Hiện tượng pha trộn ngôn ngữ trong quá trình giáo tiếp bằng lời giữa tiếng việt và tiếng anh nhìn từ

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES POSTGRADUATE DEPARTMENT 0O0 - GIÁP THỊ BÍCH HẠNH THE LANGUAGE MIXING PHENOMENA IN VERBAL COMMUNICATIVE PROCESS BETWEEN VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH (VIEWED FROM LANGUAGE, CULTURAL AND SOCIAL PERPECTIVES) HIỆN TƯỢNG PHA TRỘN NGƠN NGỮ TRONG Q TRÌNH GIAO TIẾP BẰNG LỜI GIỮA TIẾNG VIỆT VÀ TIẾNG ANH (NHÌN TỪ GĨC ĐỘ NGƠN NGỮ, VĂN HĨA VÀ XÃ HỘI) PROGRAM I MA MINOR THESIS Major: Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Hanoi, 2009 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES POSTGRADUATE DEPARTMENT 0O0 - GIÁP THỊ BÍCH HẠNH THE LANGUAGE MIXING PHENOMENA IN VERBAL COMMUNICATIVE PROCESS BETWEEN VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH (VIEWED FROM LANGUAGE, CULTURAL AND SOCIAL PERPECTIVES) HIỆN TƯỢNG PHA TRỘN NGƠN NGỮ TRONG Q TRÌNH GIAO TIẾP BẰNG LỜI GIỮA TIẾNG VIỆT VÀ TIẾNG ANH (NHÌN TỪ GĨC ĐỘ NGƠN NGỮ, VĂN HĨA VÀ XÃ HỘI) PROGRAM I MA MINOR THESIS Major: Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyễn Văn Độ Hanoi, 2009 MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives) TABLE OF CONTENTS PART A – INTRODUCTION I Rationale II Aims of the study III Scope of the study IV Methodology V Design of the study PART B – DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORITICAL BACKGOUND I.1 Comparison of languages and cultures I.2 Borrowing (language) and pidgin I.2.1 What is borrowing? I.2.2 What is pidgin? I.3 Relationship between language, culture and society CHAPTER II: BASIC FEATURES OF THE VIETNAMESE AND 10 ENGLISH MIXING PHENOMENA 10 II.1 Morphological features 10 II.1.1 Fully English forms 11 II.1.2 Half English-half Vietnamese 13 II.2 Phonological features 14 I.2.1 Fully English pronunciation 14 II.2.1 Half English – half Vietnamese pronunciation 15 II.3 Grammatical features 16 II.3.1 Function as nouns 16 II.3.2 Function as verbs 17 II.3.3 Function as adjectives 17 CHAPTER III: DISCUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR SOLUTION 18 III.1 Origin of Vietnamese and English mixing phenomena 18 Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - iv- MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives) III.2 Impacts of Vietnamese and English mixing phenomena 19 III.2.1 Positive impacts 19 III.2.2 Negative impacts 20 III.3 Ages and different views on Vietnamese -English mixing phenomena 21 III.3.1 Ages and frequency of using Vietnamese-English mixing 22 III.3.2 Ages and different views on Vietnamese - English mixing phenomena 25 III.4 Suggestions for solution 28 PART C: CONCLUSION 31 I Summary of the findings 31 II Suggestions for further study 32 BIBLIOGRAPHY 34 APPENDIX A I Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - v- MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives) TABLES AND CHARTS Table – Frequency of using Vietnamese-English mixing by people under 35 22 Chart – Distribution of frequency of using Vietnamese-English mixing by people under 35 23 Table – Frequency of using Vietnamese-English mixing by people under from 35 to 50 23 Chart – Distribution of frequency of using Vietnames-English mixing by people from 35 to 50 23 Table – Frequency of using Vietnamese-English mixing by people above 50 24 Chart – Distribution of frequency of using Vietnamese-English mixing by people above 35 24 Table - Ages and English qualification 25 Chart – Ages and different views on Vietnamese – English mixing phenomena 26 Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - vi- MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives) PART A – INTRODUCTION I Rationale As from implementation of renovation, then joining in WTO, Vietnam has much more chance of communicating with and learning people from other countries, however, we have been facing many challenges One of the challenges is how to preserve the traditional culture from negative effects of other cultures during the process of integration The communication and use of language in communication is a cultural feature of the whole culture More and more foreigners come Vietnam for different purposes such as business, tourism, working, etc Therefore, the use of foreign language in communication, especially the international language as English, is indispensable Wherever you go, wherever you are, you can hear English words used by many Vietnamese people, especially the young ones at work, at home, on street such as ok, bye bye, stress, email, fan, chat, game, tuổi teen, sale off, shop, shopping, etc or sentences like: “- Thằng cha trơng giống gay lắm, chẳng thấy manly chút - Cần manly Biết gallant nhiều money OK rồi!” Not only at speaking, such sentences are also presented in written, especially in emails Instead of saying “Kính gửi/chào bà H/ông D”, they write “Dear/Hi Ms H/Mr D” and the content of the email is written in Vietnamese, but at the end of the email under their full name is their titles at work in English like: HR Manager, PR Manager, Sales Executive, … and the good bye like Best regards, Pls contact, …or the content of the email only need “FYI” (For your information) Thanks to the integration process, Vietnamese people have been accessed to diversified products with competitive and reasonable prices More and more producers produce the same product, so the competitiveness is fierce They always change the labels, packages and advertise noisily on mass media I not want to discuss about the quality of the products here, I just want to discuss about the language used for the names, slogans, labels and on the packages of many products in Vietnam current market are English, even many products are Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - 1- MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives) made in Vietnam and its producers are Vietnamese such as Vinatext mart, Vinatexco, Fivimart, hapro, Lavi, Diana 4teen, safeguard, lifebuoy, kotex xì-tin, saigontourist, FPT Telecom, khaisilk, vietravel, vinamilk, etc For example, the advertisements for soft drink: - “Trà barley không độ - Thức uống thiếu cho bữa ăn” (Marketing & Family Magazine issued on March 2008, pp.9) - “Number Juicie – căng tràn tươi mát” (Marketing & Family Magazine issued on March 2008, pp.13) - “Khăn giấy ướt All care – Chăm sóc cho gia đình (Marketing & Family Magazine issued on March 2008, pp.80) Or the advertisement of Diana on Television: “Diana 4teen, Hello ngày mới”; “Bobby freshHiểu điều bé u chưa nói”; Or “Xmen-Đàn ơng đích thực”, etc The reason for this is originated from the psychology of most of Vietnamese people that the imported products are always better than the domestic ones The producers grasp the psychology and produce the goods with the use of English for their products of names, slogans, packages… The use of Vietnamese in mix with English like this becomes more and more popular in our society, and it is not only used by ordinary people but also used on mass media There are many different ideas and discussions around these phenomena Anyway, it keeps spreading and has both positive and negative impacts on our mother tongue, culture and, to some extent, our society Whatever the reasons are, and whatever we should to preserve the purity of our mother tongue and maintain our cultural and national values This is the main reason why I have chosen the title “The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives)” for my Thesis It is expected to be an interesting and helpful material for those who care for the purity of the mother tongue and national cultural values while using a foreign language like English Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - 2- MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives) II Aims of the study The study is mainly aimed at: - Pointing out the spread of the language mixing phenomena between English and Vietnamese in verbal communicative process and the impacts of the phenomena on the culture and society; - Characterizing these phenomena; - Suggesting ways to improve the situation in Vietnam III Scope of the study Within the framework of a MA Minor Thesis, I will focus on the Vietnamese and English mixing phenomena in the following fields: - Science and technology; - Mass media; - Daily life The study will rather focus on getting the ideas from people at different ages but not at different social classes IV Methodology The Thesis is done by the following methods:  Comparative method  Descriptive method  Statistical method These methods are used in carefully collecting materials from various sources to have a comprehensive view on the positive and negative sides of the language mixing phenomena between English and Vietnamese in Vietnam Society Besides, the discussions and talks with people, friends at different ages and careers bring me more ideas on developing the study Moreover, the analysis of survey questionnaire over 90 people helps the study more persuasive and objective Last but not least, the study is carried out based on the observation and cherishable idea of the author for a long time Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - 3- MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives) V Design of the study The study is divided into three main parts: PART A: INTRODUCTION This part includes the rationale for choosing the topic, the aims, the scope, the methodology and the design of the study PART B: DEVELOPMENT This part contains the main content of the study and is divided into three chapters: Chapter I: Theoretical background I.1 Comparison of languages and cultures I.2 Borrowing (language) and pidgin I.3 Relationship between language, culture and society Chapter II: Basic features of Vietnamese and English mixing phenomena II.1 Morphological features II.2 Phonological features II.3 Grammatical features Chapter III: Discussions and suggestions for solution III.1 Origin of Vietnamese – English mixing phenomena III.2 Impacts of Vietnamese – English mixing phenomena III.3 Ages and different views on Vietnamese – English mixing phenomena III.4 Suggestions for solutions PART C: CONCLUSION This part recapitulates the main findings of the study and draws out the significance of the study and gives out some suggestions for further study Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - 4- MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives) PART B – DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORITICAL BACKGOUND I.1 Comparison of languages and cultures Language mixing phenomena seem to be indispensable during the globalization process in Vietnam in particular and other countries in general Today, many Vietnamese people, especially the young ones and the ones who have been studying English as their focus, who are working for foreign and joint venture businesses, have tendency to use the Vietnamese in mix with English The systematic comparison of English language and English culture will help us to recognize the nature of the phenomena, then improve the situations According to Robert Lado (1960:1), many linguistic distortions heard among bilinguals correspond to describable differences in the languages involved He also found that individuals tend to transfer the forms and meanings, and the distribution of forms and meanings of their native language and culture to the foreign language and culture – both productively when attempting to speak the language and to act in the culture, and receptively when at attempting to grasp and understand the language and the culture as practiced by natives Robert Lado (1960) found some points in learning a foreign language: In learning the sound system of a foreign language, the sounds that are physically similar to those of the native language, that structure similarly to them, and that are similarly distributed “Learning” of such phonemes occurs by simple transfer without difficulty On the other hand, the sounds that are not part of the sound system of the native language, that structure differently, or that are differently distributed Learning of these occurs more slowly, and difficulty with them is more persistent In learning a foreign grammatical structure, it is observed that the grammatical structure of the native language tends to be transferred to the foreign language Learner tends to transfer the sentence forms, modification devices, the number, gender, and case patterns of his native language Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - 5- MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 a Q5.1 b c Q5.2 d Q6 Q7 Q8 e Chart – Ages and different views on Vietnamese – English mixing phenomena Note: Q: questions a,b,c,d,e: answers to the questions Vertical axis: number of the opinions (Please find the detailed survey questionnaire in Appendix 1) Chart shows that most of the people think the reason of the Vietnamese – English mixing resulted from the Government implementation of the open-door policy, and the economic and cultural integration, exchange with other countries, meanwhile only 12 opinions agree with the reason of the creation of professional translators and interpreters Some opinions think that the main reason of the phenomena is resulted from habit The fact is that the Vietnamese-English mixing is also used commonly on the mass media like television, radio, newspapers,…by journalists, broadcasters, MC and nearly 60 people think that it is due to some Vietnamese word longer or unable to cover the whole meaning of the English words Many people also express their fear on the great effects of the mass media and advise that it is necessary to control the using language of journalists, MC on mass media, especially television, newspapers The youth have tendency to use Vietnamese mixing with English much more than the old due to regularly contacting with new advanced technology like computer, internet and other kinds of modern machines used mainly English, which is the opinion of 70 people Besides, many Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - 26- MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives) people believe that they are influenced from their friends and colleagues in the use of Vietnamese in mix with English The phenomena are unavoidable in the opinions of 50 people due to the importance of English as an international language in the process of integration and development Furthermore, English is the language used for most of advanced technology such as internet, telecommunication, etc They think that more and more people come to Vietnam for tourism and business is only the secondary reason However, nearly half of the people believe that the phenomena are avoidable by improving the awareness of the youth on the mother tongue value at school and propagandizing people to preserve the purity of Vietnamese The question is how to preserve the purity of Vietnamese while using English Sixty six people propose that the foremost action is to improve the awareness of mother tongue preservation for the youth right at the school Nearly all people think that language, culture and society have a separable relationship, therefore, the Vietnamese – English mixing cause impacts on the culture and society They fear that the phenomena have broken down the awareness of preserving traditional values including not only mother tongue but also other national values Linguists and scholars also share different views on the phenomena Some for, some against, some both for and against the phenomena According to Assoc.Prof Dr Hoang Dung (lecturer of linguistics, Literature Department, Ho Chi Minh teacher training University), “As foreign language becomes the tool for the global integration, the mother tongue mixed with other foreign languages is unavoidable The problem is that most of the people who are using Vietnamese like this are not learned foreign language thoroughly They speak this way to show that they belong to another class - the modern and luxurious class If the official cultural publications also take the “miscellaneousness” in language as the “decoration” and put themselves into modern class, the result is terrible (…) Don’t let the language violation happens, after that we start to make plan to remove it.” Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - 27- MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives) Also expressing the fear on the vanish of purity of our mother tongue like Dr Hoang Dung, however, Prof Dr Tran Ngoc Them (Head of Culture Subject, Ho Chi Minh University of Social Science and Humanity) has more neutral attitude: “Someone who is unintentional to create the language mixing are sympathized to some extent, or due to lack of equivalent Vietnamese words, they have to borrow the foreign words to express the meanings However, the use of intentional foreign language to show off themselves should be reconsidered The cultural publications used widely belong to the popular documents If the documents are popular, they should not be mixed with other foreign language If such publications are issued, they will affect the lifestyle, language orientation, awareness of the mother tongue in the society The miscellaneous speaking and writing way will gradually corrode brain and language thought of many people As the thought is different, the action is also different; as the mother tongue is replaced with other language, the risk of fading away the national culture is unavoidable The cultural publications come to the readers by the popular way; therefore, if the miscellaneous language is used on the publications, it will be spread as fast as an “infectious disease” As the language epidemic breaks out, the control is difficult.” To sum up, the youth have tendency to use Vietnamese in mix with English much more than the old due to some main reasons as mentioned above However, most of them, from the ordinary people to the professional linguists and scholars, also share the same fear on the vanish of mother tongue value They all suggest that the foremost action is to control the use of Vietnamese – English mixing on mass media because of its spread speed as an “infectious disease” III.4 Suggestions for solution About 300 million people are using English as their first language and two-thirds of people are using it as their second language around the world One billion people are studying English and about one-third world population are familiar with the use of English It is estimated that half of the world population will have mastered English by the year 2050 It is the global language, the language of business, politics and diplomacy It is the “mother tongue” of computer and Internet The popular of English is undeniable That is the reason why many Vietnamese people are studying English and send their children to the English Centers from Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - 28- MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives) very early with the expect for a good job in the future in a more and more competitive labor market where English is highly required It should be encouraged to use English as much as you can The widely use of English in Vietnam society shows the growth of the economy and social life Vietnamese people can open their mind to the outside world and more chance to contact the world civilization However, the problem is that language is not only the communication tool, language is the child of community society and it is the result of culture Therefore, the use of a foreign language may absorb a culture It is the reason why the spread of English may erode the national values The English borrowings and mixing happen in many countries not only in Vietnam Most of the countries are worried about the spread of English in their countries Many people from different social classes protest the “violation” of English against their mother tongues and are finding the way to improve it In Russia, Mrs Lyudmilla Putin, wife of Russian former President, proposes the National Assembly to pass a legal document regulating that the popular English originated words are misspelled and not be accepted in the legal and business documents all over the country” In Switzerland, an organization called “French protection” was established to protect the purity of French – their official language Many Malaysian people like using the language mixing between Malaysian and English (Manglish) and consider it as the presence of the modern people However, the Government ae worried about the miscellaneous mother tongue Therefore, a “Language Police” Committee will be established to settle the violations After being warned by the Committee, the person still violate, he will be fined 1,000 ringgit (271 USD), the Committee is also responsible for explaining the questions on the legal use of words Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - 29- MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives) In Vietnam, it is time for us to take some actions to reject the negative impacts as mentioned above Through the process of survey, discussion and data collection, some solutions are summarized for the preservation of the purity of our mother tongue and preservation of the cultural values before the violation of English as follows:  Enacting a law to prohibit the use of English words which have equivalent Vietnamese words on mass media, advertisement, sign boards on the street, etc If the violations are serious and repeated many times, it may be fined  Improving the awareness of the youth in preserving the purity of Vietnamese at school  The scholars and linguists should compile a dictionary for the loan English words which cannot be found the equivalent Vietnamese words  Establishing a Department which is responsible for improving the awareness of people in preserving the purity of mother tongue meanwhile using foreign languages and advise the people to use Vietnamese and foreign languages in the most effective way Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - 30- MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives) PART C: CONCLUSION I Summary of the findings In fact, no one can refuse the importance of foreign language, especially English in the era of communication and globalization However, the question is how to use the foreign language the use of foreign language in the most effective way This is the concern of our linguists and Government It seems our old generation, specialists and linguists are so worried about the spread of the language mixing phenomena in our society, especially among the youth – the country future They called these phenomena “epidemic disease” and should be prevented as fast as we can They are afraid that the mother tongue, cultural values will be distorted and gradually vanished Meanwhile the youth have their own opinions to protect their action as follows: - The use of English anywhere and anytime helps them to practice and improve their English skills - It is obvious that some English words are shorter than Vietnamese ones - The use of language mixing have happened long time ago by our ancestors like Chinese and French And the fact has shown the positive impacts in enriching the vocabulary of our mother tongue - Good English qualification will help them easier to access to advanced technology - … The youth have their own opinions and they should be expected The acceptance of the newly things is not easy and takes time In fact, it is estimated that more than 60% of Vietnamese are originated from Chinese and it enriches the vocabulary of Vietnamese language Therefore, the borrowings and use of English words should be acceptable in those cases where Vietnamese words not have the equivalent or cannot cover the full meanings like the word Marketing; some international words like World Cup, SEA Games, Internet, email, website, WB, ADB, etc These are the reasons “why we not consider the language mixing phenomena are natural and accept them to diversify our language The good things should be studied, should not be conservative But in some cases we should be careful to accept them Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - 31- MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives) because language contributes to make cultural character Many wrong things may be corrected, but the cultural deviations must be careful It will smoulder in our body and “transmit” from this generation to another one” (Dr Pham Van Tinh, “Ngon ngu thoi mo cua, hoi nhap: nen co va nen khong?”) Finally, I would like to take the opinion of Tran Quang Dai (teacher at Tran Phu High School , Duc Tho, Ha Tinh) as the last conclusion for my thesis, “ The increase of Vietnamese language vocabulary is indispensable tendency and requirements The more dynamic the society the more high Vietnamese vocabulary Life cannot wait for scholars, linguists to analyze which words, which sentences are correct or incorrect or wait for “permission”, by time the widely accepted words will exist and present in dictionary, the unsuitable ones will be removed and forgotten In fact, some new words and expressions were opposed at first, but later they are accepted (for example, tuổi teen) However, it does not mean that leave language life to “natural selection” because this process takes time and causes many negative consequences Therefore, the experts, mass media, education system, social organizations, play important role in preserving the purity of Vietnamese language, especially linguists They must make surveys, statistical data, comprehensive study of language to take immediate action to control and correct the language deviations ” In summary, the language mixing phenomena are unavoidable and it should be accepted in some cases It is the natural consequence of the integration process not only in Vietnam but also in many other countries How to use it effectively meanwhile the purity of the mother tongue and cultural values are still preserved, which belongs to the responsibilities not only of the Government, experts but also of the whole Society II Suggestions for further study As mentioned in the scope of the study, the thesis focuses on the use of Vietnamese – English mixing in the fields of (i) science and technology; (ii) mass media; (iii) daily life and only analyzing the opinions of people at different ages There are still some wider fields and further detailed analysis left unresolved that need further study as follows:  In terms of the fields, the study can be found in: Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - 32- MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives) o Entertainment o Advertisement o Tourism o …  In terms of the analysis, the study can be resolved by dividing people in different groups based on: o Social classes/Education level o Career o Gender Furthermore, during the process of Thesis development, I recogize a very interesting use of English by young people, who are called “teen” On their forum, beside Vietnamese – English mixing, it is easy to read the “strange” English like: - No table (Miễn bàn) - Sugar i i go, sugar you you go (Đường em em đi, đường anh anh đi) - I wanna toilet kiss you (Anh muốn cầu hôn em) - No four go (Vô tư đi) - Know die now (Biết chết liền) - Ugly tiger (Xấu hổ) - Like is afternoon (Thích chiều) - Sugar sugar a hero man (Đường đường đấng anh hùng) - No I love you (Không iu tui) - No dare where (Hổng dám đâu) - Star I miss, mono (Vì tơi đơn) - Sugar sugar ajinomoto ajinomoto The study has been completed to the best of author‟s effort; however, shortcomings and mistakes are inevitable Every comment and criticism from readers would be highly appreciated Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - 33- MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives) BIBLIOGRAPHY English Mark Aronoff and Kirsten Fudeman (2004), What is morphology, Blackwell Publishing, United Kingdom Kramsch C (2000), Language and Cultures, OUP, Oxford Richard Holeton (1995), Encountering Cultures in a changing world, Prentice Hall Francis Katamba (2003), Morphology: Critical Concepts in Linguistics, Routledge, London Robert Lado (1960), Linguistics across Cultures – Applied Linguistics for Language Teachers, Ann Arbor- The University of Michigan Press Karen Risager (2006), Language and Culture – Global Flows and Local Complexity, Multilingual Matter LTD Tuan Duc Vuong and John Moore (1994), Colloquial Vietnamese – A complete Language Course, Routledge, London Vietnamese Nguyễn Đăng Bình (2002), Luận án Tiến sĩ ngữ văn, Trung tâm khoa học – xã hội nhân văn Quốc gia, Viện ngôn ngữ học Mỹ Dung, Ngơn ngữ Viết “nhiễm bệnh” sính từ ngoại, Báo Người lao động điện tử, http://www.nld.com.vn 10 Trần Quang Đại (2008), Giữ gìn sáng Tiếng Việt, http://dantri.com.vn 11 Nguyen Van Do (2007), Language, Culture and Society, Course Package, CFL, VNU, Hanoi 12 Nguyễn Văn Độ (2004), Tìm hiểu mối liên hệ Ngơn ngữ - Văn hóa, NXB ĐH Quốc gia Hà Nội, Hà Nội 13 Dương Quang (2005), Ngôn ngữ viết “nhiễm bệnh” sính từ ngoại, Báo Người lao động điện tử, issued on Tuesday, 25 January 2005, http://www.nld.com.vn/110180P0C1030/ngon-ngu-viet-cung-nhiem-benh-sinh-tungoai.htm Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - 34- MA Minor Thesis - The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives) 14 Ha Cam Tam, English Phonetics and Phonology, Course Package, CFL, VNU, Hanoi 15 Phạm Văn Tình, Ngơn ngữ thời mở cửa, hội nhập: Nên có nên khơng?, Trung tâm từ điển học Vietlex 16 Vietnamnet, Châu Âu chống lại xâm lăng tiếng Anh, http://vietnamnet.vn/thegioi/2004/12/351455/ Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - 35- MA Minor Thesis – The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives APPENDIX A SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE This survey is designed for my research on “The language mixing phenomenon in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English (viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives)” The survey is used for the analysis of a MA Thesis Your assistance in completing the following items is highly appreciated A Please answer the following questions below or tick (√) where appropriate What is your year of birth? Your education level:  High-school graduate  Bachelor  Master  Doctor Other levels: What is your job? Your English qualification:  Excellent  Good  Fair  Poor B Please tick (√) where appropriate (you can choose more than one opinion) or give your own opinion: How often you use English words mixing with Vietnamese at work and in your daily life? For example, “Anh chuyên gia PRO” (Anh chuyên gia chuyên nghiệp), “Chúng ta cần thêm feedback (thông tin phản hồi) người tiêu dùng để cải tiến sản phẩm”, “Cuối tuần tụi shopping nhé” (Cuối tuần tụi mua sắm nhé), etc…  Always  Sometimes  Rarely  Never Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - I- MA Minor Thesis – The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives If yes, please list some common English words you often mix with Vietnamese as speaking and writing Vietnamese: What you think are the reasons of the language mixing phenomenon between English and Vietnamese?  The implementation of open-door policy, economic and cultural integration and exchange with other countries in world  The creation of professional translators and interpreters  Lack of the equivalent Vietnamese words  The ideology of highly appreciating alien values Other reasons: On our mass media like television, radio, newspapers, etc…, our journalists, broadcasters, Master of Ceremonies (MC) also use many English words mixing with Vietnamese such as fair play, fan hâm mộ, cát-xê, chat, website, đì-zai (design), tuổi teen, laptop, shopping, gala cười, etc Why does this phenomenon happen?  Many of them were trained abroad  Many of them were graduated from English Department of Colleges and Universities  Some Vietnamese words are longer or unable to cover whole meaning of the English words  They could not find the equivalent Vietnamese words Other opinions: Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - II- MA Minor Thesis – The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives The youth have tendency to use Vietnamese mixing English much more than the old As for you, the reasons may be:  They use English as a kind of “jewelry” to show off their “rank”  They contact regularly with new advanced technology like computer, internet and other kinds of modern machines used with English  They recognize some English words are shorter than Vietnamese  They want to practice their English  They are influenced from their friends and colleagues Other reasons: _ _ _ In your opinion, the language mixing phenomenon between English and Vietnamese are:  Avoidable  Unavoidable 5.1 It can be avoidable by:  Issuing a country policy to fine the cases where using Vietnamese mixing with English  Improving the awareness of the youth on the mother tongue value at school  Propagandizing preservation of Vietnamese Other solutions: 5.2 It can be unavoidable due to:  The importance of English as an international language in the process of integration Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - III- MA Minor Thesis – The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives and development  The English is the language used for most of advanced technology such as computer, internet, telecommunication, etc  The requirement of English qualification in the competitive labor market  More and more foreigners come to Vietnam for tourism and business Other reasons: The use of English is required during the current process of integration and globalization What you think should be done to presever the purity of Vietnamese meanwhile using English?  The Government should enact a law to prohibit the use of English words which have equivalent Vietnamese words on mass media, advertisement, sign boards on the street, etc  Improving the awareness of the youth in preserving the purity of Vietnamese at school  The scholars and linguists should compile a dictionary for the loan English words which cannot be found the equivalent Vietnamese words Other solutions: The relationship between language, culture and society is:  Separable  Inseparable Does the language mixing phenomenon between English and Vietnamese affect the culture and society?  Yes  No If yes, how does it affect? Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - IV- MA Minor Thesis – The language mixing phenomena in verbal communicative process between Vietnamese and English viewed from language, cultural and social perspectives  Create the ideology of preferring and valuating alien things  Break down the awareness of preserving traditional value including not only language but also other national value Other opinions: Your time and effort in providing the information is greatly appreciated THANK YOU! Giáp Thị Bích Hạnh – K15A - V- ... CULTURAL AND SOCIAL PERPECTIVES) HIỆN TƯỢNG PHA TRỘN NGƠN NGỮ TRONG Q TRÌNH GIAO TIẾP BẰNG LỜI GIỮA TIẾNG VIỆT VÀ TIẾNG ANH (NHÌN TỪ GĨC ĐỘ NGƠN NGỮ, VĂN HĨA VÀ XÃ HỘI) PROGRAM I MA MINOR THESIS... Nguyễn Đăng Bình (2002), Luận án Tiến sĩ ngữ văn, Trung tâm khoa học – xã hội nhân văn Quốc gia, Viện ngôn ngữ học Mỹ Dung, Ngôn ngữ Viết “nhiễm bệnh” sính từ ngoại, Báo Người lao động điện tử,... quảng cáo 'xấu chơi'” (Hong Anh http://vnexpress.net/GL/Kinhdoanh/2009/06/3BA104AE/ 20 June 2009); - “Mạnh tay lobby cho giá dầu” (Thanh Bình http://vnexpress.net/GL/Kinh-doanh/Quocte/2009/06/3BA10580/