Newmark, P (1988) A text book of translation Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press 16 Oxford English Advanced Learner Dictionary, (7th Ed.) (2007) Oxford: Oxford University Press 17 Saeed, J.I (2003) Semantic, (pp 245-248) London: Blackwell Publishing 18 Sayogie, F (2009) Teori dan Praktek Menerjemahkan Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia (pp.224-225) Tangerang: Pustaka Anak Negeri Press 19 Wikipedia (2009) “Conceptual metaphor” Retrieved 10 Feb, 2014 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_metaphor 42 APPENDIX Metaphorical expressions and Ngo Vinh Vien’s applied translation procedures in selected stories in “100 Selected Stories by O.Henry” A In the story “ Tempered Wind” Metaphors in source texts the Translated version by Types of Translation Ngo Vinh Vien metaphor procedure applied I looked around; but Tơi nhìn quanh, Living all the animals I see chẳng thấy vật metaphor in sight is a tầm mắt policeman… gã cảnh sát… Modulation I admit that the phantom flight of the non-existing animals at which you remarked 'Whoa!' has puzzled me somewhat Tớ công nhận bỏ Living chạy tưởng tượng metaphor vật mà mày la theo “Hô!” làm cho tớ có phần thắc mắc Literal translation "A description of the “Yêu cầu ông Dead sandbag, if you mô tả cho biết “túi metaphor please," she begins cát” ông xem nào”, cô Malôi bắt đầu Literal translation (Túi cát = mánh khóe) "This stake comes in “Món tiền đến Living handier than a powder lúc quá, thật nắng metaphor rag at a fat men's hạn gặp mưa rào.” ball.” Cultural equivalent … We hit that … Chúng tới Living bumptious little thành phố tự cao tự metaphor town… mãn … Reduction and expension (New York) Yaptown-on-theHudson Thành-phố-lắm-mồmtrên-sông Hơtxơn (New York) 43 Living metaphor Shift Everything's too compressed Even the hayseeds are baled hayseeds Cái dồn ép Living Ngay đến hạt cỏ metaphor hạt cỏ đóng thành kiện Literal translation An insectivorous cop Một gã cảnh sát xơi Faded metaphor đến sâu bọ Literal translation Old Badville-near- Thành-phố-tệ-hại-cổConey kính-gần-Cơni Living metaphor Literal translation (New York) A man with the finest Người có đầu Faded head for financial tuyệt đẹp cho công metaphor operations xoay sở tài Componenti al analysis 1 … Some of the … Một vài mưu kế Living schemes that had khiến cho tóc rụng metaphor caused his hair to evacuate Literal translation … that made the Mississippi Bubble look as solid as a glass marble … Làm cho bong bóng Living sông Mixixipi metaphor trông rắn chẳng khác đá hoa cương Couplets It looked all right for Việc Faded a kid-gloved graft kiểu làm ăn lịch metaphor It seemed to be just Couplets (Literal translation and Naturalisati on about an inch and a Nó half outside of the tầm với cảnh sát có reach of the police phân rưỡi (Component ial analysis, Shift and cultural equivalent) With his priceless Với đầu bóng lộn vơ Faded metaphor polished poll giá Literal translation Cast me for the role Hãy trao cho vai Living of the rhinestone-in- tự nhiên “nguyên chất” metaphor the-rough Modulation 44 Họ người mà Living họ người ta phải làm metaphor chắn cho xe điện, đặt mục trả lời bạn đọc treo yết thị đề phịng kẻ cắp móc túi They're the people that the street-car fenders and the Answers to Correspondents columns and the pickpocket notices are made for And the bald and Cái sọ hói, nhắn thín Faded inviolate cranium of ơng chủ tịch metaphor President Atterbury ttơbơri bóng lên shines with phấn khởi lỗi lầm enthusiasm and demerit Couplets … but them reporters …nhưng bọn phóng viên Living take the starch out làm cho cổ áo hồ metaphor of my collar cứng phải mềm nhũn Modulation to go away real sudden and quick that their days might be longer upon the land …cần phải chuồn Dead cho mau, metaphor muốn sống lâu trái đất Modulation But we never went after the simoleon in the toe of the sock under the loose brick in the corner of the kitchen hearth Nhưng không Faded săn lùng metaphor đồng tiền tận đầu ngón chân bít tất giấu gạch cậy lên xó bếp Literal translation He'll just hand me a pass to Bellevue and tell me to come back when I get cured Lão đưa cho Living tờ giấy xin phép metaphor Balơvin bảo tơi khỏi trở lại Couplets 2 In the lines of graft we've worked we took money from the people the Lord Theo đường lối nghề Dead nghiệp xoay sở metaphor chúng tôi, lấy tiền Literal translation 45 Shift (Naturalisati on and literal translation) (Naturalisati on and literal translation) made to be buncoed người Trời sinh để bị bịp Bald heads ain't popular over there on account of the mosquitoes Đầu hói mạn khơng Living người ưa metaphor chuộng cho muỗi Modulation B In the story “ n Unfinished Story” N Metaphors in o source texts the Translated version by Types of Translati Ngo Vinh Vien metaphor on procedur e applied We no longer groan and heap ashes upon our heads when the flames of Tophet are mentioned Chúng ta khơng cịn Living rền rĩ tự bôi tro trát metaphor trấu lên đầu có nhắc đến lửa Hỏa ngục Couplets (Modulati on and literal translation ) God is radium, or Đức Chúa trời Living ether or some rađiom hay ête hay metaphor scientific compound hợp chất khoa học Literal translation Both Morpheus and Cả thần Moocphê Living the bird are chim metaphor nhân chứng incompetent witnesses không đủ tư cách Couplets Manhattan, the night-blooming cereus, was beginning to unfold its deadwhite, heavy-odored petals Manhattan, hoa Living quỳnh nở ban metaphor đêm, bắt đầu xòe cánh trắng bệch, nặng mùi Couplets The liquorice was an extravagance - almost a carouse - but what is life without pleasures? Kẹo cam thảo Living xa xỉ- metaphor phung phí, đời mà khơng có vui thú Couplets 46 (Naturalis ation and Literal translation ) (Transfere nce and Literal translation ) (Literal translation and cịn Modulatio n) 'Tis a weary thing to count your pleasures by summers instead of by hours Phải đếm thú Dead vui theo số mùa hạ metaphor theo số giờ, đáng ngán Modulatio n When the girls named him, an undeserving stigma was cast upon the noble family of swine (Piggy) Khi cô gái đặt tên Living cho họ nhà lợn metaphor cao quý phải chịu vết oan uổng Modulatio n He was fat; he had the soul of a rat, the habits of a bat, and the magnanimity of a cat He wore expensive clothes; and was a connoisseur in starvation Người béo Hắn có Dead tâm địa metaphor chuột chí, thói quen dơi độ lượng mèo Hắn mặc quần áo đắt tiền tay sành sỏi khoa nhịn đói Literal translation No gentleman had ever asked her out before Now she was going for a brief moment into the glitter and exalted show Trước đây, chưa có Living người đàn ơng lịch metaphor mời cô chơi Giờ đấy, lát thôi, cô bước vào dự trình diễn huy hồng ca ngợi Literal translation C In the story “The Cop and The nthem” N Metaphors in o source texts Jack Frost's card the Translated version by Types of Translati Ngo Vinh Vien metaphor on procedur e applied Tấm thiếp Thần Living metaphor Rét Safe from Boreas and Thoát khỏi Gió Bấc Living metaphor bluecoats Bọn áo xanh 47 Shift Cultural equivalent the Law was more Pháp luật dễ chịu Dead benign than lòng từ thiện metaphor Philanthropy Literal translation Every bed of charity Mỗi chỗ ngủ làm phúc Dead must have its toll of a phải trả giá metaphor bath tắm gội Literal translation Every loaf of bread its compensation of a private and personal inquisition Mỗi miếng bánh Living phải bù lại metaphor soi mói vào đời tư cá nhân Literal translation The total would not be so high as to call forth any supreme manifestation of revenge from the cafe management Tổng số tiền không Dead lớn khiến chủ hiệu metaphor phải dùng đến biện pháp trả thù tối cao Modulatio n Strong and ready hands turned him about and conveyed him in silence and haste to the sidewalk Những bàn tay khỏe Faded mạnh, nhanh nhẹn metaphor xoay anh lại, lặng lẽ chóng vánh tống anh vỉa hè Literal translation It catered to large Quán ăn phục vụ Living appetites and modest cho dày metaphor to mà túi tiền lại nhỏ purses Shift Ăn xong, anh tiết lộ Living cho gã hầu bàn biết metaphor đồng xu nhỏ với thân anh hoàn toàn xa lạ Modulatio n Arrest seemed but a Việc bị bắt Dead rosy dream giấc mộng metaphor vàng Modulatio n Anh tưởng đâu Faded cảm thấy khơng khí metaphor ấm áp dễ chịu đồn cảnh sát Literal translation In his fancy the Trong trí tưởng tượng Living Island seemed an anh, Khám Đảo metaphor Modulatio n And then to the waiter be betrayed the fact that the minutest coin and himself were strangers Already he imagined he could feel the cozy warmth of the station-house 48 unattainable Arcadia cảnh bồng lai với tới He muttered against Anh lẩm bẩm rủa bọn Living the men who wear người đội mũ sắt, metaphor helmets and carry dùi cui clubs Literal translation D In the story “The Gift of The Magi” N Metaphors in o source texts the Translated version by Types of Translati Ngo Vinh Vien metaphor on procedur e applied The gift of the magi Món quà thầy Living metaphor pháp Literal translation So now Della’s beautiful hair fell about her rippling and shining like a cascade of brown waters It reached below her knee and made itself almost a garment for her Cho nên lúc tóc Living Đêla xõa xuống, metaphor gợn sóng óng ả thác nước màu đen Tóc dài tới đầu gối tạo thành áo dài cho cô Modulatio n Oh, and the next two Ôi, hai tiếng đồng hồ Faded hours tripped by on sau trơi qua metaphor rosy wings đôi cánh màu hồng Literal translation The dull precious metal seemed to flash with a reflection of her bright and ardent spirit Shift Chất kim loại mờ mờ Living quý metaphor nhiệt tình rạng rỡ sơi rọi vào, sáng lóe lên 49 ... metaphors with the use of New Mark translation procedures in selected short stories in the book named ? ?O. Henry 100 Selected Stories? ?? And the selected short stories in the book named ? ?100 selected stories? ??... differences influence the translation of metaphoric expressions in an important way, the conduction of a study on ? ?Translation procedures applied in the translation of metaphors in selected short stories. .. application of translation procedures in translating English- Vietnamese metaphors in selected short stories in the book named ? ?O. Henry 100 Selected Stories? ?? It is impossible for the writer to cover