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PSYCHOLOGY GROUP PROJECT Hypothesis Often, physically attractive people tend to receive preferential treatment and are perceived to have positive experiences across many domains in their lives (e.g., social, career, and romantic relationships) In romantic relationships, attractive people are desired by others more often and are more likely to be in a relationship than their less attractive counterparts Simply put, being attractive generates positive evaluations and behavior from others To further research the role of physical attractiveness in relationships, our study was designed to replicate previous studies of Sherynn J Perry about physical appearance in which he used a questionnaire that included a picture of an attractive or unattractive stimulus person In our study, we considered how women reacted to physical characteristics in the first met as well as address We tested the actual level of attraction of respondents to desirable and undesirable stimulus persons In our experiment, participants talked to people who had different physical appearance ( hairstyles, clothing, and implied financial status) and talking styles Then, measure the level of attraction by the heartbeat showed, the emotions and the answer of participants We hypothesized that physical appearance would modify the degree of attraction between members of the opposite sex; specifically, the higher the degree of attractiveness, the higher the level of appeal between the two sexes despite of the conversation content Variable, measurement of variables and obstacles There are two types of variable: Independent and dependent variable Independent variable is the variable the experimenter changes or controls and is assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable Dependent, in contrast, is the variable being tested and measured in an experiment, and is dependent on the independent ones This paragraph is about our experiment’s independent and dependent variable There are four independent variables Firstly, the appearance of male participants We got two amateur actors who have enormous differences in physical appearance Second independent variable is a set of questions included in conversation We listed in advance a number of basic questions for participants with the aim of breaking the ice The following is the conversation’s length and environment Our team had already set up the space before doing the experiment Besides, we had a supervisor specializing in controlling the timer The last independent variable is the acquaintance between participants and male actors In the process of choosing volunteers to take part in the experiment, we endeavor to make sure the participants and our actors are totally strangers In our experiment, only one dependent variable is tested: The impression and feelings of the participant about each actor We spent much time on defining the most appropriate measurement of the variable Finally, our team decided to utilize Golden facial ratio: length, width, distance between features, features, to judge the physical appearance of our actors About the dependent variable, we use heartbeat measured by technical gadget as well as participants’ comments on the actors as measurement However, we had to face many obstacles to objective measurement Our first independent variable, the physical appearance of actors, created such a hardship for us to give judgement whether a guy is handsome or not as beauty criteria differentiates from individual to individual Secondly, the measure we used for the dependent variable is prone to be falsified because of the malfunction or inaccuracy of the heartbeat-measuring device In addition, shyness or politeness might impede participants to share their precise opinion Results There are numeric columns on the experimental table above The first column of numbers is the heart rate of the test subjects when they have not met two male friends This is also our mistake because many people have different emotions such as excitement, anxiety, and shyness, so their heart rate is different The next columns are the heart rate when they removed their blindfold after talking to our experimental characters Duc is here as the handsome character and An as the ugly character Looking on the board you can easily see that Germany - handsome people have dominated Even though there were sample questions, the way the two spoke was very different An is a cheerful and dynamic person while Duc is a rather shy person in conversation But when removing the blindfold, the female participants all commented that if they choose someone to love, they will choose Germany After this little experiment, we came to the conclusion that there are many ways to attract people of the opposite sex such as talking style, aroma but the most important and immediate impression on them is appearance If you have a bright, handsome appearance, these other factors can be ignored and they still want to learn more about you For example, if you are ugly and shy, they will tell you to be bashful, and you will gradually be forgotten As for handsome people, shyness becomes a cool boy image for women Application - Physical appearance is the first thing people use to form an initial impression - Comment from the result • Some people enjoy talking with normal man with a sense of humor more than a vapid conversation with handsome man • Some are attracted by good-looking man and interesting talking style • Someone prefers to talk with handsome man although he is a little bit boring - Give conclusions about understanding human psychology • It is human nature to draw conclusions about individuals based on what we see in front of us • Good-looking appearance is an advantage to draw attention and increase the empathy from others • Whether man has an interesting speaker or not, the attitude toward physical appearance will change unpredictably due to each person's perspective and bias - Suggestions to look good: • Good hygiene • Skincare • Dress neatly • Short and clean hair • Be a gentlemen Strengths and Limitations a) Previous Experiment Failure : • Experiment : - The experiment context doesn’t give actors much opportunities to act and impress - objects Participants can not have separate chances to interact with actor Actors : • - The difference in appearance is not big enough When approaching objects, both actors cannot fully express and show oriented personality Objects : • • Don’t pay too much attention to actors • Only feel touched, appreciated but not much feelings of helpers b) Second Experiment : • Limitations : - People opinion about beauty is different - Actors questions , answers and attitude are not fixed - Participants are affected by previous feelings : nervous emotion, anxiety, • - awkwardness Strengths : HR can somehow show adequate feelings of participants Have equal chance to communicate with actors First conversation is not affected by appearance ( Pure Emotion ) Show multi outcome of participants feelings Relate our study • Through our experiment, in the process we have related to : First is sensation & perception because the girls in the experiment must use her perception to feel the boy After put down the blindfold they use sensation to see him Then they must use their thinking and languages to respond the question that asked by the boy While answering the question they express their emotion and we use it to analyse the girls bias Physical appearance & Social cognition, we use it to compare the physical apprerance between men To conclude the experiment we must use our thinking and language and consider their behavior then lead to their first bias • The study provide extra information about topic learnt: But the main goal is to compare of how appearance and communication of male affect on female's bias Its relate mainly to the physical apprearance and communication skills When we say that we like or love someone, we are experiencing interpersonal attraction —the strength of our liking or loving for another person Although interpersonal attraction occurs between friends, family members, and other people in general, and although our analysis can apply to these relationships as well, our primary focus will be on attraction between people who haven't know each others Through the experiment, the girl is likely to be attracted by the boy has nice physical appearance than who has good communicate We have found the research on the advantage of physical appearance: People who are attractive are also seen as having a variety of positive characteristics, and these traits are activated quickly and spontaneously when we see their faces (Olson & Marshuetz, 2005; van Leeuwen & Macrae, 2004) For example, - Attractive people also have more choices of sex partners (Epstein, Klinkenberg, - Scandell, Faulkner, & Claus, 2007), more likely to be offered jobs (Dubois & Pansu, 2004), may live longer (Henderson & Anglin, 2003) Apart physical attraction, we can also generate female's bias by communication skills And its also helps in your social life in: - Building trust - Preventing or resolving problems - Providing clarity and direction - Creates better relationships - Increases engagement - Improves productivity - Promotes team building Of course, its great if you already has attractive appearance and good communication but if you missed them You should find a way to improve them because they definitely helps you in the future KEY TOPICS Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: strengths & limitations • Strengths - A natural appeal, in which it can be adopted and implemented in an uncomplicated manner - Perceptive insight into human nature - A valuable approach of thinking about human motivations and incentives, identifying similarities and qualitative differences among them - It has relevance in modern-day applications, specifically in the world of business, in which it assists to interpret human behaviour and motivation - It provides an advantageous summary of human needs, which can also be used in product planning, product positioning, product pricing and also sales channels’ designs • Limitations - Cannot be verified empirically, because there is no proper method to measure accurately how satisfied one level of need must be before the next higher need becomes operative - Maslow considered only a narrow segment of the human population, difficult for researchers to measure these needs or to generalize them across all human populations - The model is too simplistic: + The same product or service can satisfy several needs at once + The model lacks empirical support for the rank-ordering of the needs + The model is too culture-bound: it lacks validity across different cultures and the assumptions of the hierarchy may be restricted to Western cultures Obedience and conformity: can we control our behaviors when in group? Conformity, or peer pressure, describes how adjust our behavior or thinking in order to go along with a group We often change our attitudes and behaviors to match the attitudes and behaviors of the people around us One reason for this conformity is a concern about what other people think of us One reason for this conformity is a concern about what other people think of us This process was demonstrated in a classic study in which college students deliberately gave wrong answers to a simple visual judgment task rather than go against the group Another reason we conform to the norm is because other people often have information we not, and relying on norms can be a reasonable strategy when we are uncertain about how we are supposed to act Unfortunately, we frequently misperceive how the typical person acts, which can contribute to problems such as the excessive binge drinking often seen in college students Obeying orders from an authority figure can sometimes lead to disturbing behavior This danger was illustrated in a famous study in which participants were instructed to administer painful electric shocks to another person in what they believed to be a learning experiment Despite vehement protests from the person receiving the shocks, most participants continued the procedure when instructed to so by the experimenter The findings raise questions about the power of blind obedience in deplorable situations such as atrocities and genocide They also raise concerns about the ethical treatment of participants in psychology experiments Obedience, on the other hand, describes how we follow orders and obey authority Obedience differs from compliance, which is behavior influenced by peers, and from conformity, which is behavior intended to match that of the majority Researchers who study obedience are interested in how people react when given an order or command from someone in a position of authority In many situations, obedience is a good thing We are taught at an early age to obey parents, teachers, and police officers It’s also important to follow instructions from judges, firefighters, and lifeguards And a military would fail to function if soldiers stopped obeying orders from superiors But, there is also a dark side to obedience In the name of “following orders” or “just doing my job,” people can violate ethical principles and break laws More disturbingly, obedience often is at the heart of some of the worst of human behavior—massacres, atrocities, and even genocide aObedience can be seen as both a sin and a virtue For example in a situation when one orders a person to kill another innocent person and he or she does this willingly, it is a sin However, when one orders a person to kill an enemy who will end a lot of innocent lives and he or she does this willingly, it can be deemed a virtue Personality: list studies to support the stability and changes of personality Below is view about normal development with the focus on personality It will be seen that the research literature is inconsistent in what it teIls and that there is controversy about whether change or stability characterizes adult development Studies of personality in later life take many forms Some studies are simply based on personality test and questionnaire results, others describe people in their adjustments in different phases of life situations Only a few of the studies relate to theory or to broad concepts of development • Personality Does Not Change There is a viewpoint that personality is something more than behavior Conversely, behavior is a result of many influences in addition to personality-influences such as health status, cognitive abilities, and learned cues Since behavior is determined by all of these, changes in behavior with age not necessarily imply changes in personality A statement by Costa and McCrae (1980) is compatible with such a viewpoint: "Admittedly, many things change with age Social roles alter drasticaIly, and events like retirement and widowhood produce major changes in the behavior of individuals And it can be admitted that there are unmistakable age changes in the specific behaviors that express enduring traits: (for example] 'Activity' in older persons is likely to be gardening rather than foot- ball But all these changes not amount to change in personality." This viewpoint obliges the personality investigator to specify before- hand those changes in behavior that are determined by, or reflective of, personality change; otherwise, any change in behavior can be seen as unrelated to personality change By the same logic, stability of behavior can be seen as reflective of personality change By their choice of tests, Costa and McCrae did specify beforehand, even if implicitly, those behavior changes they accepted as reflective of personality change As will be seen later, they found only few behavioral changes with age and conc1uded that personality is stable, not changing during adulthood • Personality Changes Due to Generational Impact, Not Age There is an alternate view, one expressed strongly by Schaie and Parham (1976) It will be seen later that they found much stability in personality in their longitudinal age comparisons but much difference among age-groups in their cross-sectional comparisons They concluded that it is not a matter of "lack of change in personality after adolescence, as most traditional theorists might believe The change, however, is a function of specific early socialization experiences, commonly shared generationspecific environ- mental impact, and particular sociocultural transitions that may affect individuals of all ages" The implication of this is that there is personality change but it is not a result of intrinsic maturational or biological forces It is a result of different forces in the environments of the old and young, and these shape the personalities of the old and young differently This suggests that if the environmental forces of tomorrow are different from the forces of today, the old of tomorrow will have different personalities than the old of today In brief, there are personality differences across the life span but they are due to sociocultural influences • Personality Change Because of Age There is a third view, hut one that is not held by many Personality changes with age and the change has a maturational or biological basis This view, contrasted with the Schaie-Parham view, reflects the old nature-nurture controversy Schaie and Parham are clearly on the side of nurture It will be seen that a few studies show personality traits that change, possibly for maturational reasons The interactionist might insist that personality development in adult- hood is a joint function of achanging biology and of forces in both the present and past environments There are not many theorists in the study of aging that explicitly maintain this position, but stage theorists are among those that Typically, stage theorists not discuss biological antecedents of personality but the demands they put on their theories imply this, even if in a most general way Another answer: Longitudinal studies demonstrate that prior to age 30, personality traits sometimes change over time Openness, extraversion, and neuroticism tend to decline a bit from the late teens to early thirties, whereas conscientiousness and agreeableness tend to increase a bit (Costa & McCrae, 1992; Srivastava et al., 2003) Yet studies also show that the levels of most traits don’t change much after age 30 and change even less after about age 50 (McCrae & Costa, 1994; Roberts & DelVecchio, 2000) We don’t know whether psychotherapy can change personality, although many psychologists today are even less optimistic about this prospect than they were in Freud’s day In the best seller Listening to Prozac, Peter Kramer (1993) sparked interest in the possibility that medication can change personality traits He coined the term cosmetic psychopharmacology to describe the use of medications to produce long-term alterations in personality According to Kramer, there’s anecdotal evidence that certain mood-altering medications, like Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft (see Chapter 16), produce calmness and decreased shyness, even among people without mental illness (Concar, 1994) He argued that these drugs may allow us to become “better than well.”Although the evidence is preliminary, the results of one study demonstrate that well-adjusted people who ingest Paxil experience less hostility and more interest in socializing than those who ingested a placebo (Knutson et al., 1988) In a more recent study, Paxil— compared with a placebo—increased levels of extraversion and decreased levels of neuroticism among people with clinical depression (Tang et al., 2009) Kramer’s arguments raise intriguing scientific, practical, and ethical questions On the scentific side, might our personalities, which we think of as being an intrinsic part of ourselves, be more malleable than we supposed? On the practical and ethical sides, could cosmetic psychopharmacology have any important disadvantages? Evolutionary psychologists argue that many emotions serve essential adaptive functions Anxiety, for example, may be a crucial warning signal of potential danger If we reduced most people’s anxiety levels, could we inadvertently produce a civilization of passive citizens blissfully unconcerned about impending disaster? Although this alarmist scenario seems unlikely in anything other than a science fiction thriller, it’s clear that cosmetic psychopharmacology poses significant challenges that have yet to be resolved Effects of Fundamental attribution error This term refers to the tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on others’ behavior By dispositional influences, we mean enduring characteristics, such as personality traits, attitudes, and intelligence Because of this error, we attribute too much of people’s behavior to who they are Because of the fundamental attribution error, we also tend to underestimate the impact of situational influences on others’ behavior, so we also attribute too little of their behavior to what’s going on around them It's clear to see how the fundamental attribution error (FAE) can impact your personal life, but it's important to recognize the influence it can have on your work, as well Whether you're an employee or manager, cognitive biases, like the FAE, can play a role in how you interact with others in the workplace and how you make key business decisions In working with your colleagues, for example, you probably form a general impression of their character based on pieces of a situation, but never see the whole picture While it would be nice to give them the benefit of the doubt, your brain tends to use limited information to make judgments Within organizations, FAE can cause everything from arguments to firings and ruptures in organizational culture In fact, it's at the root of any misunderstanding in which human motivations have the potential to be misinterpreted For example, think back to the "lazy employee." Since she was late to an important meeting, you might be inclined to form a judgment of her character based on this one action alone It's possible, however, that her behavior is due to several external, rather than internal, factors For instance, any number of situational factors could have caused her to run behind schedule, such as a family emergency or traffic jam, which have nothing to with the quality of her character In action, forming impressions of a person's character based on limited information can have long-lasting effects Now that you perceive this person as "lazy," your opinions of her may begin to shift over time Unless the opportunity arises for you to get to know your employee better, you may always view her in a negative light Big model of personality: explanation, cultural sensitivity • Conscientiousness: describes a person’s ability to regulate their impulse control in order to engage in goal-directed behaviors It measures elements such as control, inhibition, and persistency of behavior - Conscientiousness: Those who score high on conscientiousness can be described as organized, disciplined, detail-oriented, thoughtful, and careful They also have good impulse control, which allows them to complete tasks and achieve goals - Lack of direction: Those who score low on conscientiousness may struggle with impulse control, leading to difficulty in completing tasks and fulfilling goals They tend to be more disorganized and may dislike too much structure They may also engage in more impulsive and careless behavior • Agreeableness: refers to how people tend to treat relationships with others Unlike extraversion which consists of the pursuit of relationships, agreeableness focuses on - people’s orientation and interactions with others Agreeableness: Those high in agreeableness can be described as soft-hearted, trusting, and well-liked They are sensitive to the needs of others and are helpful - and cooperative People regard them as trustworthy and altruistic Antagonism: Those low in agreeableness may be perceived as suspicious, manipulative, and uncooperative They may be antagonistic when interacting with others, making them less likely to be well-liked and trusted • Extraversion: reflects the tendency and intensity to which someone seeks interaction with their environment, particularly socially It encompasses the comfort and assertiveness levels of people in social situations Additionally, it also reflects - the sources from which someone draws energy Extraversion: Those high on extraversion are generally assertive, sociable, funloving, and outgoing They thrive in social situations and feel comfortable voicing their opinions They tend to gain energy and become excited from being around - others Introversion: Those who score low in extraversion are often referred to as introverts These people tend to be more reserved and quieter They prefer listening to others rather than needing to be heard • Openness: refers to one’s willingness to try new things as well as engage in imaginative and intellectual activities It includes the ability to “think outside of the box.” - Openness: Those who score high on openness to experience are perceived as creative and artistic They prefer variety and value independence They are curious - about their surroundings and enjoy traveling and learning new things Closedness: People who score low on openness to experience prefer routine They are uncomfortable with change and trying new things so they prefer the familiar over the unknown As they are practical people, they often find it difficult to think creatively or abstractly • Neuroticism: describes the overall emotional stability of an individual through how they perceive the world It takes into account how likely a person is to interpret events as threatening or difficult - Neuroticism: Those who score high on neuroticism often feel anxious, insecure and self-pitying They are often perceived as moody and irritable They are prone to - excessive sadness and low self-esteem Emotional : Those who score low on neuroticism are more likely to calm, secure and self-satisfied They are less likely to be perceived as anxious or moody They are more likely to have high self-esteem and remain resilient Learning: effects of operant conditioning and observational learning • Operant conditioning is learning controlled by the consequences of the organism’s behavior If a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between stimulus and response will be strengthened This statement means simply that if we’re rewarded for a response to a stimulus, we’re more like to repeat that response to the stimulus in the future • Observational learning is learning by watching others, it plays an important role in the socialization process Children learn how to behave and respond to others by observing how their parents and other caregivers interact with each other and with other people Observational learning can affect behavior in many ways, with both positive and negative consequences It can teach completely new behaviors, for one Observational learning is effectivefor relatively structured tasks, such as mathematics, as well as for ill-structured tasks, suchas writing It can also increase or decrease the frequency of behaviors that have previously been learned Observational learning can even encourage behaviors that were previously forbidden (for example, the violent behavior towards the Bobo doll that children imitated) Observational learning can also influence behaviors that are similar to, but not identical to, the ones being modeled For example, seeing a model excel at playing the piano may motivate an observer to play the saxophone ... about each actor We spent much time on defining the most appropriate measurement of the variable Finally, our team decided to utilize Golden facial ratio: length, width, distance between features,... with handsome man although he is a little bit boring - Give conclusions about understanding human psychology • It is human nature to draw conclusions about individuals based on what we see in front... atrocities and genocide They also raise concerns about the ethical treatment of participants in psychology experiments Obedience, on the other hand, describes how we follow orders and obey authority